Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T16:01:01.945Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Calibration of a nutrient flow model of energy utilization by growing pigs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

Stephen Birkett  and
Kees de Lange
Stephen Birkett*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
Kees de Lange
Affiliation:
Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
*
*Corresponding author: Dr Stephen Birkett, fax +1 519 836 9873, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

A computational framework to represent energy utilization for body protein and lipid accretion by growing pigs is presented. Nutrient and metabolite flows, and the biochemical and biological processes which transform these, are explicitly represented in this nutritional process model. A calibration procedure to adjust the marginal input–output response is described, and applied, using reported experimental results, to determine a complete set of parameters for representing energy utilization by growing pigs. A reasonable value for minimum basal energy requirements is also determined. Although model inputs and outputs need not at any time be converted to equivalent energy flows, to facilitate comparison of model response with that of conventional energy-based models, a simple means to estimate energy flows from model-predicted nutrient flows is described. The well-known hierarchy of marginal (biological) energetic efficiencies with which pigs use different classes of nutrients is predicted by the model, based only on simple biological and biochemical principles. The significance of independent diet and metabolic effects on both energetic efficiency and maintenance requirements is examined using model predictions from simulated experiments.

Keywords

ModellingNutrient flowsCalibrationGrowing plgs
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 86 , Issue 6 , December 2001 , pp. 675 - 689
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2001

References

Referenses

Agricultural Research Council (1981) The Nutrient Requirements of Pigs. London: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.Google Scholar
Armstrong, DG, (1969) Cell bioenergetics and metabolism. In Handbuch der Tierernährung (Band 1) (Handbook of Animal Nutrition). pp. 385–414. [Lenkheit, W, Breirem, K and Crasemann, E, editors]. Hamburg: Paul Parey.Google Scholar
Bakker, G (1996) Interaction between carbohydrates and fat in pigs. PhD Thesis, Wageningen Agricultural University.Google Scholar
Birkett, S & de Lange, K (2001) Limitations of conventional models and a conceptual framework for a nutrient flow representation of energy utilization by animals. British Journal of Nutrition 86, 647–659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birkett, S & de Lange, K (2001) A computational framework for a nutrient flow representation of energy utilization by growing monogastric animals. British Journal of Nutrition 86, 661–674.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, JL, (1995) Modelling energy metabolism in the pig – critical evaluation of a simple reference model. In Modelling Growth in the Pig, EAAP Publication no. 78, pp. 87–102 [Moughan, PJ, Verstegen, MWA and Visser-Reyneveld, MI, editors]. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.Google Scholar
Blaxter, KL (1989) Energy Metabolism in Animals and Man. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boyd, J & McCracken, KJ (1979) Effect of dietary fat level and composition on fat and protein retention and efficiency of energy utilization by male castrate pigs between 13 and 40kg live weight. In Energy Metabolism, Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Energy Metabolism, Cambridge, September, 1979, pp. 111–114 [Mount, L editor]. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Burton, K (1958) Energy of adenosine triphosphate. Nature 181, 1594–1595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centraal Veevoeder Bureau (1998) Veevoedertabel (Table of Feeding Value of Animal Feed Ingredients). Lelystad: Centraal Veevoeder Bureau.Google Scholar
Close, WH, Verstegen, MWA & Mount, LE (1973) The energy costs of maintenance and production in the growing pig. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 32, 72A.Google ScholarPubMed
Critical Reviews in Chemistry (1996) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Table of Enthalpies. 77th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
de Lange, CFM & Schreurs, HWE, (1995) Principles of model application. In Modelling Growth in the Pig, EAAP publication no. 78, pp. 187–208. [Moughan, PJ, Verstegen, MWA and Visser-Reyneveld, MI, editors]. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.Google Scholar
Emmans, GC (1994) Effective energy: a concept of energy utilization applied across species. British Journal of Nutrition 71, 801–821.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller, MF (1994) Amino acid requirements for maintenance, body protein accretion and reproduction in pigs. In Amino Acids in Farm Animal Nutrition, pp. 155–184. [D'Mello, JDF, editor]. Wallingford: CAB International.Google Scholar
Gädeken, D, Breves, G & Oslage, H, (1989) Efficiency of energy utilization of intracaecally infused volatile fatty acids in pigs. In Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals, Proceedings of the Eleventh Symposium, Lunteren, Netherlands, 18–24 September, 1988, EAAP publication no. 43, pp. 115–118. [van der Honing, Y and Close, WH, editors]. Wageningen: Pudoc.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, L & Klein, M (1980) Die Abhaengigkeit der Harnenergie vom Kohlenstoff- und Stickstoffgehalt in Harn bei Rindern, Schafen, Schweinen und Ratten (Urinary energy as a function of the carbon and nitrogen content of cattle, sheep, pig and rat urine). Archiv für Tierernährung 30, 743–750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jentsch, W, Schiemann, R & Hoffmann, L, (1988) About the utilization of metabolizable energy in pigs when nutrients are digested precaecally or postileally. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Seminar on Digestive Physiology in the Pig, pp. 148–154. [Buraczewski, S, Pastuszewska, B and Zebrowska, T, editors]. Jablonna: Polish Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Jorgensen, H, Jakobsen, K & Eggum, BO (1992) The influence of different protein, fat and mineral levels on the digestibility of fat and fatty acids measured at the terminal ileum and in faeces of growing pigs. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica 42, 177–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jorgensen, H, Jakobsen, K & Eggum, BO (1993) Determination of endogenous fat and fatty acids at the terminal ileum and on faeces in growing pigs. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica 43, 101–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jorgensen, H, Zhao, X-Q & Eggum, BO (1996) The influence of dietary fibre and environmental temperature on the development of the gastrointestinal tract, digestibility, degree of fermentation in the hind-gut and energy metabolism in pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 75, 365–378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kielanowski, J (1971) Energy requirements of the growing pig. In Pig Production, Proceedings of the Eighteenth Easter School in Agricultural Science, Nottingham, 1971, pp. 183–201. [Cole, DJA, editor]. London: Butterworth.Google Scholar
Kirchgeßner, M & Müller, HL (1991) Energy utilization via hindgut fermentation in pigs. In Digestive Physiology of the Hindgut. Advances in Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 22, 41–49.Google Scholar
Kirchgeßner, M, Kreuzer, M, Müller, HL & Windisch, W (1991) Release of methane and carbon dioxide by the pig. Agribiological Research 44, 103–113.Google Scholar
Knox, KL (1979) Energy metabolism. Comparative Animal Nutrition 3, 1–33.Google Scholar
Kyriazakis, I & Emmans, GC (1992) The effects of varying protein and energy intakes on the growth and body composition of pigs.1 The effects of energy intake at constant, high protein intake. British Journal of Nutrition 68, 603–613.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kyriazakis, I, Emmans, GC & McDaniel, R (1993) Whole body amino acid composition of the growing pig. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 62, 29–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longland, A, Close, W, Low, A, (1989) The role of the large intestine in influencing the use of fibrous feeds in pigs. In Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals, Proceedings of the Eleventh Symposium, Lunteren, Netherlands, 18–24 September 1988, EAAP publication no. 43, pp. 111–114. [der Honing, Yvan and Close, W, editors]. Wageningen: Pudoc.Google Scholar
McDonald, P, Greenhalgh, JFD, Edwards, RA & Morgan, CA (1995) Animal Nutrition. (fifth ed.). New York, NY: Longmans.Google Scholar
Moughan, PJ (1999) Protein metabolism in the growing pig. In A Quantitative Biology of the Pig, pp. 299–332. [Kyriazakis, I, editor]. Wallingford: CAB International.Google Scholar
Müller, H, Kirchgeßner, M, (1982) Effect of straw and cellulose on heat production and energy utilization in pigs. In Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals, Proceedings of the Ninth Symposium, Lillehammer, Norway, September 1982, EAAP publication no. 29, pp. 229–232. [Eckern, A and Sundstol, F, editors]. Aas-NIh, Norway: Agricultural University of NorwayGoogle Scholar
Müller, H, Kirchgeßner, M, (1991) Further studies on energy utilization via hindgut fermentation. In Proceedings of the Twelfth Symposium on Energy Metabolism, Zurich, Switzerland, EAPP publication no. 58, pp. 134–137. [Wenk, C and Boessinger, M, editors]. Zurich, Switzerland: Institute for Animal Science, Nutrition Group Library, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.Google Scholar
National Research Council (1987) Predicting Feed Intake of Food-Producing Animals. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Nehring, K, Schiemann, R, Hoffmann, L, Klippel, W, Jentsch, W, (1965) Utilization of the energy of cellulose and sucrose by cattle, sheep and pigs. In Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals, Troon, EAPP publication no. 11, pp. 249. London, New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Noblet, J, Fortune, H, Dubois, S & Henry, Y (1989 a) Nouvelles Bases d'Estimation des Teneurs en Energie Digestible, Metabilisable et Nette des Aliments pour le Porc (New Basis for Estimation of Digestible and Metabolizable Net Energy in Swine Feeds). Saint Gilles: INRA.Google Scholar
Noblet, J, Fortune, H, Shi, XS & Dubois, S (1994) Prediction of net energy values of feeds for growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 72, 344–354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noblet, J, Henry, Y (1991) Energy evaluation systems for pig diets. In Manipulating Pig Production III, Proceedings of the Third Biennial Conference of the Australasian Pig Science Association (APSA), Albury, NSW, November. 24–27, 1991, pp. 87–110. [Batterham, ES, editor]. Victoria: APSA.Google Scholar
Noblet, J, Karege, C, Dubois, S (1989 b) Influence of sex and genotype on energy utilization in growing pigs. In Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals, Proceedings of the Eleventh Symposium, Lunteren, The Netherlands, 18–24 September 1988, EAAP publication no. 43, pp. 57–60. [van der Honing, Y and Close, WH, editors]. Wageningen: Pudoc.Google Scholar
Noblet, J, Karege, C, Dubois, S (1991) Influence of growth potential on energy requirements for maintenance in growing pigs. In Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals, EAAP publication no. 58, pp. 107–110. [Wenk, C and M, Boessinger, editors]. Zurich: ETH.Google Scholar
Pullar, JD & Webster, AJF (1977) The energy cost of fat and protein deposition in the rat. British Journal of Nutrition 37, 355–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quiniou, N (1995) Utilization de l'Energie chez le Porc Selon son Potentiel de Croissance: Contribution à la Modelisation des Besoins Nutritionnels et de la Composition Corporelle (Utilization of Energy by the Pig According to Growth Potential: Contribution to the Modelling of Nutritional Requirements and Body Composition). PhD Thesis L'Ecole Nationale Superieure Agronomique de Rennes.Google Scholar
Reeds, PJ, Cadenhead, A, Fuller, MF, Lobley, GE & McDonald, JD (1980) Protein turnover in growing pigs. Effects of age and food intake. British Journal of Nutrition 43, 445–455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roth, F, Kirchgeßner, M & Müller, H (1988) Energetische Verwertung von intracaecal infundierter Essig-und Propionsaeure bei Sauen (Energy Utilization in the Production of Intracaecal Acetic and Propionic Acid in the Pig). Journal of Animal Physiology A. Animal Nutrition 59, 211–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiemann, R, Hoffmann, L, Jentsch, W, Beyer, M (1989) Investigations on the energetic utilization of rations with a high variation in the content of different carbohydrate fractions in adult pigs. In Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals, Proceedings of the Eleventh Symposium, Lunteren, Netherlands, 18–24 September, 1988, EAAP publication no. 43, pp. 316–319. [van der Honing, Y and Close, WH, editors]. Wagemomgem: Pudoc.Google Scholar
Schultz, AR (1978) Simulation of energy metabolism in the single-stomached animal. British Journal of Nutrition 39, 235–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tess, M (1981) Simulated Effects of Genetic Change upon Life-Cycle Production Efficiency in Swine and the Effects of Body Composition upon Energy Utilization in the Growing Pig. PhD Thesis University of Nebraska.Google Scholar
van Es, AJH, (1972) Maintenance Handbuch der Tierernährung (Handbook of Animal Nutrition). [Lenkeit, W, Brierem, K and Crasemann, E, editors]. Hamburg: Paul Parey.Google Scholar
van Es, AJH (1980) Energy cost of protein deposition. In Protein Deposition in Animals, pp. 215–224. [Buttery, P and Lindsay, D, editors]. London: Butterworths.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Milgen, J, Bernier, JF, Lecozler, Y, Dubois, S & Noblet, J (1998) Major determinants of fasting heat production and energetic cost of activity in growing pigs of different body weight and breed/castration combination. British Journal of Nutrition 79, 1–9.Google ScholarPubMed
van Milgen, J, Noblet, J & Dubois, S (2001) Energetic efficiency of starch, protein and lipid utilization in growing pigs. Journal of Nutrition 131, 1309–1318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webster, AJ, Lobley, DE, Reeds, PJ, Pullar, JD (1979) Protein mass, protein synthesis and heat loss in the Zucker rat. In Energy Metabolism, Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Energy Metabolism, Cambridge, September, 1979, pp. 125–128. [Mount, L, editor]. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Whittemore, CT (1997) An analysis of methods for the utilisation of net energy concepts to improve the accuracy of feed evaluation in diets for pigs. Animal Feed Science Technology 68, 89–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar