Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T02:37:41.518Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Changes in fatty acid concentrations in tissues of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus Burchell, as a consequence of dietary carnitine, fat and lysine supplementation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

R. O. A Ozório ,
J. L. A Uktoseja ,
E. A. Huisman  and
J. A. J Verreth
J. L. A Uktoseja
Affiliation:
Fish Culture and Fisheries Group,Wageningen Institute of Animal Science (WIAS), Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
E. A. Huisman
Affiliation:
Fish Culture and Fisheries Group,Wageningen Institute of Animal Science (WIAS), Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
J. A. J Verreth
Affiliation:
Fish Culture and Fisheries Group,Wageningen Institute of Animal Science (WIAS), Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

A study was undertaken to examine the effect of different dietary carnitine (200 and 1000 mg/kg diet) and fat (90 and 190 g/kg diet) supplementation on growth and fatty acid concentrations of fish fed either with a low- (13 g/kg) or a high-lysine (21 g/kg) diet. African catfish (22·7 g/fish), Clarias gariepinus Burchell, juveniles were stocked (sixteen aquaria, twenty-five fish per aquarium) and fed for a maximum of 74 d. Dietary lysine had a clear effect on growth performance and feed conversion ratios, but dietary carnitine supplements had no effect. High-carnitine supplements increased total carnitine content (P<0·0004) and reduced tissue free carnitine: acyl-carnitine ratio (P<0·05) compared with low-carnitine supplements. High-fat supplements decreased liver carnitine concentrations. Clear effects on liver fatty acid concentrations were observed in high-carnitine-fed fish compared with low-carnitine-fed fish. The primary liver fatty acids affected were 18:2n-6 (linoleic acid), 20:5n-3 (eicosapentanoic acid) and 22:6n-3 (docosahexanoic acid). The whole-body fatty acid balance suggested that 20:5n-3 disappeared (apparently by β-oxidation) more readily than 18:2n-6 and/or 22:6n-3. From 774 mg 20:5n-3 eaten by high-lysine–high-fat–low-carnitine fish, 58 % was not assimilated into body tissues. High-carnitine-fed fish showed an increase in 20:5n-3 oxidation by 7 % compared with low-carnitine fish. Although dietary carnitine did not improve body growth, these results support the hypothesis that carnitine can enhance the mobilisation of long-chain fatty acids towards oxidation.

Keywords

CarnitineAfrican catfishFatty acid balanceLysine
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 86 , Issue 5 , November 2001 , pp. 623 - 636
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2001

References

Referenses

Bamji, MS (1984) Nutritional and health implications of lysine carnitine relationship. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics 44, 185–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Becker, K, Schreiber, S, Angoni, C & Blum, R (1999) Growth performance and feed utilization response of Oreochromis niloticusOreochromis aureusL-carnitine measured over a full fattening cycle under commercial conditions. Aquaculture 174, 313–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bilinski, E & Jonas, REE (1970) Effects of coenzyme A and carnitine on fatty acid oxidation by rainbow trout mitochondria. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 27, 857–864.Google Scholar
Brafield, AE (1985) Laboratory studies of energy budget Fish Energetics: New Perspectives 257–281 [Taylor, P and Calow, P, editors]. London, UK:Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Brooks, DE & McIntosh, JE (1975) Turnover of carnitine by rat tissues. Biochemical Journal 148, 439–445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broquist, HP (1997) Memories of microbes and metabolism. Annual Review of Nutrition 17, 1–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cederblad, G & Lindstedt, S (1976) Metabolism of labeled carnitine in the rat. Archives of Biochemistry Biophysics 175, 173–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chatzifotis, S, Takeushi, T & Seikai, T (1995) The effect of dietary carnitine on growth performance and lipid composition in Red Sea bream fingerlings. Fisheries Science 61, 1004–1008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chatzifotis, S, Takeushi, T & Seikai, T (1996) The effect of dietary carnitine supplementation on growth of Red Sea bream (Pagrus major) fingerlings at two levels of dietary lysine. Aquaculture 147, 235–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiansen, RZ & Bremer, J (1988) Acetylation of Tris-(hydroxymethyl) amino-methane (Tris) and Tris derivatives by carnitine acetyltransferase. FEBS Letters 86, 99–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conceição, LEC, Ozório, ROA, Suurd, EA & Verreth, JAJ (1998 a) Amino acid profiles and amino acid utilization in larval African catfish (Clarias gariepinus): effects of ontogeny and temperature. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 19, 43–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conceição, LEC, Verreth, JAJ, Verstegen, MWA & Huisman, EA (1998 b) preliminary model for dynamic simulation of growth in fish larvae: application to the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Aquaculture 163, 215–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunnane, SC & Yang, J (1995) Zinc deficiency impairs whole-body accumulation of polyunsaturates and increases the utilization of [1-14 C]-linoleate for de novo lipid synthesis in pregnant rats. Canadian Journal Physiology Pharmacology 73, 1246–1252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, AT, Kruggel, EM & Randall, S (1993) Excess of dietary lysine increases skeletal muscle and plasma trimethyllysine in rats. Journal of Nutrition 6, 1109–1116.Google Scholar
Erfanullah, AKJ (1998) Effect of dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid ratio on growth and body composition of walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). Aquaculture 161, 159–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaylord, TG & Gatlin, DM (2000) Dietary lipid level but not L-carnitine affects growth performance of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops×M. saxatilis). Aquaculture 190, 237–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gropp, JM, Schumacher, A & Schweigert, FJ, (1994) Recent research in vitamin nutrition with special emphasis to vitamin A, β-carotene and L-carnitine. In Proceedings of the Meeting of the Arkansas Nutrition Conference, pp. 124–134. Fayetteville, AR: Arkansas Polutry Federation.Google Scholar
Harpaz, S, Becker, K & Blum, R (1999) The effect of dietary L-carnitine supplementation on cold tolerance and growth of the ornamental cichlid fish (Pelvicachromis pulcher) – preliminary results. Journal of Thermal Biology 24, 57–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hecht, T, Oellermann, L & Verheust, L (1996) Perspective on clariid catfish culture in Africa. In The Biology and Culture of Catfishes [Legendre, M and Proteau, JP, editors]. Aquatic Living Resources 9, 197–206.Google Scholar
Heo, K, Odle, J, Han, IK, Cho, W, Seo, S, van Heugten, E & Pilkington, DH (2000) Dietary L-carnitine improves nitrogen utilization in growing pigs fed low energy, fat-containing diets. Journal of Nutrition 130, 1809–1814.Google ScholarPubMed
Higgs, DA, Dosanjh, BS, Uin, LM, Himick, BA & Eales, JG (1992) Effects of dietary-lipid and carbohydrate-levels and chronic 3,5,3′-triiodo-L-thyronine treatment of growth, appetite, food and protein-utilization and body composition of immature rainbow-trout, Oncorhynchus-mykiss, at low-temperature. Aquaculture 105, 175–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huisman, EA & Richter, CJJ (1987) Reproduction, growth, health control and aquaculture potential of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822). Aquaculture 63, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Infante, JP & Huszagh, VA (2000) Secondary carnitine deficiency and impaired docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) acid synthesis: a common denominator in the pathophysiology of diseases of oxidative phosphorylation and beta-oxidation. FEBS Letters 469, 1–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Organization for Standardization ISO 5483 (1979) Animal Feeding Stuffs – Determination of Nitrogen Content and Calculation of Crude Protein Content, Geneva:ISO.Google Scholar
International Organization for Standardization ISO 5484(1978) Animal Feeding Stuffs – Determination of Crude Ash, Geneva:ISO.Google Scholar
International Organization for Standardization ISO 6496(1983) Animal Feeding Stuffs – Determination of Moisture Content, Geneva:ISO.Google Scholar
Janssens, GPJ, Buyse, J, Seynaeve, M, Decuypere, E & De Wilde, R (1998) The reduction of heat production in exercising pigeons after L-carnitine supplementation. Poultry Science 77, 578–584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jayaprakas, V & Sambhu, C (1996) Growth response of white prawn, Penaeus indicus, to dietary L-carnitine. Asian Fisheries Science 9, 209–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ji, H, Bradley, TM & Tremblay, GC (1996) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed L-carnitine exhibit altered intermediary metabolism and reduced tissue lipid, but no change in growth rate. Journal of Nutrition 126, 1937–1950.Google ScholarPubMed
Kraemer, WJ & Volek, JS (2000) L-Carnitine supplementation for the athlete: a new perspective. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 44, 88–89.Google Scholar
Krajcovicova-Kudlackova, M, Simoncic, R, Bederova, A, Babinska, K & Beder, I (2000) Correlation of carnitine levels to methionine and lysine intake. Physiological Research 49, 399–401.Google ScholarPubMed
Lepage, G & Roy, CC (1984) Improved recovery of fatty acid through direct transesterification without prior extraction or purification. Journal of Lipid Research 25, 1391–1396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, MH & Robinson, EH (1998) Effects of supplemental lysine and methionine in low protein diets on weight gain and body composition of young channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Aquaculture 163, 297–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munsiri, P & Lovell, RT (1993) Comparison of satiate and restricted feeding of Channel catfish with diets of varying protein quantity in production ponds. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 24, 459–465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odle, J (1997) New insights into the utilization of medium-chain triglycerides by the neonate: observations from a piglet model. Journal of Nutrition 127, 1061–1067.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rabie, MH & Szilagyi, M (1998) Effects of L-carnitine supplementation of diets differing in energy levels on performance, abdominal fat content, and yield and composition of edible meat of broilers. British Journal of Nutrition 80, 391–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rebouche, CJ & Seim, H (1998) Carnitine metabolism and its regulation in microorganisms and mammals. Annual Review of Nutrition 18, 39–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, EH, Wilson, RP & Poe, WE (1980) Re-evaluation of the lysine requirement and lysine utilization by fingerling channel catfish. Journal of Nutrition 110, 2313–2316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodehutscord, M (1995) Effects of supplemental dietary L-carnitine on the growth and body composition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed high-fat diets. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 73, 276–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sachan, DL & Mynatt, RL (1993) Wheat gluten-based diet retarded ethanol metabolism by altering alcohol-dehydrogenase and not carnitine status in adult rats. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 12, 170–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sachan, DS & Hongu, N (2000) Increases in VO2 max and metabolic markers of fat oxidation by caffeine, carnitine, and choline supplementation in rats. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 11, 521–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Souffleux, G (1994) Benefit of using Rossovet carnitine for horses in preparation for amateur carriage-racing. Pratique Vétérinaire Équine 26, 241–248.Google Scholar
Torreele, E, van der Sluiszen, A & Verreth, J (1993) The effect of dietary L-carnitine on the growth performance in fingerlings of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in relation to dietary lipid. British Journal of Nutrition 69, 289–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uys, W (1989) Aspects of the nutritional physiology and dietary requirements of juvenile and adult sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Pisces: Clariidae) PhD Thesis Rhodes University.Google Scholar
Van Kempen, TATG & Odle, J (1995) Carnitine affects octanoate oxidation to carbon dioxide and dicarboxylic acids in colostrum-deprived piglets: In vivo analysis of mechanisms involved based on CoA- and carnitine-ester profiles. Journal of Nutrition 125, 238–250.Google ScholarPubMed
Wynn, JP & Ratledge, C (2000) Evidence that the rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid in Mortierella alpina is at the level of the 18:3 to 20:3 elongase. Microbiology-UK 146, 2325–2331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed