Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T01:13:11.812Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Influence of diet on growth yields of rumen micro-organisms in vitro and in vivo: influence on growth yield of variable carbon fluxes to fermentation products

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

M. Blümmel ,
A. Karsli  and
J. R. Russell
M. Blümmel*
Affiliation:
Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics (480), University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
A. Karsli
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
J. R. Russell
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
*
*Corresponding author: Dr M. Blümmel, present address, ILRI-South Asia Project, c/o ICRISAT, Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India, fax +91 40 241238, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The efficiency of rumen microbial production (EMP) in vitro and in vivo was examined for three roughages (lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) hay, oat (Avenia sativa L.)–berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum cultivar BigBee) hay and maize (Zea mays L.) crop residue (MCR)) and for five isonitrogenous (106 g crude protein (N × 6·25)/kg) diets formulated from lucerne hay, oat–berseem clover hay, MCR, soya-bean meal and maize grain to provide degradable intake protein for the production of 130 g microbial protein/kg total digestible nutrients. EMP in vivo was determined by intestinal purine recovery in sheep and ranged from 240 to 360 g microbial biomass/kg organic matter truly degraded in MCR and in one of the diets respectively (P<0·05). EMP in vitro was estimated by the substrate degraded: gas volume produced thereby (termed partitioning factor, PF (mg/ml)) at times of estimated peak microbial production and after 16·0 and 24·0h of incubation. For the diets, PF values were significantly related to EMP in vivo at peak microbial production (P = 0·04), but not after 16·0 (P = 0·08) and 24·0h (P = 0·66). For roughages, PF values were significantly related to EMP in vivo only when measured after 16·0 h (P = 0·04). For MCR and diets, a close non-linear relationship was found between PF values at peak microbial production and EMP in vivo (R2 0·99, P<0·0001) suggesting a maximum EMP in vivo of 0·39. Low gas production per unit substrate degraded (high PF) was associated with high EMP in vivo. The in vitro study of the products of fermentation, short-chain fatty acids, gases and microbial biomass (by purine analysis) after 16·0h of incubation showed very strong relationships (R2 ≥ 0·89, P<0·0001) between short-chain fatty acids, gases and gravimetrically measured apparent degradability. Except for maize grain, the true degradability of organic matter estimated by neutral-detergent solution treatment agreed with the sum of the products of fermentation (R2 0·81, P=0·0004). After 16·0h of incubation, the synergistic effects of diet ingredient on diets were greater for microbial biomass (18%) than for short-chain fatty acids and gas production (7 %). It is concluded that measurement of gas production only gives incomplete information about fodder quality; complementation of gas measurements by true degradability measurements is recommended.

Keywords

Fermentation productsIn vitro gas productionMicrobial efficiency
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 90 , Issue 3 , September 2003 , pp. 625 - 634
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2003

References

Adamu, AM, Russell, JR, McGillard, AD & Trenkle, A (1989) Effects of added dietary urea on the utilization of maize stover silage by growing beef cattle. Anim Feed Sci Technol 22, 227–236.Google Scholar
Agriculture and Food Research Committee (1993) Energy and Protein Requirement of Ruminants. An Advisory Manual Prepared by the AFRC Technical Committee on Response to Nutrients. Wallingford, Oxon: CAB International.Google Scholar
Aiple, KH (1993) Vergleichende Untersuchungen mit Pansensaft und Kot als Inoculum im Hohenheimer Futterwerttest (Comparisons of rumen and faecal inoculum in the Hohenheim Feed Evaluation Test). PhD Thesis, Universität Hohenheim.Google Scholar
Ausschuss für Bedarfsnormen der Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie der Haustiere (1986) Energie- und Nährstoffbedarf landwirschaftlicher Nutztiere. Nr 3. Milchkühe und Aufzuchtrinder (Energy and nutrient requirement of farm animals). Frankfurt (Main): DLG-Verlag.Google Scholar
Beever, DE (1993) Ruminant animal production from forages – present position and future opportunities. In Grassland for Our World [M, Baker, editor]. Wellington: SIR Publishing.Google Scholar
Beuvink, JMW & Spoelstra, SF (1992) Interaction between substrate, fermentation end-products, buffering systems and gas production upon fermentation of different carbohydrates by mixed rumen microorganism in vitro. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 37, 505–509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blümmel, M, Aiple, K-H, Steingass, H & Becker, K (1999 a) A note on the stoichiometrical relationship of short chain fatty acid production and gas formation in feedstuffs of widely differing quality. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 81, 157–167.Google Scholar
Blümmel, M & Becker, K (1997) The degradability characteristics of fifty-four roughages and roughage neutral-detergent fibre as described by in vitro gas production and their relationship to voluntary feed intake. Br J Nutr 77, 757–786.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blümmel, M, Krishna, N & Ørskov, ER (2001) Supplementation strategies for optimizing ruminal carbon and nitrogen utilization: concepts and approaches. In Review Papers: 10th Animal Nutrition Conference, Karnal, India,November 9th to 11th 2001, pp. 10–23. [Karnal,, Haryana, editors]. India: Animal Nutrition Society of India.Google Scholar
Blümmel, M, Makkar, HPS & Becker, K (1997) In vitro gas production – a technique revisited. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 77, 24–34.Google Scholar
Blümmel, M, Moss, A, Givens, I, Makkar, HPS & Becker, K (1999 b) Preliminary study on the relationship of microbial efficiencies of roughages in vitro and methane production in vivo. Proc Soc Nutr Physiol 8, 76 Abstr.Google Scholar
Blümmel, M & Ørskov, ER (1993) Comparison of in vitro gas production and nylon bag degradability of roughages in predicting feed intake in cattle. Anim Feed Sci Technol 40, 109–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, WF & Pittman, WD (1991) Conservation and degradation of nitrogen and fiber fraction in selected tropical grasses and legumes. Trop Grassl 25, 305.Google Scholar
Clark, JH, Klusmeyer, TH & Cameron, MR (1992) Microbial protein synthesis and flow of nitrogen fractions to the duodenum of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 75, 2304.Google Scholar
Cone, JW (1998) Influence of protein fermentation on gas production profiles. Proc Soc Nutr Physiol 7, 36 Abstr.Google Scholar
Cone, JW, Van Geldern, AH & Driehuis, F (1997) Description of gas production profiles with a three-phasic model. Anim Feed Sci Technol 66, 31–45.Google Scholar
Djouvinov, DS, Nakashima, Y, Todorov, N & Pavlov, D (1998) In situ degradation of feed purines. Anim Feed Sci Technol 71, 67–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, DG, Sniffen, CJ, O'Connor, JD, Van Soest, PJ & Russell, JB (1992) A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets. III Cattle requirement and diet adequacy. J Anim Sci 70, 3578–3596.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Getachew, G, Blümmel, M, Makkar, HPS & Becker, K (1998) In vitro gas measuring techniques for assessment of nutritional quality of feeds: a review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 72, 261–281.Google Scholar
Goering, HK & Van, Soest PJ (1970) Forage Fiber Analyses (Apparatus, Reagents, Procedures and Some Applications). Agricutural Handbook no. 379. Washington, DC: USDA-ARS.Google Scholar
Groot, JC, Williams, BA, Oostam, AJ, Boer, H & Tamminga, S (1998) The use of cumulative gas and volatile fatty acid production to predict in vitro fermentation kinetics of Italian ryegrass leaf cell walls and contents at various time intervals. Br J Nutr 79, 519–525.Google Scholar
Karsli, MA (1998) Ruminal microbial protein synthesis in sheep fed forages of varying nutritive value. PhD Thesis, Iowa State University.Google Scholar
Leng, RA (1993) Quantitative ruminant nutrition – a green science. Aust J Agric Sci 44, 363–380.Google Scholar
McAllan, AB & Smith, RH (1973 a) Degradation of nucleic acid derivatives in the rumen. Br J Nutr 29, 331–342.Google Scholar
McAllan, AB & Smith, RH (1973 b) Degradation of nucleic acid derivatives by rumen bacteria in vitro. Br J Nutr 29, 467–474.Google Scholar
Makkar, HPS & Becker, K (1999) Purine quantification in digesta from ruminant animals by spectophotometric and HPLC methods. Br J Nutr 81, 107–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menke, KH, Raab, L, Salewski, A, Steingass, H, Fritz, D & Schneider, W (1979) The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor. J Agric Sci 93, 217–222.Google Scholar
National Research Council (1996) Nutrient Requirement of Beef Cattle. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Pell, AN, Pitt, RE, Doane, PH & Schofield, P (1998) The development, use and application of the gas production technique at Cornell University, USA. In In vitro Techniques for Measuring Nutrient Supply to Ruminants, pp. 45–54 [Deaville,, ER, Owens,, E, Adegosan,, AT, Rymer,, C, Huntington, JA and Lawrence, TLJ, editors]. Edinburgh: BSAS.Google Scholar
Pirt, SJ (1982) Maintenance energy: a general model for energy-limited and energy-sufficient growth. Arch Microbiol 133, 300–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rojas-Bourillon, A, Russell, JR, Trenle, A & McGillard, AD (1987) Effects of rolling on the composition and utilization by growing steers of whole-plant corn silages. J Anim Sci 64, 303–311.Google Scholar
Russell, JB, O'Connor, JD, Fox, DG, Van Soest, PJ & Sniffen, CJ (1992) A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets. I Ruminal fermentation. J Anim Sci 70, 3551–3561.Google Scholar
Sinclair, LA, Garnsworthy, PC, Newbold, JR & Buttery, PJ (1995) Effects of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen in diets with similar carbohydrate composition on rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep. J Agric Sci 124, 463–472.Google Scholar
Sniffen, CJ, O'Connor, JD, Van Soest, PJ, Fox, DG & Russell, JB (1992) A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets. II Carbohydrate and protein availability. J Anim Sci 70, 3562–3577.Google Scholar
Steingass, H & Menke, KH (1986) Schätzung des energetischen Futterwertes aus der in vitro mit Pansensaft bestimmten Gasbil-dung und der chemischen Analyse (Estimation of the energy content of feedstuffs from in vitro gas production and chemical analysis). Übersicht Tierernähr 14, 251–270.Google Scholar
Tilley, JMA & Terry, RA (1963) A two stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. J Br Grassl Soc 18, 104–111.Google Scholar
Van, Soest PJ (1994) Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant, 2nd ed., Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Van Soest, PJ & Robertson, JB (1985) A Laboratory Manual for Animal Science no. 612. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Witt, MW, Sinclair, LA, Wilkinson, RG & Buttery, PJ (1999) The effect of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen supply to the rumen on the production and metabolism of sheep: food characterization and growth and metabolism of ewe lambs given food ad libitum. Anim Sci 69, 223–236.Google Scholar
Wolin, MJ (1960) A theoretical rumen fermentation balance. J Dairy Sci 43, 1452–1459.Google Scholar
Zinn, RA & Owens, FN (1986) A rapid procedure for purine measurement and its use for estimating net ruminal protein synthesis. Can J Anim Sci 66, 157–166.Google Scholar