Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T08:22:11.342Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of dietary supplements and physical exercise on sensory perception, appetite, dietary intake and body weight in frail elderly subjects

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

Nynke de Jong ,
Marijke J. M. Chin A Paw ,
Cees de Graaf  and
Wija A. van Staveren
Nynke de Jong*
Affiliation:
Division of Human Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 1/bode 154, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
Marijke J. M. Chin A Paw
Affiliation:
Division of Human Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 1/bode 154, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
Cees de Graaf
Affiliation:
Division of Human Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 1/bode 154, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
Wija A. van Staveren
Affiliation:
Division of Human Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 1/bode 154, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
*
*Corresponding author: Dr Nynke de Jong, fax +31 317 482782, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

This present study investigated the effect of a 17-week intervention programme with nutrient-dense foods (enriched with vitamins and minerals at 25–100 % of the Dutch recommended dietary allowance) and/or physical exercise in 159 frail elderly subjects (forty-six men, 113 women, mean age 78·7 (SD 5·6) years). Subjects were randomized into four groups: (1) control, (2) nutrition intervention, (3) exercise or (4) both nutrition intervention and exercise. Main outcome variables were sensory perception (smell test and questionnaire), appetite (questionnaire), energy intake (3 d food record) and body weight (on a weighing scale and with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements). At baseline, moderate but significant correlations were found between appetite and energy intake (r 0·30, P < 0·0001), between smell test and smell perception assessed by questionnaire (r 0·40, P < 0·0001) and between lean body weight and energy intake (r 0·50, P < 0·0001). Results after 17-weeks intervention revealed neither change in smell test scores (P = 0·19) nor in appetite (P = 0·17). A slight positive effect of exercise compared with non-exercising groups on energy intake (difference 0·5 MJ, P = 0·05) was shown next to a preserving effect of exercise on lean body mass (+0·08 kg) compared with a decrease (-0·4 kg) in non-exercisers (P < 0·02). The correlation between the change in lean body mass and change in energy intake was 0·18 (P = 0·05). In conclusion, an interesting preserving effect on lean body mass in frail elderly subjects due to 17 weeks of exercise was shown. Since a decline in lean body mass was observed in the non-exercisers, effects may be attributable to change in activity pattern. Changes in lean mass were also slightly, but significantly, correlated with changes in energy intake. In turn, energy intake was not related to a change in reported appetite or sensory perception. Nutrient-dense foods were not able to improve any of the outcome variables in this study.

Keywords

Frail elderlyAppetiteExerciseNutrient-dense foods
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 83 , Issue 6 , June 2000 , pp. 605 - 613
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2000

References

Blundell, JELawton, CJ and King, NJ (1997) Problems of eating and appetite control in the elderly Aging Milano 9, 42.Google ScholarPubMed
Buchner, DM and Wagner, EH (1992) Preventing frail health Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 8, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butterworth, DENieman, DCPerkins, RWarren, BJ and Dotson, RG (1993) Exercise training and nutrient intake in elderly women Journal of the American Dietetic Association 93, 653–657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cain, WSGent, JFGoodspeed, RB and Leonard, G (1988) Evaluation of olfactory dysfunction in the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center Laryngoscope 98, 83–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cain, WS and Rabin, MD (1989) Comparability of two tests of olfactory functioning Chemical Senses 14, 479–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, WWCrim, MCYoung, VR and Evans, WJ (1994) Increased energy requirements and changes in body composition with resistance training in older adults American Journal of Clinical Nutition 60, 167–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chauhan, JHawrysh, ZJGee, MDonald, EA and Basu, TK (1987) Age-related olfactory and taste changes and interrelationships between taste and nutrition Journal of the American Dietetic Association 87, 1543–1550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Commissie Voeding van de Oudere Mens Voedingsraad (1995) Voeding van de Oudere Mens (Nutrition in Elderly People). The Hague: Voedingsraad.Google Scholar
Commissie Voedingsnormen Voedingsraad (1989) Nederlandse Voedingsnormen 1989 (Dutch Nutrition Guidelines 1989), 2nd ed. The Hague: Voedingsraad.Google Scholar
de Castro, JM (1993) Age-related changes in spontaneous food intake and hunger in humans Appetite 21, 255–272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Jong, NChin, APaw, JMMde Groot, LCPGM, de Graaf, CKok, FJ and Van Staveren, WA (1999) Functional biochemical and nutrient indices in frail elderly people are partly affected by dietary supplements but not by exercise Journal of Nutrition 129, 2028–2036.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Jong, NChin, APaw, JMMde Groot, LCPGM, Hiddick, GJ and Van Staveren, WA (2000) Dietary supplements and physical exercise affecting bone and body composition in frail elderly American Journal of Public Health 90,(In the press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Jong, NMulder, I, de Graaf, C and Van Staveren, WA (1999) Impaired sensory functioning in elderly: the relation with its potential determinants and nutritional intake Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences 54, B324–B331.Google ScholarPubMed
Doty, RLShaman, PKimmelman, CP and Dann, MS (1984) University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: a rapid quantitative olfactory function test for the clinic Laryngoscope 94, 176–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, EB (1993) Aspects of the interrelations of nutrition and aging–1993 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 58, 1–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferris, AM and Duffy, VB (1989) Effect of olfactory deficits on nutritional status. Does age predict persons at risk? Annals of New York Academy of Sciences 561, 113–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiatarone, MAO'Neill, EFRyan, ND, Clements, KMSolares, GR, Nelson, MERoberts, SB, Kehayias, JJLipsitz, LA and Evans, WJ (1994) Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people New England Journal of Medicine 330, 1769–1775.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fidanza, F (1991) Nutritional Status Assessment: A Manual for Population Studies. New York, NY: Chapman and Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frisoni, GBFranzoni, SRozzini, R, Ferrucci, LBoffelli, S and Trabucchi, M (1995) Food intake and mortality in the frail elderly Journals of Gerontology A: Biological and Medical Sciences 50, M203–M210.Google ScholarPubMed
Gray-Donald, K (1995) The frail elderly: meeting the nutritional challenges Journal of the American Dietetic Association 95, 538–540.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gray-Donald, KPayette, H and Boutier, V (1995) Randomized clinical trial of nutritional supplementation shows little effect on functional status among free-living frail elderly Journal of Nutrition 125, 2965–2971.Google ScholarPubMed
Griep, MIVerleye, GFranck, AHCollys, KMets, TF and Massart, DL (1996) Variation in nutrient intake with dental status, age and odour perception European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, 816–825.Google ScholarPubMed
Guralnik, JM and Simonsick, EM (1993) Physical disability in older Americans Journal of Gerontology 48, 3–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, TB and Feldman, JJ (1991) Implications of health status in analysis of risk in older persons Journal of Aging and Health 3, 262–284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, ARGlanville, EV and Fischer, R (1965) Cumulative effect of age and smoking on taste sensitivity in males and females Journal of Gerontology 20, 334–337.Google Scholar
Kris-Etherton, PMDurrwachter, JDatillo, AMDeWolfe, JA and Trenkner, LL (1991) The interactive effects of health behavior changes: diet, exercise and smoking Topics in Clinical Nutrition 6, 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipschitz, DAMitchell, COSteele, RW and Milton, KY (1985) Nutritional evaluation and supplementation of elderly subjects participating in a "meals on wheels" program Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 9, 343–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattes, RD and Cowart, BJ (1994) Dietary assessment of patients with chemosensory disorders Journal of the American Dietetic Association 94, 50–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mattes, RDCowart, BJSchiavo, MA, Arnold, CGarrison, B, Kare, MR and Lowry, LD (1990) Dietary evaluation of patients with smell and/or taste disorders American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 233–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meredith, CNFrontera, WRO'Reilly, KP and Evans, WJ (1992) Body composition in elderly men: effect of dietary modification during strength training Journal of the American Geriatric Society 40, 155–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, MEFiatarone, MAMorganti, CM, Trice, IGreenberg, RA and Evans, WJ (1994) Effects of high-intensity strength training on multiple risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. A randomized controlled trial Journal of the American Medical Association 272, 1909–1914.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pollock, MLGaesser, GAButcher, JD, Despres, J-P, Dishman, RKFranklin, BA and Ewing-Garber, C (1998) The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, and flexibility in healthy adults Medicine Science Sports and Exercise 30, 975–991.Google Scholar
Rowe, JW and Kahn, RL (1987) Human aging: usual and successful Science 237, 143–149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schiffman, SS (1983) Taste and smell in disease (first of two parts) New England Journal of Medicine 308, 1275–1279.Google ScholarPubMed
Schiffman, SS (1983) Taste and smell in disease (second of two parts) New England Journal of Medicine 308, 1337–1343.Google ScholarPubMed
Schiffman, SS (1993) Perception of taste and smell in elderly persons Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 33, 17–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schiffman, SS (1997) Taste and smell losses in normal aging and disease Journal of the American Medical Association 278, 1357–1362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schiffman, SS and Warwick, ZS (1993) Effect of flavor enhancement of foods for the elderly on nutritional status: food intake, biochemical indices, and anthropometric measures Physiology and Behavior 53, 395–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schuit, AJSchouten, EGWesterterp, KR and Saris, WH (1997) Validity of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): according to energy expenditure assessed by the doubly labeled water method Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 50, 541–546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ship, JA and Weiffenbach, JM (1993) Age, gender, medical treatment, and medication effects on smell identification Journal of Gerontology 48, M26–M32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stichting Nederlands Voedingstoffenbestand (1997) Nederlanse Voedingsmiddeltabel (Dutch Nutrient Database). The Hague: Voorlichtingsbureau voor de Voeding.Google Scholar
Strawbridge, WJShema, SJBalfour, JL, Higby, HR and Kaplan, GA (1998) Antecedents of frailty over three decades in an older cohort Journals of Gerontology B: Psychological and Social Sciences 53, S9–S16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Titchenal, CA (1988) Exercise and food intake. What is the relationship? Sports and Medicine 6, 135–145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Washburn, RASmith, KWJette, AM and Janney, CA (1993) The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): development and evaluation Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 46, 153–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed