Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-02T06:25:49.090Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Long-chain polyene status of preterm infants with regard to the fatty acid composition of their diet: Comparison between absolute and relative fatty acid levels in plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

Magritha M. H. P. Foreman-Van Drongelen ,
Adriana C. V. Houwelingen ,
Arnold D. M. Kester ,
André E. P. De Jong ,
Carlos E. Blanco ,
Tom H. M. Hasaart  and
Gerard Hornstra
Magritha M. H. P. Foreman-Van Drongelen
Affiliation:
Department of Human Biology, University of Limburg, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Adriana C. V. Houwelingen
Affiliation:
Department of Human Biology, University of Limburg, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Arnold D. M. Kester
Affiliation:
Departments of Methodology and Statistics, University of Limburg, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
André E. P. De Jong
Affiliation:
Analytical Biochemical Laboratory, WA Scholtenstraat 7, 9403 AJ, Assen, The Netherlands
Carlos E. Blanco
Affiliation:
Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Maastricht, P Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Tom H. M. Hasaart
Affiliation:
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Maastricht, P Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Gerard Hornstra
Affiliation:
Department of Human Biology, University of Limburg, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The long-chain polyene (LCP) status of thirty-nine premature infants (birth weight < 1800 g) was evaluated. Twenty-seven infants were fed on an artificial formula, twelve received their own mother's breast milk. Fatty acid compositions of both plasma and erythrocyte (RBC) phospholipids (PL) were determined in umbilical venous blood and in weekly postnatal blood samples until the 28th day of life. Individual fatty acid levels were expressed as absolute quantities (mg fatty acid/I plasma or RBC suspension) and as relative (mg/100 mg total fatty acids) values. The changes with time in the absolute values for 22:6n-3 and 20:4n-6 in plasma were strikingly different from those of the relative values for these fatty acids. In plasma PL the inter-group differences in the absolute postnatal values for 22:6n-3 (P < 0·0005) and 20:4n-6 (P < 0·05) and the relative values for 22:6n-3 (P < 0·02) were significant, with lower fatty acid values in the formula-fed infants. In RBC PL, no significant inter-group differences in the postnatal 22: 6n-3 and 20: 4n-6 values were found. Based on the assumption that it is desirable for formula-fed infants to achieve postnatal plasma LCP values at least comparable with those found in infants fed on human milk, the findings of the present study indicate that both n-3 and n-6 LCP should be added to preterm infant formulas. Moreover, the additional importance of absolute fatty acid levels was demonstrated, although analytical procedures need to be standardized to enable effective comparison of results from different research groups.

Keywords

Docosahexaenoic acidArachidonic acidHuman milkFormula milkPreterm infant
Type
Effects of fatty acid composition of the diet
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 73 , Issue 3 , March 1995 , pp. 405 - 422
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1995

References

Al, M. D. M., Hornstra, G., van der Schouw, Y. T., Bulstra-Ramakers, M. T. E. W. & Huisjes, H. J. (1990). Biochemical EFA status of mothers and their neonates after normal pregnancy. Early Human Development 24, 239–248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlson, S. E., Cooke, R. J., Rhodes, P. G., Peeples, J. M. & Werkman, S. H. (1992 a). Effect of vegetable and marine oils in preterm infant formulas on blood arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids. Journal of Pediatrics 120, 159–167.Google Scholar
Carlson, S. E., Cooke, R. J., Rhodes, P. G., Peeples, J. M., Werkman, S. H. & Tolley, E. A. (1991). Long-term feeding of formulas high in linolenic acid and marine oil to very low birth weight infants: phospholipid fatty acids. Pediatric Research 30, 404–412CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlson, S. E., Cooke, R. J., Werkman, S. H. & Tolley, E. A. (1992 b). First year growth of preterm infants fed standard compared to marine oil n-3 supplemented formula. Lipids 27, 901–907Google Scholar
Carlson, S. E., Rhodes, P. G. & Ferguson, M. G. (1986). Docosahexaenoic acid status of preterm infants at birth and following feeding with human milk or formula. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 44, 798–804.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlson, S. E., Rhodes, P. G., Rao, V. S. & Goldgar, D. E. (1987). Effect of fish-oil supplementation on the n-3 fatty acid content of red blood cell membranes in preterm infants. Pediatric Research 21, 507–510Google Scholar
Carlson, S. E., Werkman, S. H., Peeples, J. M., Cooke, R. J. & Tolley, E. A. (1993). Arachidonic acid status correlates with first year growth in preterm infants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90, 1073–1077CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chambaz, J., Ravel, D., Manier, M.-C, Pepin, D., Mulliez, N. & Bereziat, G. (1985). Essential fatty acid interconversion in the human fetal liver. Biology of the Neonate 47, 136–140CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clandinin, M. T., Chappell, J. E., Heim, T., Swyer, P. R. & Chance, G. W. (1981). Fatty acid utilization in perinatal de novo synthesis of tissues. Early Human Development 5, 355–366Google Scholar
Clandinin, M. T., Chappell, J. E., Leong, S., Heim, T., Swyer, P. R. & Chance, G. W. (1980 a). Intrauterine fatty acid accretion rates in human brain: implications for fatty acid requirements. Early Human Development 4, 121–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clandinin, M. T., Chappell, J. E., Leong, S., Heim, T., Swyer, P. R. & Chance, G. W. (1980 b). Extrauterine fatty acid accretion in infant brain: implications for fatty acid requirements. Early Human Development 4, 131–138Google Scholar
Clandinin, M. T., Parrott, A., Van Aerde, J. E., Hervada, A. R. & Lien, E. (1992). Feeding preterm infants a formula containing C20 and C22 fatty acids simulates plasma phospholipid fatty acid composition of infants fed human milk. Early Human Development 31, 41–51Google Scholar
Dallal, G. E. (1988). DESIGN: A Supplementary Module for Systat and Sygraph. Evanston, IL: SYSTAT Inc. de Jong, A. E. P., van den Berg, T. S., Nijmeijer-Couprie, A., Goedhart, J. P. & Oosting, E. (1993). Long-term aspects of phospholipidic analysis of fatty acid methyl esters by use of nonpolar capillary gas chromatography. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57 Suppl., 813S.Google Scholar
Dixon, W. J., Brown, M. B., Engelman, L. & Jennrich, R. I. (1990). BMDP Statistical Software Manual: To Accompany the 1990 Software Release, Vol. 2. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Dubowitz, L. M. S., Dubowitz, V. & Goldberg, C. (1970). Clinical assessment of gestational age in the newborn infant. Journal of Pediatrics 77, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ESPGAN Committee on Nutrition (1991). Comment on the content and composition of lipids in infant formulas. Acta Pædiatrica Scandinavica 80, 887–896.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fliesler, S. J. & Anderson, R. E. (1983). Chemistry and metabolism of lipids in the vertebrate retina. Progress in Lipid Research 22, 79–131.Google Scholar
Folch, J., Lees, M. & Sloane-Stanley, G. H. (1957). A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry 226, 497–509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foote, K. D., MacKinnon, M. J. & Innis, S. M. (1991). Effect of early introduction of formula vs fat-free parenteral nutrition on essential fatty acid status of preterm infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, 93–97.Google Scholar
Heim, T. (1983). Energy and lipid requirements of the fetus and preterm infant. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2, Suppl. 1, 404S–412S.Google ScholarPubMed
Holman, R. T. (1960). Ratio of trienoic:tetraenoic acid in tissue lipids as a measure of essential fatty acid requirement. Journal of Nutrition 70, 405–410.Google Scholar
Holman, R. T. (1986). Control of polyunsaturated fatty acids in tissue lipids. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 5, 183–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hornstra, G. (1993). Essential fatty acids, pregnancy and pregnancy complications: a round table discussion. In Essential Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids: Invited Papers From The Third International Congress, pp. 177–182 [Sinclair, A. and Gibson, R., editors]. Champaign, Illinois: American Oil Chemists' Society.Google Scholar
Hoving, E. B., Jansen, G., Volmer, M., van Doormaal, J. J. & Muskiet, F. A. J. (1988). Profiling of plasma triglyceride fatty acids as their methyl esters by capillary gas chromatography, preceded by a rapid aminopropyl silica column chromatographic separation of lipid classes. Journal of Chromatography 434, 395–409.Google Scholar
International Dairy Federation (1987). Milk - Determination of fat content- Röse Gottlieb Gravimetric Method (Reference Method). IDF Standard 1C: 1987. Brussels: International Dairy Federation.Google Scholar
Jennrich, R. I. & Schluchter, M. D. (1986). Unbalanced repeated-measures models with structured covariance matrices. Biometrics 42, 805–820.Google Scholar
Jensen, R. G., Ferris, A. M. & Lammi-Keefe, C. J. (1992). Lipids in human milk and infant formulas. Annual Review of Nutrition 12, 417–441.Google Scholar
Jensen, R. G., Hagerty, M. M. & McMahon, K. E. (1978). Lipids of human milk and infant formulas: a review. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 31, 990–1016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaluzny, M. A., Duncan, L. A., Merritt, M. V. & Epps, D. E. (1985). Rapid separation of lipid classes in high yield and purity using bonded phase columns. Journal of Lipid Research 26, 135–140.Google Scholar
Kloosterman, G. J. (editor) (1983). Ontwikkelling van embryo tot foetus. In De Voortplanting van de Mens, pp. 71–75. Bussum, The Netherlands: Uitgeversmaatschappij Centen.Google Scholar
Koletzko, B., Schmidt, E., Bremer, H. J, Haug, M. & Harzer, G. (1989). Effects of dietary long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on the essential fatty acid status of premature infants. European Journal of Pediatrics 148, 669–675.Google Scholar
Lammi-Keefe, C. J. & Jensen, R. G. (1984). Lipids in human milk: a review. 2: Composition and fat-soluble vitamins. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 3, 172–198.Google Scholar
Leaf, A. A., Leighfield, M. J., Costeloe, K. L. & Crawford, M. A. (1992). Factors affecting long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of plasma choline phosphoglycerides in preterm infants. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 14, 300–308.Google Scholar
Morrisson, W. R. & Smith, L. M. (1964). Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters and dimethylacetals from lipids with borontrifluoride-methanol. Journal of Lipid Research 5, 600–608.Google Scholar
Neuringer, M., Connor, W. E., Lin, D. S., Barstad, L. & Luck, S. (1986). Biochemical and functional effects of prenatal and postnatal ω3 fatty acid deficiency on retina and brain in rhesus monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 83, 4021–4025.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philips, G. B. & Dodge, J. T. (1967). Composition of phospholipids and phospholipid fatty acids of human plasma. Journal of Lipid Research 8, 676–681.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pita, M. L., Fernandez, M. R., De-Lucchi, C, Medina, A., Martinez-Valverde, A., Uauy, R. & Gil, A. (1988). Changes in the fatty acids pattern of red blood cell phospholipids induced by type of milk, dietary nucleotide supplementation, and postnatal age in preterm infants. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 7, 740–747.Google ScholarPubMed
Sastry, P. S. (1985). Lipids of nervous tissue: composition and metabolism. Progress in Lipid Research 24, 69–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svennerholm, L. (1968). Distribution and fatty acid composition of phosphoglycerides in normal human brain. Journal of Lipid Research 9, 570–579.Google Scholar
Uauy, R. (1990). Are ω-3 fatty acids required for normal eye and brain development in the human? Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 11, 296–300.Google ScholarPubMed
Uauy, R. D., Birch, D. G., Birch, E. E., Tyson, J. E. & Hoffman, D. R. (1990). Effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on retinal function of very-low-birth-weight neonates. Pediatric Research 28, 485–492.Google Scholar
van der Steege, G., Muskiet, F. A. J., Martini, I. A., Hutter, N. H. & Boersma, E. R. (1987). Simultaneous quantification of total medium- and long chain fatty acids in human milk by capillary gas chromatography with split injection. Journal of Chromatography 415, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed