Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T03:06:06.316Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Liver function in protein-energy malnutrition measured by cinnamic acid tolerance and benzoic acid tolerance: effect of carnitine supplementation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

Deborah A. Ahern  and
Madeleine E. Mitchell
Deborah A. Ahern
Affiliation:
Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2032, USA
Madeleine E. Mitchell
Affiliation:
Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2032, USA
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

1. Rats fed on a protein-depleted diet for 8 weeks were repleted for 5 weeks on high-protein (HP), high-protein+20 g DL-carnitine/kg (HP +C), or low-protein + 20 g DL-carnitine/kg (LP +C) diets. At 4 and 8 weeks of depletion, and 1 and 5 weeks of repletion, rats from each treatment group were given a benzoic acid tolerance test (BATT) or a cinnamic acid tolerance test (CATT) as a measure of liver function.

2. BATT and CATT measured the molar percentage of a test dose (1 mmol/kg body-weight) of benzoic acid or cinnamic acid excreted in the urine as hippuric acid within 24 h. Liver weight, liver lipid levels, and carnitine concentration in plasma and liver were also measured following liver-function testing.

3. BATT and CATT were severely impaired in protein-depleted rats, but returned rapidly to control levels following protein refeeding. Correlations of BATT and CATT with liver lipid concentration were high (r -0.49 and -0.62 respectively), and both tests show promise as clinical tests for liver function in protein-energy malnutrition.

4. Carnitine supplementation was required to return liver carnitine concentration of protein-depleted rats to control levels during repletion, but was not associated with accelerated reduction in liver fat concentration in protein-repleted rats.

Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 61 , Issue 2 , March 1989 , pp. 209 - 221
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1989

References

Anthony, L. E. & Edozien, J. C. (1975) Experimental protein and energy deficiencies in the rat. Journal of Nutrition 105, 631–648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beliveau, G. P. & Brusilow, S. W. (1987) Glycine availability limits maximum hippurate synthesis in growing rats. Journal of Nutrition 117, 36–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broquist, H. P. & Borum, P. R. (1981) Carnitine biosynthesis. Nutritional implications. Nutrition Research 4, 181–204.Google Scholar
DeVries, A. & Alexander, B. (1948) Studies on amino acid metabolism. III. Plasma glycine following the ingestion of benzoate. Journal of Clinical Investigation 27, 665–671.Google ScholarPubMed
Edozien, J. C. (1968) Experimental kwashiorkor and marasmus. Nature 220, 917–919.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edozien, J. C. & Switzer, B. R. (1978) Fatty liver in experimental protein-energy malnutrition in the rat. Experimental Molecular Pathology 29, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garrow, J. S. & Pike, M. C. (1967) The short-term prognosis of severe primary infantile malnutrition. British Journal of Nutrition 21, 155–165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gatley, J. S. & Sherratt, H. S. (1977) The synthesis of hippurate from benzoate and glycine by rat liver mitochondria. Submitochondrial localization and kinetics. Biochemical Journal 166, 39–45.Google ScholarPubMed
Gitnick, G. (1981) Assessment of liver function. Surgical Clinics of North America 61, 197–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Golden, M. H. N. (1982) Transport proteins as indices of protein status. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 35, 1159–1165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harding, R. S., Leveille, G. A. & Barker, E. M. (1967) Biochemical Procedures, Vol. 1, pp. 23–24. Colorado: US Army Medical Research and Nutrition Laboratory, Fitzsimmons General Hospital.Google Scholar
Jahoor, F. & Jackson, A. A. (1982) Hepatic function in rats with dietary induced fatty liver, as measured by the uptake indocyanin green. British Journal of Nutrition 47, 391–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, L. & Bamji, M. S. (1977) Plasma carnitine levels in children with protein-calorie malnutrition before and after rehabilitation. Clinica Chimica Acta 75, 163–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khan, L. & Bamji, M. S. (1979) Tissue carnitine deficiency due to dietary lysine deficiency: triglyceride accumulation and concomitant impairment in fatty acid oxidation. Journal of Nutrition 109, 24–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGarry, J. D. & Foster, D. W. (1976) An improved and simplified radioisotopic assay for the determination of free and esterified carnitine. Journal of Lipid Research 17, 277–282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGarry, J. D. & Foster, D. W. (1980) Systemic carnitine deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine 303, 1413–1415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLaren, D. S., Faris, R. & Zekian, B. (1968) The liver during recovery from protein-calorie malnutrition. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 71, 271–281.Google ScholarPubMed
McLean, A. E. M. (1962) Hepatic failure in malnutrition. Lancet ii, 1292–1297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, M. E. (1978) Carnitine metabolism in human subjects. I. Normal metabolism. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 31, 293–306.Google ScholarPubMed
Pace, J. A., Wannemacher, R. W. & Neufeld, H. A. (1978) Improved radiochemical assay for carnitine and its derivatives in plasma and tissue extracts. Clinical Chemistry 24, 32–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paulson, D. J. & Shug, A. L. (1981) Tissue specific depletion of L-carnitine in rat heart and skeletal muscle by D-carnitine. Life Sciences 28, 2931–2938.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petzke, M. J., Albrecht, V. & Przybilski, M. (1986) The influence of high glycine diets on the activity of glycine-catabolizing enzymes and on glycine catabolism in rats. Journal of Nutrition 116, 742–750.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Portman, O. W., Alexander, M. & Neuringer, M. (1981) Effects of long-term protein deficiency on plasma lipoprotein concentrations and metabolism in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Nutrition 111, 733–745.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quick, A. J. (1933) The synthesis of hippuric acid: a new test of liver function. American Journal of Medical Science 185, 630–637.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rebouche, C. (1983) Effect of dietary carnitine isomers and butyrobetaine on L-carnitine biosynthesis and metabolism in the rat. Journal of Nutrition 113, 1906–1913.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royle, G., Kettlewell, M. G. W. & Illic, V. (1978) Galactose and hepatic metabolism in malnutrition and sepsis in man. Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine 55, 199–204.Google ScholarPubMed
Schnacter, D. & Taggart, J. V. (1954) Glycine N-acylase: purification and properties. Journal of Biological Chemistry 208, 263–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sengers, A., BakkerenJ. A., J. A., & Trijbels, J. M. F. (1980) Successful carnitine treatment of non-carnitine-deficient lipid storage myopathy. Pediatrics 135, 205–209.Google ScholarPubMed
Srikantia, S. G., Jacob, C. M. & Reddy, V. (1964) Serum enzyme levels in protein-calorie malnutrition studies in children with kwashiorkor and marasmus. American Journal of Diseases of Childhood 107, 256–261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steel, R. G. D. & Torrie, J. H. (1975). Principles and Procedures of Statistics. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Tanphaichitr, V., Lerdvuthisopon, N. & Dhanamitta, S. (1980) Carnitine status in Thai adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33, 876–882.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teuchy, H. & Van Sumere, C. F. (1969) Quantitative thin layer chromatographic determination of hippuric acid in rat urine. Clinica Chimica Acta 25, 79–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teuchy, H. & Van Sumere, C. F. (1971). The metabolism of (1-14C)-phenylalanine, (3-14C)-cinnamic acid and (2-14C)-ferrulic acid in the rat. Archives Internationales de Physiologie et de Biochimie 71, 589–595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tobiasson, P. & Boeryd, B. (1980) Serum cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid conjugates and standard liver function tests in various morphological stages of alcoholic liver disease. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 15, 657–663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Truswell, A. S. (1975). Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in protein-calorie malnutrition. In Protein-Calorie Malnutrition, pp. 119–141 [Winick, M. editor]. New York: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Sumere, C. F., Teuchy, H. & Pe, H. (1969) Quantitative investigation on the hippuric acid formed in healthy and diseased individuals. Clinica Chimica Acta 25, 85–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waterlow, J. C. (1975) Amount and rate of disappearance of liver fat in malnourished infants in Jamaica. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 28, 1330–1336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waterlow, J. C., Cravioto, J. & Stephen, J. M. L. (1960) Protein malnutrition in man. Advances in Protein Chemistry 15, 131–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, C. D. (1935) Kwashiorkor: a nutritional disease of children associated with a maize diet. Lancet ii, 1151–1153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
York, C. M., Cantrell, C. R. & Borum, P. R. (1983) Cardiac carnitine deficiency and altered carnitine transport in cardiomyopathic hamsters. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 221, 526–533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmerman, H. J. (1974). Tests of hepatic function. In Todd-Sanford Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods, p. 677 [Davidsohn, I. and Henry, B., editors]. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.Google Scholar