Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T07:27:34.495Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Functional food science and gastrointestinal physiology and function

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

S. Salminen ,
C. Bouley ,
M.-C. Boutron ,
J. H. Cummings ,
A. Franck ,
G. R. Gibson ,
E. Isolauri ,
M.-C. Moreau ,
M. Roberfroid  and
I. Rowland
S. Salminen
Affiliation:
Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, SF-20500 Turku, Finland
C. Bouley
Affiliation:
Groupe Danone, 15, Av. Galilée, F-92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
M.-C. Boutron
Affiliation:
U290 INSERM, Hôspital St Lazare, 107, rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis, F-75010 Paris, France
J. H. Cummings*
Affiliation:
Dunn Clinical Nutrition Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2DH, UK
A. Franck
Affiliation:
Raffinerie Tirlernontoise - ORAFTI, Aandorenstraat I, B-3300 Tienen, Belgium
G. R. Gibson
Affiliation:
Institute of Food Research, Reading Laboratory, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6BZ, UK
E. Isolauri
Affiliation:
University of Tampere Medical School, PO Box 607, SF-33101 Tampere, Finland
M.-C. Moreau
Affiliation:
INRA - Unité d'Ecologie et de Physiologie du Systèrne Digestif, Bâitirnent 440 R-2, Domaine de Vilvert, F- 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
M. Roberfroid
Affiliation:
UCL, Ecole de Pharmacie, Tour Van Helmont, Avenue E. Mounier, 73, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
I. Rowland
Affiliation:
University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 ISA, UK
*
*Corresponding author: Dr J. H. Cummings, fax +44 (0)1223 413763, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The gut is an obvious target for the development of functional foods, acting as it does as the interface between diet and the metabolic events which sustain life. The key processes in digestive physiology which can be regulated by modifying diet are satiety, the rate and extent of macronutrient breakdown and absorption from the small bowel, sterol metabolism, the colonic microflora, fermentation, mucosal function and bowel habit, and the gut immune system. The intestinal microflora is the main focus of many current functional foods. Probiotics are foods which contain live bacteria which are beneficial to health whilst prebiotics, such as certain non-digestible oligosaccharides which selectively stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria in the colon, are already on the market. Their claimed benefits are to alleviate lactose maldigestion, increase resistance to invasion by pathogenic species of bacteria in the gut, stimulate the immune system and possibly protect against cancer. There are very few reports of well-designed human intervention studies with prebiotics as yet. Certain probiotic species have been shown to shorten the duration of rotavirus diarrhoea in children but much more work is needed on the mechanism of immunomodulation and of competitive exclusion and microflora modification. The develop-ment of functional foods for the gut is in its infancy and will be successful only if more fundamental research is done on digestive physiology, the gut microflora, immune system and mucosal function.

Keywords

Gastrointestinal functionMicrofloraImmune system
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 80 , Issue S1 , August 1998 , pp. S147 - S171
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1998

References

Adams, MR & Marteau, P (1995) On the safety of lactic acid bacteria from food. International Journal of Food Microbiology 27, 262–264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aguirre, M & Collins, MD (1993) Lactic acid bacteria and human clinical infection. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 75, 95–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alander, M, Korpela, R, Saxelin, M, Vilpponon-Salmila, T, Mattila-Sandholm, T & von Wright, A (1996) Recovery of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG from human colonic biopsies. Letters in Applied Microbiology 24, 361–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansari, B, Coates, PJ, Greenstein, B & Hall, PA (1993) In situ end labelling (ISEL) detects DNA strand breaks in apoptosis and in other physiological and pathological states. Journal of Pathology 170, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aso, Y & Akazan, H (1992) Prophylactic effect of Lactobacillus casei preparation on the recurrence of superficial bladder cancer. Urology International 49, 125–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aso, Y, Akazan, H, Kotake, T, Tsukamoto, T, Imai, K & Naito, S (1995) Preventive effect of a Lactobacillus casei preparation on the recurrence of superficial bladder cancer in a double blind trial. European Journal of Urology 27, 104–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Awad, A, Horvath, PJ & Anderson, MS (1991) Influence of butyrate on lipid metabolism, survival, and differentiation Of colon cancer cells. Nutrition and Cancer 16, 125–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ballongue, J, Schumann, C & Quignon, P (1997) Effects of lactulose and lactitol on colonic microflora and enzymatic activity. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 32, Suppl. 222, 41–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bedenne, L, Faivre, J, Boutron, MC, Piard, F, Cauvin, JM & Hillon, P (1992) Adenoma-carcinoma sequence or 'de novo' carcinogenesis? A study of adenomatous remnants in a population-based series of large bowel cancers. Cancer 69, 883–888.3.0.CO;2-B>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benlounes, N, Dupont, C, Candahl, C, Blaton, MA, Desjeux, JF & Heyman, M (1996) The threshold for immune cell reactivity to milk antigens decreases in cow's milk allergy with intestinal symptoms. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 98, 781–789.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benno, Y, He, F, Hosoda, M, Hashimoto, H, Kojima, T, Yamazaki, K, Iino, H, Mykkänen, H & Salminen, S (1996) Effects of Lactobacillus GG yogurt on human intestinal microecology in Japanese subjects. Nutrition Today 31, 9–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biewenga, J, Rees, EP & Sminia, T (1993) Induction and regulation of IgA responses in the microenvironment of the gut. Short analytical review. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 67, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binder, HJ, Cummings, JH & Soergel, KH (editors) (1994) Falk Symposium 73. Short Chain Fatty Acids. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.Google Scholar
Boffa, LC, Lupton, JR, Mariani, MR, Ceppi, M, Newmark, HL, Scalmati, A & Lipkin, M (1992) Modulation of colonic epithelial cell proliferation, histone acetylation, and luminal short chain fatty acids by variation of dietary fiber (wheat bran) in rats. Cancer Research 52, 5906–5912.Google ScholarPubMed
Boland, CR, Martin, MA & Goldstein, IJ (1992) Lectin reactivities as intermediate biomarkers in premalignant colorectal epithelium. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 16G, 103–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bostick, RM, Potter, JD, McKenzie, DR, Sellers, TA, Kushi, LH, Steinmetz, KA & Folsom, AR (1993) Reduced risk of colon cancer with high intake of vitamin E: the Iowa women's health study. American Journal of Epidemiology 137, 1302–1317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boutron, MC & Faivre, J (1993) Diet and the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 2, 95–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boutron, MC, Faivre, J, Marteau, P, Couillaut, C, Senesse, P & Quipourt, V (1996) Calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, products and colorectal carcinogenesis: a French case-control study. British Journal of Cancer 74, 145–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandtzaeg, P (1995) Molecular and cellular aspects of the secretory immunoglobulin system. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica 103, 1–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandtzaeg, P, Halstensen, TS, Kett, K, Krajci, P, Kvale, D, Rognum, TO, Scott, H & Sollid, LM (1989) Immunobiology and immuno-pathology of human gut mucosa: humoral immunity and intraepithelial lymphocytes. Gastroenterology 97, 1562–1584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bry, L, Falk, PG, Midtvedt, T & Gordon, J (1996) A model for host-microbial interactions in an open mammalian ecosystem. Science 273, 1380–1383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bugaut, M & Bentejac, M (1993) Biological effects of short-chain fatty acids in nonruminant mammals. Annual Review of Nutrition 13, 217–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burkitt, DP (1971) Epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum. Cancer 28, 3–13.3.0.CO;2-N>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheng, BQ, Trimble, RP, Illman, RJ, Stone, BA & Topping, DL (1987) Comparative effects of dietary wheat bran and its morphological components (aleurone and pericarp seed coat) on volatile fatty acid concentrations in the rat. British Journal of Nutrition 57, 69–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clinton, SK (1992) Dietary protein and carcinogenesis. In Nutrition, Toxicity and Cancer, pp. 455–479 [Rowland, IR, editor]. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Collins, MD & Gibson, GR (1998) Nutritional modulation of microbial ecology. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (In the Press).Google Scholar
Coussement, P (1996) Pre- and synbiotics with inulin and oligo-fructose. Food Technology in Europe, 12 1995/01 1996 issue, 102–104.Google Scholar
Cummings, JH (1993) The effect of dietary fiber on faecal weight and composition. In CRC Handbook of Dietary Fiber in Human Nutrition, pp. 263–349 [Spiller, GA, editor]. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Cummings, JH (1994) Non-starch polysaccharides (dietary fibre) including bulk laxatives in constipation. In Constipation, pp. 307–314 [Kamm, MA and Lennard-Jones, JE, editors]. Petersfield: Wrightson Biomedical Publishing Ltd.Google Scholar
Cummings, IH (1995) Short chain fatty acids. In Human Colonic Bacteria: Role in Nutrition, Physiology and Pathology, pp. 101–130 [Gibson, GR and Macfarlane, GT, editors]. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Cummings, JH (1997) The Large Intestine in Nutrition and Disease. Danone Chair Monograph, pp. 1–155. Brussels: Institut Danone.Google Scholar
Cummings, JH, Bingham, SA, Heaton, KW & Eastwood, MA (1992) Faecal weight, colon cancer risk and dietary intake of non-starch polysaccharides (dietary fiber). Gastroenterology 103, 1783–1789.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cummings, JH & Englyst, HN (1987) Fermentation in the large intestine and the available substrates. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 1243–1255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, JH, Gibson, GR & Macfarlane, GT (1989) Qualitative estimates of fermentation in the hind gut of man. Acta Veterinaria Scandanavica Suppl. 86, 76–82.Google Scholar
Cummings, JH, Pomare, EW, Branch, WJ, Naylor, CPE & Macfarlane, GT (1987) Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood. Gut 28, 1221–1227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, JH, Roberfroid, MB, Anderson, H, Barth, C, Ferro-Luzzi, A, Ghoos, Y, Gibney, M, Hermonsen, K, James, WPT, Korver, O, Lairon, D, Pascal, G & Voragen, AGS (1997) A new look at dietary carbohydrate: chemistry, physiology and health. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 417–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cummings, JH, Rombeau, JL & Sakata, T (editors) (1995) Physiological and Clinical Aspects of Short Chain Fatty Acids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
De Simone, C, Vesely, R, Bianchi Salvadori, B & Jirillo, E (1993) The role of probiotics in modulation of the immune system in man and animals. International Journal of Immunotherapy 9, 23–28.Google Scholar
Donohue, DC & Salminen, S (1996) Safety of probiotic bacteria. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 5, 25–28.Google ScholarPubMed
Duchmann, R, Kaiser, I, Hermann, E, Mayet, W, Ewe, K & Meyer zum Büschenfelde, KH (1995) Tolerance exists towards resident intestinal flora but is broken in active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clinical and Experimental Immunology 102, 448–455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ducluzeau, R (1993) Installation, équilibre et rôle de la flore microbienne du nouveau-né (Development, balance and role of the microbial flora of the newborn). Annales Pédiatriques (Paris) 40, 13–22.Google Scholar
Faivre, J, Boutron, MC, Hillon, P, Bedenne, L & Klepping, C (1985) Epidemiology of colorectal cancer. In Diet and Human Carcinogenesis, pp. 123–135 [Joosens, JV, Hill, MJ and Geboers, J, editors]. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishers.Google Scholar
Fargeas, MJ, Theodorou, V, More, J, Wal, JM, Fioramonti, J & Bueno, L (1995) Boosted systemic immune and local responsiveness after intestinal inflammation in orally sensitized guinea pigs. Gastroenterology 109, 53–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frankel, WL, Zhang, W, Singh, A, Klurfeld, DM, Don, S, Sakata, T, Modlin, I & Rombeau, JL (1994) Mediation of the trophic effects of short-chain fatty acids on the rat jejunum and colon. Gastroenterology 106, 375–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller, R (1991) Probiotics in human medicine. Gut 32, 439–442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller, R (editor) (1992) Probiotics. The Scientific Basis. London: Chapman and Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaboriau-Routhiau, V & Moreau, MC (1996) Gut flora allows recovery of oral tolerance to ovalbumin in mice after transient breakdown mediated by cholera toxin or Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. Pediatrics Research 39, 625–629.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gasser, F (1994) Safety of lactic acid bacteria and their occurrence in human clinical infections. Bulletin Institut Pasteur 92,45–67.Google Scholar
Gibson, GR, Beatty, ER, Wang, X & Cummings, JH (1995) Selective stimulation of bifidobacteria in the human colon by oligofructose and inulin. Gastroenterology 108, 975–982.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, GR & Macfarlane, GT (editors) (1995) Human Colonic Bacteria: Role in Nutrition, Physiology and Pathology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Gibson, GR & Roberfroid, MB (1995) Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition 125, 1401–1412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, PR, Moeller, I, Kagelari, O, Folino, M & Young, GP (1992) Contrasting effects of butyrate on the expression of phenotypic markers of differentiation in neoplastic and non-neoplastic colonic epithelial cells in vitro. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 7, 165–172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldin, BR & Gorbach, SL (1984) The effect of milk and lacto-bacillus feeding on human intestinal bacterial enzyme activity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 39, 756–761.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldin, BR, Gorbach, SL, Saxelin, M, Barakat, S, Gualteri, L & Salminen, S (1992) Survival of Lactobacillus species (strain GG) in the human gastrointestinal tract. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 47, 573–575.Google Scholar
Goodlad, RA (1989) Gastrointestinal cell proliferation. Digestive Diseases 7, 169–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodlad, RA & Wright, NA (1982) Quantitative studies on epithelial replacement in the gut. Techniques in the Life Sciences P212, 1–23.Google Scholar
Gracey, M (1993) Transmission and epidemiology. Bailliere's Clinical Gastroenterology 7, 195–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenberg, ER, Baron, JA, Tosteson, TD, Freeman, DH Jr, Beck, GJ, Bond, JH, Colacchio, TA, Coller, JA, Frankl, HD & Haile, RW (1994) A clinical trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent colorectal adenoma. New England Journal of Medicine 331, 141–147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guarino, A, Canani, RB, Spagnuolo, MI, Albano, F & Benedetto, LD (1997) Oral bacterial therapy reduces the duration of symptoms and of viral excretion in children with mild diarrhoea. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (In the Press).Google Scholar
Hague, A, Manning, AM, Hanlon, KA, Huschtscha, LI, Hart, D & Paraskeva, C (1993) Sodium butyrate induces apoptosis in human colonic tumour cell lines in a p53-independent pathway: implications for the possible role of dietary fibre in the prevention of large-bowel cancer. International Journal of Cancer 55, 498–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hambly, RJ, Rumney, CJ, Fletcher, JME, Rijken, P & Rowland, IR (1997) Effects of high and low risk diets on gut-microflora-associated biomarkers of colon cancer in human-flora-associated rats. Nutrition and Cancer 27, 250–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Havenaar, R & Huis in't Veld, JHJ (1992) Probiotics; a general view. In The Lactic Acid Bacteria. Vol. 1. The Lactic Acid Bacteria in Health and Disease, pp. 151–170 [Wood, BJB, editor]. Barking: Elsevier Applied Science.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heyman, M & Desjeux, JF (1992) Significance of intestinal food protein transport. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 15, 48–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heyman, M, Ducroc, R, Desjeux, JF & Morgat, JL (1982) Horseradish peroxidase transport across adult rabbit jejunum in vitro. American Journal of Physiology 242, G558–G564.Google ScholarPubMed
Heyman, M, Gorthier, G, Petit, A, Mesh, J-C, Moreau, C & Desjeux, J-F (1987) Intestinal absorption of macromolecules during viral enteritis: an experimental study on rotavirus-infected conventional and germ-free mice. Pediatrics Research 22, 72–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hosoda, M, Ile, F, Hirarnaru, M, Hashirnoto, H & Benno, Y (1994) Effects of Lactobacillus GG intake on faecal microflora and defacation in healthy volunteers. Bifidus 8, 21–28.Google Scholar
Howe, G, Benito, E, Casteleto, R, Cornée, J, Estéve, J, Gallagher, RP, Iscovich, JM, Deng-ao, J, Kaaks, R, Kune, GA, Kune, S, L'AbbC, KA, Lee, HP, Miller, AB, Peters, RK, Potter, JD, Riboli, E, Slattery, ML, Trichopoulos, D, Tuyns, A, Tzonou, A, Whittemore, AS, Wu-Williams, AH & Zeng, S (1992) Dietary intake of fiber and decreased risk of cancers of the colon and rectum: evidence from the combined analysis of 13 case–control studies. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 84, 1887–1896.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Isolauri, E (1995) The treatment of cow's milk allergy. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49, 549–555.Google ScholarPubMed
Isolauri, E, Kaila, M, Arvola, T, Majamaa, H, Rantala, I, Virtanen, E & Arvilommi, H (1993 a) Diet during rotavirus enteritis affects jejunal permeability to macromolecules in suckling rats. Pediatrics Research 33, 548–553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Isolauri, E, Majamaa, H, Arvola, T, Rantala, I, Virtanen, F & Arvilommi, H (1993 b) Lactobacillus casei strain GG reverses increased intestinal permeability induced by cow milk in suckling rats. Gastroenterology 105, 1643–1650.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ito, M, Kimura, M, Deguchi, Y, Miyamori-Watabe, A, Yajima, T & Kan, T (1993) Effects of transgalactosylated disaccharides on the human intestinal microflora and their metabolism. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 39, 279–288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jalonen, T, Isolauri, E, Heyman, M, Crain-Denoyelle, A-M, Sillanaukee, P & Koivula, T (1991) Increased β-lactoglobulin absorption during rotavirus enteritis in infants: relationship to sugar permeability. Pediatrics Research 30, 290–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaila, M, Isolauri, E, Soppi, E, Virtanen, V, Laine, S & Arvilommi, H (1992) Enhancement of the circulating antibody secreting cell response in human diarrhea by a human Lactobacillus strain. Pediatrics Research 32, 141–144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, YS, Gum, JR, Ho, SB & Deng, G (1994) Colonocyte differentiation and proliferation: overview and the butyrate-induced transcriptional regulation of oncodevelopmental placental-like alkaline phosphatase gene in colon cancer cells. In Falk Symposium 73. Short Chain Fatty Acids, pp. 119–134 [Binder, HJ, Cummings, JH and Soergel, KH, editors]. Lancaster: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Kim, YS, Tsao, D, Siddiqui, B, Whitehead, JS, Arnstein, P, Bennett, J & Hicks, J (1980) Effects of sodium butyrate and dimethylsulf-oxide on biochemical properties of human colon cancer cells. Cancer 45, 1185–1192.3.0.CO;2-W>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kok, RG, De Waal, A, Schut, F, Welling, GW, Weenk, G & Hellingwerf, KJ (1996) Specific detection and analysis of a probiotic Bifidobacterium strain in infant faeces. Applied Environmental Microbiology 62, 3668–3672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolars, JC, Levitt, MD, Aouiji, M & Savaiano, DA (1984) Yogurt – an autodigesting source of lactose. New England Journal of Medicine 310, 1–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langendijk, PS, Schut, F, Jansen, GJ, Raangs, GC, Kamphuis, GR, Wilkinson, MHF & Welling, GW (1995) Quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization of Bifidobacterium spp. with genus-specific 16s rRNA-targeted probes and its application in faecal samples. Applied Environmental Microbiology 61, 3069–3075.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, YK & Salminen, S (1995) The coming of age of probiotics. Trends in Food Science Technology 6, 241–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lifschitz, CH, Carrazza, FR, Feste, AS & Klein, PD (1995) In vivo study of colonic fermentation of carbohydrate in infants. Journal of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 20, 59–64.Google ScholarPubMed
Ling, WH, Korpela, R, Mykkänen, H & Salminen, S (1994) Lactobacillus strain GG and fiber supplementation decreases colonic hydrolytic and reductive enzyme activities in healthy female subjects. Journal of Nutrition 121, 18–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipkin, M (1988) Biornarkers of increased susceptibility to gastrointestinal cancer: new application to studies of cancer prevention in human subjects. Cancer Research 43, 1899–1904.Google Scholar
Livesey, G (1990) Energy values of unavailable carbohydrates and diets: an inquiry and analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 617–637.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCartney, AL, Wenzhi, W & Tannock, GT (1996) Molecular analysis of the composition of the bifidobacterial and lactobacillus microflora of humans. Applied Environmental Microbiology 62, 4608–4613.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacDonald, TT (1993) Aetiology of Crohn's disease. Archives of Disease in Childhood 68, 623–625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macfarlane, GT, Gibson, GR, Drasar, BS & Cummings, JH (1995) Metabolic significance of the gut microflora. In Gastrointestinal and Oesophageal Pathology, 2nd ed., pp. 249–274 [Whitehead, R, editor]. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Macfarlane, GT & Macfarlane, S (1995) Proteolysis and amino acid fermentation. In Human Colonic Bacteria: Role in Nutrition, Physiology, and Pathology, pp. 75–100 [Gibson, GR and Macfarlane, GT, editors]. London: CRC Press.Google Scholar
McIntyre, A, Gibson, PR & Young, GP (1993) Butyrate production from dietary fibre and protection against large bowel cancer in a rat model. Gut 34, 386–391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McIntyre, A, Young, GP, Taranto, T, Gibson, PR & Ward, PB (1991) Different fibres have different regional effects on luminal contents of rat colon. Gastroenterology 101, 1274–1281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKay, DM & Perdue, MH (1993) Intestinal epithelial function: the case for immunophysiological regulation. Cells and mediators (First of two parts). Digestive Diseases and Sciences 38, 1377–1387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacLennan, R, Macrae, F, Bain, C, Battistutta, D, Chapuis, P, Gratten, H, Lambert, J, Newland, RC, Ngu, M & Russell, A (1995) Randomized trial of intake of fat, fiber, and beta carotene to prevent colorectal adenomas. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 87, 1760–1766.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marteau, P, Flourié, B, Pochart, P, Chastang, C, Desjeux, JF & Rambaud, JC (1990) Role of the microbial lactase (EC 3.2.1.23) activity from yoghurt on the intestinal absorption of lactose: an in vivo study in lactase-deficient humans. British Journal of Nutrition 64, 71–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marteau, P, Minekus, M, Havenaar, R & Huis in't Veld, JHJ (1997 a) Survival of lactic acid bacteria in a dynamic model of the stomach and small intestine: validation and the effects of bile. Journal of Dairy Science 80, 1031–1037.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marteau, P & Rambaud, JC (1993) Potential for using lactic acid bacteria for therapy and immunomodulation in man. FEMS Microbiology Review 12, 207–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marteau, P, Vaerman, JP, Dehennin, JP, Bord, S, Brassart, D, Pochart, P, Desjeux, JF & Rambaud, JC (1997 b) Effects of intrajejunal perfusion and chronic ingestion of Lactobacillus johnsonii strain La1 on serum concentrations and jejunal secretions of immunoglobulins and serum proteins in healthy humans. Gastroenterology and Clinical Biology 21, 293–298.Google ScholarPubMed
Martin, MS, Justrabo, E, Jeannin, JF, Leclerc, A & Martin, F (1981) Effect of dietary chenodeoxycholic acid on intestinal carcino-genesis induced by 1,2 dimethylhydrazine in mice and hamsters. British Journal of Cancer 43, 884–886.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maskens, AP (1976) Histogenesis and growth pattern of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colon adenocarcinoma. Cancer Research 36, 1585–1592.Google ScholarPubMed
Maskens, AP & Dujardin Loits, RM (1981) Experimental adenomas and carcinomas of the large intestine behave as distinct entities. Cancer 47, 81–89.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molis, C, Flourit, B, Ouarne, F, Gailing, MF, Lartigue, S, Guibert, A, Bornet, F & Galmiche, JP (1996) Digestion, excretion and energy value of fructo oligosaccharides in healthy humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 64, 324–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moreau, MC, Bisetti, N & Dubuquoy, C (1998) Immunomodulating properties of a strain of Bifidobacterium used as probiotic on the faecal and cellular intestinal IgA anti-rotavirus responses in mice. In Functional Foods Proceedings. Royal Society of Chemistry.Google Scholar
Moreau, MC & Coste, M (1993) Immune responses to dietary protein antigens. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics 74, 22–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moreau, MC & Gaboriau-Routhiau, V (1996) The absence of gut flora, the doses of antigen ingested and aging affect the long-term peripheral tolerance induced by ovalbumin feeding in mice. Research Immunology 147, 49–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moreau, MC, Nuyts, V & Raibaud, P (1994) Effet de l'ingestion d'un lait fermenté avec Lactobacillus bulgaricus et Streptococcus thermophilus sur la stimulation de l'immunityé de l'hôte: étude chez la souris axénique (Effect of the ingestion of a fermented milk on the stimulation of immunity in germ-free mice). Cahiers Decarboxylation Nutrition et Diététique 29, 341–347.Google Scholar
Morotomi, M (1996) Properties of Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain as probiotics. Asia Pacijic Journal of Clinical Nutrition 5, 29–30.Google ScholarPubMed
Mosmann, T (1983) Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferative and cytotoxic assays. Journal of Immunology Methods 65, 55–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muyzer, G, Waal, EC & Uitterlinden, AG (1993) Profiling complex microbial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified genes coding for 16s rRNA. Applied Environmental Microbiology 59, 695–700.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pace, N (1996) New perspective on the natural microbial world: molecular microbial ecology. ASM News 62, 463–470.Google Scholar
Pant, AR, Graham, SM, Allen, SJ, Harikul, S, Sabohaeron, A, Cuevas, L & Hart, CA (1996) Lactobacillus GG and acute diarrhoea in young children in the tropics. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 42, 162–165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perdigon, G, Alvarez, S, Rachid, M, Agüero, G & Gobatto, N (1996) Probiotic bacteria for humans: clinical systems for evaluation of effectiveness. Journal of Dairy Science 78, 1597–1606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pitcher, MCL & Cummings, JH (1995) Colonic fermentation, sulphur metabolism and ulcerative colitis. In Falk Symposium 85. Inflammatory Bowel Disease, pp. 529–543 [Tytgat, GNJ, Bartelsman, JFWM and van Deventer, SHJ, editors]. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Pitcher, MCL & Cummings, JH (1996) Hydrogen sulphide: a bacterial toxin in ulcerative colitis? Gut 39, 1–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Podolsky, DK (1991) Inflammatory bowel disease. (First of two parts.) New England Journal of Medicine 325, 928–937.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pomare, EW, Branch, WJ & Cummings, JH (1985) Carbohydrate fermentation in the human colon and its relation to acetate concentration in venous blood. Journal of Clinical Investigation 75, 1448–1454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potter, JD, Slattery, ML, Bostock, RM & Gapstur, SM (1993) Colon cancer: a review of the epidemiology. Epidemiology Review 15, 499–545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rafter, JJ, Child, P, Anderson, AM, Alder, R, Eng, V & Bruce, WR (1987) Cellular toxicity of faecal water depends on diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 559–563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raza, S, Graham, SM, Allen, SJ, Sultana, S, Cuevas, L & Hart, CA (1995) Lactobacillus GG promotes recovery from acute non-bloody diarrhoea in Pakistan. Pediatric Infection and Disease 14, 107–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Risio, M (1992) Cell proliferation in colorectal tumour progression: an immunohistochemical approach to intermediate biomarkers. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 16G, 79–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ritchie, JK, Wadsworth, J, Lennard-Jones, JE & Rogers, E (1987) Controlled multicentre therapeutic trial of an unrefined carbohydrate, fibre-rich diet in Crohn's disease. British Medical Journal 295, 517–520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberfroid, MB (1996) Functional effects of food components and the gastrointestinal system: chicory fructooligosaccharides. Nutrition Reviews 54, S38–S42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberfroid, MB, Bornet, F, Bouley, C & Cummings, JH (1995) Colonic microflora: nutrition and health. Nutrition Reviews 53, 127–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberfroid, M, Gibson, GR & Delzenne, N (1993) The biochemistry of oligofructose, a non-digestible fiber: an approach to calculate its caloric value. Nutrition Reviews 51, 137–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberfroid, MB, Van Loo, JAE & Gibson, GR (1997) The bifido-genic nature of chicory inulin and its hydrolysis products. Journal of Nutrition (In the Press).Google Scholar
Roediger, WEW, Duncan, A, Kapaniris, O & Millard, S (1993) Reducing sulfur compounds of the colon impair colonocyte nutrition: implications for ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 104, 802–809.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roland, N, Nugon-Baudon, L, Andrieux, C & Szylit, O (1995) Comparative study of the fermentative characteristics of inulin and different types of fibre in rats inoculated with a human whole faecal flora. British Journal of Nutrition 74, 239–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roncucci, L (1992) Early events in human colorectal carcino-genesis. Aberrant crypts and microadenoma. Italian Journal of Gastroenterology 24, 498–501.Google Scholar
Rowland, I (1991) Nutrition and gut flora metabolism. In Nutrition, Toxicity and Cancer, pp. 113–135 [Rowland, IR, editor]. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Rowland, IR (1995) Toxicology of the colon: role of the intestinal microflora. In Human Colonic Bacteria: Role in Nutrition, Physiology and Pathology, pp. 155–174 [Gibson, GR and Macfarlane, GT, editors]. London: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Saavedra, JM, Bauman, NA, Oung, I, Perman, JA & Yolken, RH (1994) Feeding of Bijidobacterium bijidum and Streptococcus thermophilus to infants in hospital for prevention of diarrhoea and shedding of rotavirus. Lancet 344, 1046–1049.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sakamoto, J, Shigeyuki, N, Sugawara, K, Iwane, S & Munakata, A (1996) Comparison of resistant starch with cellulose diet on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic carcinogenesis in rats. Gastroenterology 110, 116–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sakata, T (1987) Stimulatory effect of short chain fatty acids on epithelial cell proliferation in the rat intestine: a possible explanation for trophic effects of fermentable fibre, gut microbes and luminal trophic factors. British Journal of Nutrition 58, 95–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salminen, S, Isolauri, E & Salminen, E (1996 a) Clinical uses of probiotics for stabilizing the gut mucosal barrier: successful strains and future challenges. Anton. Leeuwenhoek 70, 347–358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salminen, S, Isolauri, E & Salminen, E (1996 b) Probiotics and stabilisation of the gut mucosal barrier. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 5, 53–56.Google ScholarPubMed
Salminen, S, Laine, M, Wright, A, Vuopio-Varkila, J, Korhonen, T & Mattila-Sandholm, T (1996 c) Development of selection criteria for probiotic strains to assess their potential in functional foods: a Nordic and European approach. Bioscience Microflora 15, 61–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanders, ME (1993) Summary of the conclusions from a consensus panel of experts on health attributes on lactic cultures: significance to fluid milk products containing cultures. Journal of Dairy Science 76, 1819–1828.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanderson, IR & Walker, WA (1993) Uptake and transport of macromolecules by the intestine: possible role in clinical disorders (an update). Gastroenterology 104, 622–639.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Savarino, SJ & Bourgeois, AL (1993) Diarrhoea1 disease: current concepts and future challenges. Epidemiology of diarrhoea1 diseases in developed countries. Transcript of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 87, 7–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saxelin, M, Chuang, NH, Chassy, B, Rautelin, H, Mäkelä, PH, Salminen, S & Gorbach, SL (1996 a) Lactobacilli and bacteremia in Southern Finland, (1989–1992). Clinical Infection and Disease 22, 564–566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saxelin, M, Rautelin, H, Salminen, S & Mäkelä, P (1996 b) The safety of commercial products with viable Lactoba-cillus strains. Infection and Disease in Clinical Practice 5, 331–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiffrin, E, Rochat, F, Link-Amster, H, Aeschlimann, J & Donnet-Hugues, A (1995) Immunomodulation of blood cells following the ingestion of lactic acid bacteria. Journal of Dairy Science 78, 491–497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shornikova, AV, Casas, I, Isolauri, E, Mykkänen, H & Vesikari, T (1997) Lactobacillus reuteri as a therapeutic agent in acute diarrhea in young children. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 24, 399–404.Google ScholarPubMed
Solis-Pereyra, B & Lemonnier, D (1996) Induction of human cytokines by bacteria used in dairy foods. Nutrition Research 13, 1127–1140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staatscourant, (1996) Toelating nieuw voedingsmiddel. Galacto-oligosaccharides (Acceptance of New Nutrient. Galacto-oligosaccharides) no. 91, p. 7.Google Scholar
Stephen, A (1994) Propionate – sources and effect on lipid metabolism. In Falk Symposium 73. Short Chain Fatty Acids, pp. 260–271 [Binder, HJ, Cummings, JH and Soergel, KH, editors]. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Sütas, Y, Hurme, M & Isolauri, E (1996 a) Downregulation of antiCD3 antibody-induced IL-4 production by bovine caseins hydrolysed with Lactobacillus GG-derived enzymes. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 43, 687–689.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sütas, Y, Soppi, E, Korhonen, H, Syväoja, EL, Saxelin, M, Rokka, T & Isolauri, E (1996 b) Suppression of lymphocyte proliferation in vitro by bovine caseins hydrolysed with Lactobacillus GG-derived enzymes. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 98, 216–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szarka, CE, Pfeiffer, GR & Hum, ST (1995) Glutathione-S-transferase activity and glutathione S-transferase μ expression in subjects with risk for colorectal cancer. Cancer Research 55, 2789–2793.Google ScholarPubMed
Terada, A, Hara, H, Kataoka, M & Mitsuoka, T (1992) Effect of lactulose on the composition and metabolic activity of the human faecal flora. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 5, 43–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, WG & Gomborone, JE (1993) Irritable bowel syndrome: pathogenesis and management. Lancet 341, 1569–1572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, WG & Heaton, KW (1980) Functional bowel disorders in apparently healthy people. American Gastroenterology Association 79, 283–288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Todesco, T, Rao, VA, Bosello, O & Jenkins, DJA (1991) Propionate lowers blood glucose and alters lipid metabolism in healthy subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, 860–865.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trock, B, Lanza, E & Greenwald, P (1990) Dietary fiber, vegetables, and colon cancer: critical review and meta-analyses of the epidemiologic evidence. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 82, 650–661.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tytgat, GNJ, Bartelsman, JFWM & van Deventer, SJH (editors) (1995) Falk Symposium 85. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Umesaki, Y (1989) Intestinal glycolipids and their role in intestinal colonization of mice. Bifidobacteria Microflora 8, 13–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Umesaki, Y, Okada, Y, Imaoka, A, Setoyama, H & Matsumoto, S (1997) Interactions between epithelial cells and bacteria, normal and pathogenic. Science 276, 964–965.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Umesaki, Y, Okada, Y, Matsumoto, S, Imaoka, A & Setoyama, H (1995) Segmented filamentous bacteria are indigenous intestinal bacteria that activate intraepithelial lymphocytes and induce MHC class I1 molecules and fucosyl asialoGMl glycolipids on the small intestinal epithelial cells in ex-gem-free mouse. Microbial Immunology 39, 555–562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Loo, J, Coussement, P, De Leenheer, L, Hoebregs, H & Smits, G (1995) On the presence of inulin and oligofructose as natural ingredients in the Western diet. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 35, 525–552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Munster, IP, Tangerman, A & Nagengast, FM (1994) Effect of resistant starch on colonic fermentation, bile acid metabolism, and mucosal proliferation. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 39, 834–842.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Venter, CS, Vorster, HH & Cummings, JH (1989) Effects of dietary propionate on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in man. American Journal of Gastroenterology 85, 549–553.Google Scholar
Venturi, M, Hambly, RJ, Glinghammar, B, Rafter, JJ & Rowland, IR (1997) Genotoxic activity in human faecal water and the role of bile acids: a study using the Comet assay. Carcinogenesis (In the Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wasan, HS & Goodlad, RA (1996) Fibre-supplemented foods may damage your health. Lancet 348, 319–320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wattenberg, LW (1983) Inhibition of neoplasia by minor dietary constituents. Cancer Research 43, Suppl., 2448s–2453S.Google ScholarPubMed
Weiner, HL, Friedman, A, Miller, A, Khoury, SJ, Al-Sabbagh, A, Santos, L, Sayegh, M, Nussenblatt, RB, Trentham, DE & Hafler, DA (1994) Oral tolerance: immunologic mechanisms and treatment of animal and human organ-specific autoimmune diseases by oral administration of autoantigens. Annual Review of Immunology 12, 809–837.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weisburger, J (1973) Chemical carcinogens and their mode of action in colonic neoplasia. Disease of the Colon and Rectum 289, 1099–1103.Google Scholar
Whitehead, RH, Young, GP & Bathal, PS (1986) Effects of short chain fatty acids on a new human colon carcinoma cell line (LIM 1215). Gut 27, 1457–1463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, KH & Blitchington, RB (1996) Human colonic biota studied by ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. Applied Environmental Microbiology 62, 2273–2278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, NA & Alison, M (1984) The Biology of Epithelial Cell Populations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Young, GP, McIntyre, A, Albert, V, Folino, M, Muir, JG & Gibson, PR (1996) Wheat bran suppresses potato-starch potentiated colorectal tumorigenesis at the aberrant crypt stage in a rat model. Gastroenterology 110, 508–514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed