Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T08:20:24.845Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of DHA supplementation on digestible starch utilization by rainbow trout

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 March 2007

M. Tapia-Salazar ,
W. Bureau ,
S. Panserat ,
G. Corraze  and
D. P. Bureau
M. Tapia-Salazar
Affiliation:
University of Guelph, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
W. Bureau
Affiliation:
University of Guelph, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
S. Panserat
Affiliation:
UMR Nutrition Aquaculture Génomique, INRA, 64310 St-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
G. Corraze
Affiliation:
UMR Nutrition Aquaculture Génomique, INRA, 64310 St-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
D. P. Bureau*
Affiliation:
University of Guelph, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
*
*Corresponding author: Dr Dominique P. Bureau, fax +1 519 767 0573, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Rainbow trout has a limited ability to utilize digestible carbohydrates efficiently. Trout feeds generally contain high levels of DHA, a fatty acid known to inhibit a number of glycolytic and lipogenic enzymes in animals. A study was conducted to determine whether carbohydrate utilization by rainbow trout might be affected by dietary DHA level. Two low-carbohydrate (<4% digestible carbohydrate) basal diets were formulated to contain 1 (adequate) or 4 (excess)g/100g DHA diet respectively. The two basal diets were diluted with increasing levels of digestible starch (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively) to produce eight diets. These diets were fed to fish for 12 weeks at 15°C according to a pair-fed protocol that consisted of feeding the same amount of basal diet but different amounts of starch. Live weight, N and lipid gains, hepatic glycogen and plasma glucose values significantly increased, whereas feed efficiency (gain:feed) significantly decreased, with increasing starch intake (P<0·05). The retention efficiency of N (N gain/digestible N intake) improved with starch supplementation but was not affected by DHA level (P>0·05). Starch increased the activity of glucokinase, pyruvate kinase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthase (P<0·05) but did not affect hexokinase and malic enzyme activity. DHA had no effect on growth but increased plasma glucose and reduced carcass lipid and liver glycogen contents (P<0·05). Glycolytic and lipogenic enzymes were not affected by DHA level, except for pyruvate kinase, which was reduced by increasing DHA level. These results suggest only a marginal effect of dietary DHA on the ability of fish to utilize carbohydrate.

Keywords

Rainbow troutDietary carbohydratesPUFADHAGlycolytic and lipogenic enzymes
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 95 , Issue 1 , January 2006 , pp. 76 - 87
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2006

References

Alvarez, MJ, Díez, A, López-Bote, C, Gallego, M & Bautista, JM, Short-term modulation of lipogenesis by macronutrients in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes. Br J Nut (2000) 84 619–628CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnesen, P, Arnesen, A & Krstiansen, IO, Lipogenic enzyme activities in liver of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L). Comp Biochem Physiol (1993) 105B, 541–546.Google Scholar
Association of Official Analytical Chemists Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International.Agricultural Chemicals; Contaminants, Drugs, 16th ed. ArlingtonVA: AOAC International. (1995)Google Scholar
Atkinson, JL, Hilton, JW & Slinger, SJEvaluation of acid-insoluble ash as an indicator of feed digestibility in rainbow trout(Salmo gairdneri). Can J Fish Aquat Sci (1984) 41, 1384–1386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azevedo, PA, Leeson, SCho, Cy & Bureau, DPGrowth, nitrogen and energy utilization of juveniles from four salmonid species: diet, species and size effects Aquaculture (2004) 234 393–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barroso, JB, Peragón, J, García-Salguero, L,delaHiguera, M & Lupiáñez, JACarbohydrate deprivation reduces NADPHproduction in fish liver but not in adipose tissue. Int J Biochem Cell Biol (2001) 33 785–796.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bautista, JM, Garrido-Pertierra, A & Soler, GGlucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Dicentrarchus labrax liver: kinetic mechanism and kinetics of NADPH inhibition. Biochim Biophys Acta (1988) 967 354–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beamish, FWHHilton, JWNiimi, E & Slinger, SJDietary carbohydrate and growth, body composition and heat increment in rainbow trout(Salmo gairdneri). Fish Physiol Biochem (1986) 64 543–547.Google Scholar
Bergot, F, Carbohydrate in rainbow trout diets: effects of the levels and source of carbohydrate and the numbers of meals on growth and body composition Aquaculture (1979) 18 157–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergot, F & Breque, JDigestibility of starch by rainbow trout: effects of the physical state of starch and of the intake level Aquaculture (1983) 34 203212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradford, MMA rapid and sensitive method for the quantifi- cation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding Anal Biochem (1976) 72 248–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brauge, CCorraze, G& Médale, FEffect of dietary levels of carbohydrate and lipid on glucose oxidation and lipogenesis from glucose in rainbow trout, Onchorhynchus mykiss, reared in freshwater or in seawater Comp Biochem Physiol (1995) 111A (117–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brauge, CMédale, F & Corraze, GEffect of dietary carbohydrate levels on growth, body composition and glycemia in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, reared in seawater Aquaculture (1994) 123 109–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bureau, DPKirkland, JB & Cho, CYThe partitioning of energy from digestible carbohydrate by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals, pp. 163–166 [McCracken, KJUnsworth, EF and Wylie, ARG editors].Walling ford, UK: CAB International. (1998)Google Scholar
Canadian Council on Animal Care Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals vol. 2. OttowaOntario: Canadian Council on Animal Car (1984).Google Scholar
Capilla, EMédale, FNavarro, IPanserat, SVachot, ChKaushik, S & Gutiérrez, JMuscle insulin binding and plasma levels in relation to liver glucokinase activity, glucose metabolism and dietary carbohydrates in rainbow trou. Regul Pept (2003) 110 123.132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chilliard, YDietary fat and adipose tissue metabolism in ruminants, pigs and rodents: a review J Dairy Sci. (1993) 76 3897– 3931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cho, CYSlinger, SJ &Bayley, HSBioenergetics of salmonid fishes: energy intake, expenditure and productivity Comp Biochem Physiol (1982) 73B 25‐ 41.Google Scholar
Clarke, SDRegulation of fatty acid synthase gene expression: an approach for reducing fat accumulation J Anim Sci (1993) 71 1957–1965.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clarke, SDPolyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of gene transcription: a mechanism to improve energy balance and insulin resistance. Br J Nutr (2000) 83, S59–S66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clarke, SD& Gene expression: nutrient control of pre- and posttranscriptional events. FASEB J (1992) 6 3146–3152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clarke, SD & Jump, DB, Regulation of hepatic gene expression by dietary fats: a unique role for polyunsaturated fatty acids. In Nutrition and Gene Expression, pp [Berdanier, CD and Hargrove, JL editors] Boca RatonFL: CRC Press. (1992) pp.227–246.Google Scholar
Crespo, N & Esteve-Garcia, EDietary fatty acid profile modifies abdominal fat deposition in broiler chickens. Poult Sci (2001) 80, 71– 78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crespo, N& Esteve-Garcia, ENutrient and fatty acid deposition in broilers fed different dietary fatty acid profiles Poult Sc (2002a) 81, 1533–1542.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crespo, N & Esteve-Garcia, EDietary fatty acid profile modifies abdominal fat deposition in broiler chickens. Poult Sci (2002b) 81, 1555–1562CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dias, J, Alvarez, MJ, Diez, A, Arzel, J, Corraze, G, Bautista, JM & Kaushik, SJRegulation of hepatic lipogenesis by dietary protein/energy in juvenile European seabass(Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture (1998) 161 169–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Encarnac’ão, P, deLange, C, Rodehutscord, M, Hoehler, D, Bureau, W& Bureau, DPDiet digestible energy content affects lysine utilization, but not dietary lysine requirements of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) for maximum growth. Aquaculture, (2004) 235 569–586CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fynn-Aikins, K, Hung, SSO, Liu, W & Li, H, Growth, lipogenesis and liver composition of juvenile white sturgeon fed different levels of D-glucose Aquaculture (1992) 105 61–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, GD & Moon, TWEnzyme activities in Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa: changes with capacity and food deprivation. Can J Zoo (1985) 64, 1080–1085.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaíva, MH, Couto, RC, Oyama, LM, Couto, GE, Silveira, VL, Riberio, EB & Nascimento, CM, Polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich diets: effect on adipose tissue metabolism in rats Br J Nutr, (2001) 86, 371–377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gélineau, A, Corraze, G, Boujard, T, Larroquet, L & Kaushik, S, Relation between dietary lipid level and voluntary feed intake, growth nutritent, lipid deposition and hepatic lipogenesis in rainbow trout. Reprod Nutr (2001) 41, 487–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gómez-Requeni, P, Mingarro, M, Kirchner, S et al. Effects of dietary amino acid profile on growth performance, key metabolic enzymes and somatotropic axis responsiveness of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture (2003) 220, 749–767.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helland, SJ & Grisdale-Helland, B, The influence of dietary carbohydrate and protein levels on energy and nitrogen utilization of Atlantic salmon in seawater. In Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals [McCracken, KJ, Unsworth, EFWylie, ARG] Wallingford, UK: CAB International (1998) 391–394Google Scholar
Hemre, GI, Mommsen, TP & Krogahl, ÅCarbohydrates in fish nutrition: effects on growth, glucose metabolism and hepatic enzymes Aquaculture Nutr (2002) 8 175–194CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hemre, GI & Storebakken, TTissue and organ distribution of 14C-activity in dextrin-adapted Atlantic salmon after oral administration of radiolabelled 14C1-glucose. Aquac Nutr (2000) 6 229–234CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillestad, M & Johnsen, FHigh-energy/low-protein diets for Atlantic salmon: effects on growth, nutrient retention and slaughter quality. Aquaculture (1994) 124 109–116CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilton, JW, Atkinson, JL & Responses of rainbow trout to increased levels of available carbohydrate in practical trout diets. Br J Nutr (1982) 47 597–607CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hilton, JW, Atkinson, JL & Slinger, SJEvaluation of the net energy value of glucose (cerelose) and maize starch in diets for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Br J Nutr (1987) 58 453–461CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hsu, RY, Butterworth, PHW & Porter, JWPigeon liver fatty acid synthetase. In Methods in Enzymology, Lowenstein, JMNew York: Academic Press. (1969) 14 33–39Google Scholar
Ikeda, S & Shimeno, SStudies on glucose-6-phosphatase of aquatic animals. I. Properties of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase of fishes. Bull Jap Soc Sci Fish (1967) 33 104–111CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iritani, NNutritional and hormonal regulation of lipogenicenzyme gene expression in rat liver. Eur J Biochem (1992) 205 433–442CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jobling, M, Koskela, J & Savolainen, RInfluence of dietary fat level and increased adiposity on growth and fat deposition in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquac Res (1998) 29 601–607CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jump, DB, Clarke, SD, Thelen, A & Liimatta, MCoordinate regulation of glycolytic and lipogenic gene expression by polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Lipid Res (1994) 35 1076–1084CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jürss, K, Bittorf, T & Vökler, THInfluence of salinity and ratio of lipid to protein in diets on certain enzyme activities in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneriRichardson). Comp Biochem Physiol (1985) 81B 73–79Google Scholar
Kaushik, SJ, Medale, F, Fauconneau, B & Blanc, DEffect of digestible carbohydrates on protein/energy utilization and glucose metabolims in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri R.). Aquaculture (1989) 79 63–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaushik, S & Oliva-Teles, AEffect of digestible energy on nitrogen and energy balance in rainbow trout. Aquaculture (1985) 50 89–101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, JD & Kaushik, SJContribution of digestible energy from carbohydrates and estimation of protein/energy requirements for growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture (1992) 106 161–169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Likimani, TA & Wilson, RPEffects of diet on lipogenic enzyme activities in channel catfish hepatic and adipose tissue. J Nutr (1982) 112 112–117CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, H, Romsos, DR, Tack, PI & Leveille, GAEffects of fasting and feeding various diets on hepatic enzyme activities in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch(Walbaum)). J Nutr (1977a) 107 1477–1483CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, H, Romsos, DR, Tack, PI & Leveille, GInfluence of dietary lipid on lipogenic enzyme activities in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch(Walbaum)). J Nutr (1977b) 107 846–854CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
March, BE, MacMillan, C & Ming, FWTechniques for evaluation of dietary protein quality for the rainbow trout (Salmo Gairdneri). Aquaculture (1985) 47 275–292CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mashek, DG & Grummer, RREffects of long chain fatty acids on lipid and glucose metabolism in monolayer cultures of bovine hepatocytes. J Dairy Sci (2003) 86 2390–2396CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Médale, F, Brauge, C & Corraze, G Effect of dietary non protein energy source on substrate oxidation and lipogenesis in rainbow trout. In Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals Aguilera, JFMadrid: Consejo Superior de las Investigaciones Cientificas, Servicio de Publicaciones (1994) 133–136.Google Scholar
Menoyo, D, Lopez-Botea, CJ, Bautista, JM & Obach, AGrowth, digestibility and fatty acid utilization in large Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed varying levels of n-3 and saturated fatty acids. Aquaculture (2003) 225 295–307CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murat, JC & Serfaty, ASimple enzymatic determination of polysacaride (glycogen) content in animal tissues. Clin Chem (1974) 20 1576–1577CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ochoa, SMalic enzyme. In Methods in Enzymology, Olowick, SP and Kaplan, NONew YorkAcademic Press (1955) 11 739–753Google Scholar
Panserat, S, Capilla, E, Gutierrez, J, Vachot, C, Plagnes-Juan, E, Aguirre, P, Bréque, J & Kaushik, SDietary fructose does not specifi-cally induce hepatic glucokinase expression in rainbow trout. J Fish Biol (2001a) 59 455–458CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panserat, S, Médale, F, Blin, C, Bréque, J, Vachot, C, Plagnes-Juan, E, Krishnamoorthy, R & Kaushik, SHepatic glucokinase is induced by dietary carbohydrates in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss), common carp (Cyprinus carpio)and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). J Am Physiol (2000a) 278 R1164–R1170Google Scholar
Panserat, S, Médale, F & Breque, JLack of significant longterm effect of dietary carbohydrates on glucose-6-phosphatase expression in liver of rainbow trout. J Nutr Biochem (2000b) 11 22–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panserat, S, Perrin, A & Kaushik, SHigh dietary lipids induce liver glucose-6z-phosphatase expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).J Nutr (2001b) 132 137–141CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pieper, A & Pfeffer, EStudies on the effect of increasing proportions of sucrose or gelatinized maize starch in diets for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri R.) on the utilization of dietary energy and protein. Aquaculture (1980) 20 333–342CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raclot, T & Oudart, HSelectivity of fatty acids on lipid metabolism and gene expression. Proc Nutr Soc (1999) 58 633–646CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodehutscord, M & Pack, MEstimates of essential amino acid requirements from dose-response studies with rainbow trout and broiler chicken: effect of mathematical model. Arch Anim Nutr (1999) 52 223–244Google ScholarPubMed
Rollin, X, Médale, F, Gutieres, S, Blanc, D & Kaushik, SShortand long-term nutritional modulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity in selected tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Br J Nutr (2003) 89 803–810CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rustan, AC, Hustvedt, BE & Drevon, ChADietary supplementation of very long chain n-3 fatty acids decreases whole body lipid utilization in the rat. J Lipid Res (1993) 34 1299–1309CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanz, M, Flores, A & López-Bote, CThe metabolic use of energy from dietary fat in broilers is affected by fatty acid saturation. Br Poult Sci (2000a) 41 61–68CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanz, M, López-Bote, CJ, Menoyo, D & Bautista, JMAbdominal fat deposition and fatty acid synthesis are lower and b-oxidation is higher in broiler chickens fed diets containing unsaturated rather than saturated fat. J Nutr (2000b) 130 3034–3037CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SAS SAS/STAT User's Guide 6.03 ed. Cary, NC: SAS Institute. (1990)Google Scholar
Shimeno, S, Hosokawa, H & Shikata, MMetabolic response of juvenile yellowtail to dietary carbohydrate to lipids ratios. Fish Sci (1996) 62 945–949CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suárez, MD,Sanz, A, Bazoco, J & García-Gallego, MMetabolic effects of changes in the dietary protein: carbohydrate ratio in eel(Anguilla anguilla) and trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquac Int (2002) 10 143–156CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Towle, H, Kaytor, EN & Shih, HMRegulation of the expression of lipogenic enzyme genes by carbohydrate. Annu Rev Nutr (1997) 17 405–433CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tranulis, MA, Dregni, O, Christophersen, B, Krogdahl, A & Borrebaek, BAGlucokinase-like enzyme in the liver of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar). Comp Biochem Physiol (1996) 114B 35–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walton, MJ & Cowey, CBAspects of intermediary metabolism in salmonid fish. Comp Biochem Physiol (1982) 73B 59–79Google Scholar