Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T01:12:34.620Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of refeeding diets containing cottonseed flour with traces of gossypol on rat liver and testis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

Véronique Bertrand  and
Jacques Belleville
Véronique Bertrand
Affiliation:
Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences Mirande, BP 138, 21004 Dijon Cedex, France
Jacques Belleville
Affiliation:
Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences Mirande, BP 138, 21004 Dijon Cedex, France
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The aim of the present work was to show that cottonseed flour introduced into rehabilitation diets is not nutritionally harmful. The cottonseed flour obtained from glandless seeds contains traces of gossypol. As gossypol is known to have pathological hepatic and testicular actions, the effects on hepatic variables and on the histological appearance of liver and testis of diets containing cottonseed flour were compared with those without cottonseed flour. Seventy growing male Wistar rats were divided into two groups. The control group (C) received a balanced diet (200 g casein+3 g methionine/kg) for 78 d and the experimental group was fed on a low-protein diet (20 g casein+3 g methionine/kg) for 29 d. After the period of protein deprivation, the depleted rats were divided into four groups and each group was refed with a different diet, for 49 d: a balanced diet (200 g casein+3 g methionine/kg; rC), maize–soya-bean flour–milk (60:30:5, by wt; MSM), maize–cottonseed flour–milk (60:30:5, by wt; MCM) or rice–cottonseed flour–milk (60:30:5, by wt; RCM). Each diet was supplemented with a vitamin mixture (10 g/kg) and a salt mixture (40 g/kg). In the liver, protein, total lipid, fatty acid composition and nucleic acid contents were determined after 29 d of protein deprivation and after 2, 14, 29, 49 d of refeeding. The refeeding of rats with either diet MSM or RCM promoted a higher growth than that with diet MCM or diet rC. In all groups, a progressive decrease in relative liver weights with age was observed. The highest values were obtained with diets rC and MSM. After 49 d of refeeding, the lowest values for lipid, DNA and protein: RNA and the highest values for RNA and RNA:DNA were obtained with the cottonseed diets (MCM and RCM). Rats fed on the cottonseed-flour diets for a 49 d period after severe protein malnutrition showed no change in size or shape of their hepatocytes compared with those obtained with the control casein diet, and all stages of spermatogenesis occurred normally and spermatozoa were accurately formed. Therefore, our findings show that a low level of gossypol administrated during 49 d, even to an organism weakened by protein malnutrition, does not affect hepatic variables and the histological appearance of liver and testis.

Keywords

Cottonseed flourGossypolLiverTestesRat
Type
Lipid Metabolism
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 66 , Issue 2 , September 1991 , pp. 269 - 283
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1991

References

REFERENCES

Abou-Donia, M., Lyman, C. M. & Dieckert, J. W. (1970). Metabolic fate of Gossypol: The metabolism of 14C-gossypol in rats. Lipids 5, 938–946.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ambrose, A. M. & Robbins, D. J. (1951). The chronic oral toxicity of cottonseed meal and cottonseed pigment glands. Journal of Nutrition 43, 357–370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bertrand, V. & Belleville, J. (1988). Utilisation nutritionnelle de la farine de coton comparée à celle du soja, pour des rats en croissance ayant subi une malnutrition protéique. (Nutritional utilization of cottonseed flour compared to that of soya-bean flour in growing rats subjected to protein deprivation). Compte-Rendus de la Société de Biologie 182, 94–104.Google Scholar
Bertrand, V. & Belleville, J. (1989). Efficacité de la farine de coton sur la récupération nutritionnelle de jeunes rats ayant subi une carence protéique sévère. (Efficiency of cottonseed flour on nutritional recovery of young rats subjected to severe protein depletion). Nutrition Clinique et Métabolisme 3, 17–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bressani, R., Elias, L. G. & Braham, J. E. (1966). Cottonseed protein in human foods. In World Protein Resources, Advances in Chemistry Series, vol. 57, pp. 75–100. Washington DC: American Chemical Society.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chongthammakun, S., Ekavipat, C., Sanitwongse, B. & Pavasuthipaisit, K. (1986). Effects of gossypol on human and monkey sperm motility in vitro. Contraception 34, 323–331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dische, Z. (1930). Some new characteristic color tests for thymonucleic acid and microchemica for determining the same in animal organs by means of these tests. Mikrochemistry 8, 4–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F-tests. Biometrics 11, 1–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folch, J., Lees, M. & Sloane Stanley, G. H. (1958). Simple method for isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry 226, 497–509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frick, J., Aulitzky, W. & Kalla, N. R. (1988). Clinical microdose study of gossypol: Effect on sperm motility and renal function. Contraception 37, 153–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gabe, M. (1968). In Techniques histologiques, pp. 113–223 [Gabe, M., editor]. Paris: Masson et cie.Google Scholar
Gafvels, M., Wang, J., Berch, A., Damber, J. E. & Selstam, G. (1984). Toxic effects of the antifertility agent gossypol, in selected organs of male rats. Toxicology 32, 325–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghafoorunissa, B. (1980). Undernutrition and fertility of male rats. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 59, 317–320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hadley, M. A., Lin, Y. C. & Dym, M. (1981). Effects of gossypol on the reproductive system of male rats. Journal of Andrology 2, 190–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, F. & Lyman, C. M. (1957). Effect of protein level in the rations on gossypol tolerance in growing-fattening pigs. Journal of Animal Science 16, 364–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatcher, D. W. & Goldstein, G. (1969). Improved methods for determination of RNA and DNA. Analytical Biochemistry 31, 42–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffer, A. P. (1982). Ultrastructural studies of spermatozoa and the epithelial lining of the epididymis and vas deferens in rat treated with gossypol. Archives of Andrology 8, 233–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hollon, B. F., Waugh, R. K., Wise, G. H. & Smith, F. H. (1958). Cottonseed meals as the primary protein supplement in concentrate feeds for young calves. Journal of Dairy Science 41, 286–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmberg, C. A., Weaver, L. D., Guterbock, W. M., Genes, J. & Montgomery, P. (1988). Pathological and toxicological studies of calves fed a high concentration cotton seed meal diet. Veterinary Pathology 25, 147–153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalla, N. R. (1982). Gossypol. The male antifertility agent. IRCS Medicine and Sciences 10, 766–769.Google Scholar
Leblond, C. P. & Clermont, Y. (1952). Definition of the stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the rat. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences 55, 548–573.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, T., Murono, E. P., Osterman, J., Nankin, H. R. & Coulson, P. B. (1981). Gossypol inhibits testicular steroïdogenesis. Fertility and Sterility 35, 563–566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, Z. Q., Liu, G. Z., Hei, L. S., Zhang, R. A. & Yu, C. Z. (1981). Clinical trial of gossypol as a male antifertility agent. In Recent Advances in Fertility Regulation, pp. 160–163 [Chang, C., Griffin, D and Woolman, A., editors]. Geneva: Atar.Google Scholar
Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. H., Farr, A. L. & Randall, R. J. (1951). Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry 193, 265–275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meghelli-Bouchenak, M., Boquillon, M. & Belleville, J. (1987). Time course of changes in rat serum apolipoproteins during the consumption of different low protein diets followed by a balanced diet. Journal of Nutrition 117, 641–649.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meghelli-Bouchenak, M., Boquillon, M. & Belleville, J. (1989). Hepatic steatosis and serum very low density lipoproteins during two types of protein malnutrition followed by balanced refeeding. Nutrition 5, 321–329.Google ScholarPubMed
Narce, M., Poisson, J. P., Belleville, J. & Chanussot, B. (1988). Time-course effects of protein malnutrition on hepatic fatty acids Δ 6 and Δ 5 desaturation in the growing rat. British Journal of Nutrition 60, 389–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Coordinating Group on Male Infertility (1978). Gossypol: a new antifertility agent for males. Chinese Medical Journal 4, 417–421.Google Scholar
Pösö, his, Wichmann, K., Janne, J. & Luukkainen, T. (1980). Gossypol, a powerful inhibitor of human spermatozoal metabolism. Lancet ii, 885–886.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prost, J., Belleville, J. & Valantin-Rollet, C. (1988). Effects of age and protein malnutrition followed by balanced refeeding on the synthesis and excretion of four pancreatic hydrolases in growing rats. British Journal of Nutrition 60, 619–631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quian, S. Z. & Wang, A. G. (1984). Gossypol: a potential antifertility agent for males. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 24, 329–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radigue, C., Soufir, J. C., Couvillers, M. L., Dantec, H. C. & Folliot, R. (1988). Early effects of gossypol on the testis and epididymis in the rat. Reproduction Nutrition et Développement 28, 1329–1338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raghunah, M. & Giridharan, N. (1987). Effect of the male antifertility agent gossypol, on pancreatic and intestinal proteases in the rat. Nutrition Reports International 36, 757–761.Google Scholar
Reyes, J., Allen, J., Tamphaichitr, N., Bellve, A. R. & Benos, D. J. (1984). Molecular mechanisms of gossypol action on lipid membranes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 259, 9607–9615.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reyes, J., Borriero, L. & Benos, D. J. (1988). A bioenergetic model of gossypol action: Effects of gossypol on adult rat spermatogenic cells. American Journal of Physiology 254, C564–C570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, P. A. M., Henaghan, T. P. & Wheelers, B. (1975). Gossypol poisoning in young calves. Irish Veterinary Journal 29, 9–13.Google Scholar
Sang, G. W. (1983). Effects of gossypol on male reproduction. In Hormones in Normal and Abnormal Human Tissues, pp. 215–240 [Fotherby, K. and Pal, D., editors]. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter & Co.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, M. P., Smith, F. H. & Clawson, A. J. (1966). Effects of levels of protein and gossypol, and length of feeding period on the accumulation of gossypol in tissues of swine. Journal of Nutrition 88, 434–438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, F. H. & Clawson, A. J. (1965). Effect of diet on accumulation of gossypol on the organs of swine. Journal of Nutrition 87, 317–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, F. H. & Clawson, A. J. (1970). The effects of dietary gossypol on animals. Journal of American Oil Chemists' Society 47, 443–447.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Srivastava, A. K. & Padmanaban, G. (1987). Gossypol mediated DNA degradation. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 146, 1515–1522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephens, D. T., Critchlow, L. M. & Hoskins, D. D. (1988). Mechanism of inhibition by gossypol of glycolysis and motility of monkey spermatozoa in vitro. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 69, 447–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tso, W. W. & Lee, C. S. (1982). Gossypol uncoupling of respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation in ejaculated boar spermatozoa. Contraception 25, 649–655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ueno, H., Sahni, M. K., Segal, S. J. & Koide, S. S. (1988). Interaction of gossypol with sperm macromolecules. Contraception 37, 333–341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, Y. & Rao, P. N. (1984). Effect of gossypol on DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression of mammalian cells in vitro. Cancer Research 44, 35–38.Google ScholarPubMed
Wichmann, K., Kapyaho, K., Sinervirta, R. & Janne, J. (1983). Effect of gossypol on the motility and metabolism of human spermatozoa. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 69, 259–264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wichmann, K., Vaheri, A. & Luukkanen, T. (1982). Inhibiting herpes simplex virus type 2 injection in human epithelial cells by gossypol, a potent spermicidal and contraceptive agent. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 142, 593–594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Withers, W. A. & Carruth, F. E. (1915). Gossypol, the toxic substance in cottonseed meal. Journal of Agricultural Research 5, 261–273.Google Scholar
Xue, S. P. (1981). Studies on the infertility effect of gossypol, a new contraceptive for males. In Recent Advances in Fertility Regulation pp. 122–145 [Chang, C., Griffin, D. and Woolman, D., editors]. Geneva: Atar.Google Scholar
Ye, W. S., Liang, J. C. & Tsu, T. C. (1983). Toxicity of a male contraceptive, gossypol, in mammalian cell cultures. In Vitro (Rockville) 19, 53–57.Google ScholarPubMed