Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T05:30:59.242Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The combined effects of garlic oil and fish oil on the hepatic antioxidant and drug-metabolizing enzymes of rats

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

Haw-Wen Chen ,
Chia-Wen Tsai ,
Jaw-Ji Yang ,
Cheng-Tze Liu ,
Wei-Wen Kuo  and
Chong-Kuei Lii
Haw-Wen Chen
Affiliation:
Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
Chia-Wen Tsai
Affiliation:
Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
Jaw-Ji Yang
Affiliation:
School of Dentistry and Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
Cheng-Tze Liu
Affiliation:
Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
Wei-Wen Kuo
Affiliation:
Institute of Biochemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
Chong-Kuei Lii*
Affiliation:
Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
*
*Corresponding author: Dr Chong-Kuei Lii, fax +886 4 4739030, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

This present study was designed to investigate the combined modulatory effect of garlic oil (GO) and fish oil (FO) on the antioxidant and drug metabolism systems. Rats were fed either a low-maize oil (MO) diet (50 g MO/kg), high-MO diet (235 g MO/kg) or high-FO diet (205 g FO+30 g MO/kg) and received different doses of GO (0–200 mg/kg body weight) three times per week for 6 weeks. Fatty acid analysis showed that 20: 5n−3 and 22: 6n−3 were incorporated into serum lipid at the expense of 18: 2n−6 and 20: 4n−6 in rats fed the high-FO diet. GO dose-dependently increased hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activities, but decreased glutathione peroxidase and N-nitrosodimethylamine demethylase (NDMAD) activities (P<0·05). With the exception of glutathione peroxidase, the activities of glutathione reductase, SOD, GST, EROD and NDMAD were modulated by the dietary fat. The high-FO group had greater SOD and EROD activity than either MO-fed group; it also had greater NDMAD activity than the low-MO group (P<0·05). GST activity was higher in rats fed high-FO or high-MO diets than rats fed the low-MO diet. Change in erythromycin demethylase activity, however, was not caused by either dietary fat or GO. Immunoblot assay showed that GO dose-dependently enhanced the protein level of the Ya, Yb1, Yc isoenzymes of GST and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 and 3A1, but GO suppressed CYP2E1 expression. Regardless of the dosage of GO, the high-FO diet increased CYP1A1, CYP3A1 and CYP2E1 levels compared with the high- and low-MO diets. Accompanying the changes observed in immunoblots, CYP1A1 and CYP3A1 mRNA levels were increased by GO in a dose-dependent manner and also increased additively in combination with FO feeding. These present results indicate that co-administration of GO and FO modulates the antioxidant and drug-metabolizing capacity of animals and that the effect of GO and FO on drug-metabolizing enzymes is additive.

Keywords

Fish oilGarlic oilAntioxidant enzymesCytochrome P450
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 89 , Issue 2 , February 2003 , pp. 189 - 200
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2003

References

Agarwal, KC (1996) Therapeutic actions of garlic constituents. Medicinal Research Review 16, 111–124.3.0.CO;2-5>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alder, AJ & Holub, BJ (1997) Effect of garlic-oil and fish-oil supplementation on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in hypercholesterolemic men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65, 445–450.Google Scholar
Bang, HO, Dyerberg, J & Sinclair, HM (1980) The composition of the Eskimo food in north western Greenland. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33, 2657–2661.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bellomo, G, Mirabelli, F, DiMonte, D, Richelmi, P, Thor, H, Orrenius, C & Orrenius, S (1987) Formation and reduction of glutathione-mixed disulfides during oxidative stress. Biochemical Pharmacology 36, 1313–1320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergelson, S, Pinkus, R & Daniel, V (1994) Induction of AP-1 (Fos/Jun) by chemical agents mediates activation of glutathione S-transferase and quinone reductase gene expression. Oncogene 9, 565–571.Google ScholarPubMed
Catignani, GL & Bieri, JG (1983) Simultaneous determination of retinol and alpha-tocopherol in serum or plasma by liquid chromatography. Clinical Chemistry 29, 708–712.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, HW, Yang, JJ, Tsai, CW, Wu, JJ, Sheen, LY, Ou, CC & Lii, CK (2001) Dietary fat and garlic oil independently regulate hepatic cytochrome P450 2B1 and the placental form of glutathione S-transferase expression in rats. Journal of Nutrition 131, 1438–1443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conney, AH (1982) Induction of microsomal enzymes by foreign chemicals and carcinogenesis by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: G. H. A. Clowes memorial lecture. Cancer Research 42, 4875–4917.Google Scholar
Crosby, AJ, Wahle, KW & Duthie, GG (1996) Modulation of glutathione peroxidase activity in human vascular endothelial cells by fatty acids and the cytokine interleukin-1 beta. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1303, 187–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cross, CE, Halliwell, B, Borish, ET, Pryon, WA, Ames, BN, Saul, RL, McCord, JM & Harman, D (1987) Oxygen radicals and human disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 107, 526–545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dyerberg, J, Bang, HO & Hjørne, N (1975) Fatty acid composition of the plasma lipids in Greenland Eskimos. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 28, 958–966.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fang, JL, Vaca, CE, Valsta, LM & Mutanen, M (1996) Determination of DNA adducts of malondialdehyde in humans: effects of dietary fatty acids consumption. Carcinogenesis 17, 1035–1040.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernandes, G, Chandrasekar, B, Luan, X & Troyer, DA (1996) Modulation of antioxidant enzymes and programmed cell death by n-3 fatty acids. Lipids 31, S91–S96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleischhauer, AT & Arab, L (2001) Garlic and cancer: a critical review of the epidemiologic literature. Journal of Nutrition 131, 1032S–1040S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folch, J, Lees, M & Sloane-Stanley, GH (1957) A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry 226, 497–509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fotouhi-Ardakani, N & Batist, G (1999) Genomic cloning and characterization of the rat glutathione S-transferase-A3-subunit gene. Biochemical Journal 339, 685–693.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, PL & DiCorleto, PE (1988) Fish oil inhibits endothelial cell production of platelet-derived growth factor-like protein. Science 241, 453–456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fraga, CG, Leibovitz, BE & Tappel, AL (1988) Lipid peroxidation measured as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in tissue slices: characterization and comparison with homogenates and microsomes. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 4, 155–161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodnight, SH Jr, Harris, WS, Connor, WE & Illingworth, DR (1982) Polyunsaturated fatty acids, hyperlipidemia and thrombosis. Arteriosclerosis 2, 87–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guengerich, FP (1991) Oxidation of toxic and carcinogenic chemicals by human cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Chemical Research in Toxicology 4, 391–407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guengerich, FP (1995) Influence of nutrients and other dietary materials on the cytochrome P-450 enzymes. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, 651S–658S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Habig, WH, Pabst, MJ & Jakoby, WB (1974) Glutathione S-transferase. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 249, 7130–7139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, D & Rhee, SH (1999) Receptor-mediated signaling pathways: potential targets of modulation by dietary fatty acids. American Journal of Clinical Nutrtion 70, 545–556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iqbal, M & Athar, M (1998) Attenuation of iron-nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA)-mediated renal oxidative stress, toxicity and hyperproliferative response by the prophylactic treatment of rats with garlic oil. Food and Chemical Toxicology 36, 485–495.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jump, DB (2002) Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and regulation of gene expression. Current Opinion in Lipidology 13, 155–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laemmli, UK (1970) Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 277, 680–685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawrence, RA & Burk, RF (1976) Glutathione peroxidase activity in selenium-deficient rat liver. Biochemical and Biophysics Research Communication 71, 952–958.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leclercq, I, Horsmans, Y, Desager, JP, Delzenne, N & Geubel, AP (1998) Reduction in hepatic cytochrome P-450 is correlated to the degree of liver fat content in animal models of steatosis in the absence of inflammation. Journal of Hepatology 28, 410–416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leclercq, IA, Farrell, GC, Field, J, Bell, DR, Gonzalez, FJ & Robertson, GR (2000) CYP 2E1 and CYP 4A as microsomal catalysts of lipid peroxides in murine nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 105, 1067–1075.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lepage, G & Roy, CC (1986) Direct transesterification of all classes of lipids in one-step reaction. Journal of Lipid Research 27, 114–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lowry, OH, Rosebrough, NJ, Farr, AL & Randall, RJ (1951) Protein measurement with Folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry 193, 265–275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Machlin, ZJ & Bendich, A (1987) Free radical tissue damage: protective role for antioxidant nutrients. FASEB Journal 1, 441–445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morcos, NC (1997) Modulation of lipid profile by fish oil and garlic combination. Journal of the National Medical Association 89, 673–678.Google ScholarPubMed
Nash, T (1953) The colorimetric estimation of formaldehyde by means of the Hantzsch reaction. Biochemical Journal 55, 416–421.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Research Council (1985) Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Publication no. 85–23 (rev.). Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health.Google Scholar
Phelps, S & Harris, WS (1993) Garlic supplementation and lipoprotein oxidation susceptibility. Lipids 28, 475–477.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poul, RJ & Fouts, JR (1980) A rapid method for assaying the metabolism of 7-ethoxyresorufin subcellular fractions. Analytical Biochemistry 107, 150–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rahman, K (2001) Historical perspective on garlic and cardiovascular disease. Journal of Nutrition 313, 977S–979S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reddy, BS & Sugie, S (1988) Effect of different levels of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on azoxymethane–induced colon carcinogenesis in F344 rats. Cancer Research 48, 6642–6647.Google ScholarPubMed
Reed, DJ, Babson, JR, Beatty, PW, Brodie, AE, Ellis, WW & Potter, DW (1980) High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of nanomole levels of glutathione, glutathione disulfide, and related thiols and disulfides. Analytical Biochemistry 106, 55–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruiz-Gutiérrez, V, Pérez-Espinosa, A, Vázquez, CM & Santa-María, C (1999) Effects of dietary fats (fish, olive and high-oleic-acid sunflower oils) on lipid composition and antioxidant enzymes in rat liver. British Journal of Nutrition 82, 233–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rushmore, TH & Pickett, CB (1990) Transcriptional regulation of the rat glutathione S-transferase Ya subunit gene. Journal of Biological Chemistry 165, 14648–14653.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheen, LY, Chen, HW, Kung, YL, Liu, CT & Lii, CK (1999) Effects of garlic oil and its organosulfur compounds on the activities of hepatic drug-metabolizing and antioxidant enzymes in rats fed high-and low-fat diets. Nutrition and Cancer 35, 160–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimokawa, H & Vanhoutte, PM (1989) Dietary omega-3 fatty acids and endothelium-dependent relaxations in porcine coronary arteries. American Journal of Physiology 256, H968–H973.Google ScholarPubMed
Sparnins, VL, Barany, G & Wattenberg, LW (1988) Effects of organosulfur compounds from garlic and onions on benzo[a]-pyrene-induced neoplasia and glutathione S-transferase activity in the mouse. Carcinogenesis 9, 131–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Su, GM, Sefton, RM & Murray, M (1999) Down-regulation of rat hepatic microsomal P-450 in microvesicular steatosis induced by orotic acid. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 291, 953–959.Google ScholarPubMed
Tsai, CF, Lii, CK, Yang, JJ, Liu, K, Lin, WL & Chen, HW (2001) Prostaglandin E2 is involved in the increase of cytochrome P-450 2B1 expression by alpha-tocopheryl succinate in primary rat hepatocytes in the presence of phenobarbital. Nutrition and Cancer 41, 188–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Venkatraman, JT, Chandrasekar, B, Kim, JD & Fernandes, G (1994) Effects of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids on the activities and expression of hepatic antioxidant enzymes in autoimmune-prone NZB×NZW F1 mice. Lipids 29, 561–568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vos, RM & Van Bladeren, PJ (1990) Glutathione S-transferases in relation to their role in the biotransformation of xenobiotics. Chemico-Biological Interactions 75, 241–265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waxman, DJ (1999) P450 gene induction by structurally diverse xenochemicals: central role of nuclear receptors CAR, PXR, and PPAR. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 369, 11–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, CS, Smith, TJ & Hong, JY (1994) Cytochrome P-450 enzymes as targets for chemoprevention against chemical carcinogenesis and toxicity: opportunities and limitations. Cancer Research 54, 1982s–1986s.Google ScholarPubMed