Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T16:28:58.800Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Garage band or GarageBand®? Remixing musical futures

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 January 2010

Lauri Väkevä*
Affiliation:
Box 86, FIN-00251, Helsinki, [email protected]

Abstract

In this paper, I suggest that it is perhaps time to consider the pedagogy of popular music in more extensive terms than conventional rock band practices have to offer. One direction in which this might lead is the expansion of the informal pedagogy based on a ‘garage band’ model to encompass various modes of digital artistry wherever this artistry takes place. This might include: in face-to-face pedagogical situations, in other contexts of informal learning, and in such open networked learning environments as remix sites and musical online communities. The rock-based practice of learning songs by ear from records and rehearsing them together to perform live or to record is just one way to practice popular music artistry today. Such practices as DJing/turntablism; assembling of various bits and pieces to remixes; remixing entire songs to mash-ups in home studios; collective songwriting online; producing of one's own music videos to YouTube; exchanging and comparing videos of live performances of Guitar Hero and Rock Band game songs – all of these indicate a musical culture that differs substantially from conventional ‘garage band’ practices. The global eminence of digital music culture can be taken as one indication of the need to reconsider music as a transformative praxis. By examining the ways in which music is produced and used in digital music culture, we can prepare for new forms of artistry that have yet to emerge from the creative mosaic of digital appropriation. Thus, we expand and redefine our notions of informal music pedagogy. This paper concludes with consideration of several themes that Afrodiasporic aesthetics suggest to the understanding of this artistry.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ALPERSON, P. A. (1991) ‘What should one expect from a philosophy of music education?’, Journal of Aesthetic Education, 25, 215242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ARISTOTLE, E. N. (1981) Nikomakhoksen etiikka. [Nichomachean Ethics.] Helsinki: Gaudeamus.Google Scholar
BUTLER, M. J. (2006) Unlocking the Groove. Rhythm, Meter, and Musical Design in Electronic Dance Music. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
BARTLETT, A. (2004) ‘Airshafts, loudspeakers, and the hip hop sample: Contexts and African American musical aesthetics’, in Forman, M. & Neal, M. A. (Eds.), That's the Joint! A Hip Hop Studies Reader (pp. 393406). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
BOWMAN, W. D. (2000a) ‘What should the music education profession expect of philosophy?’, Arts and Learning Research Journal, 16, 5475.Google Scholar
BOWMAN, W. D. (2000b) ‘Why do humans value music?’ http://www.maydaygroup.org/php/resources/general/bowman-musical.php. [Accessed 10 August, 2009]Google Scholar
DAWKINS, R. (1976) The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
DELANDA, M. (2008) ‘The virtual breeding of sound’, in Miller, P. D. (Ed.), Sound Unbound (pp. 219226). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
DINERSTEIN, J. (2003) Swinging the Machine. Modernity, Technology, and African American Culture between the World Wars. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
DEWEY, J. (1996) The Collected Works of John Dewey, 1882–1953. The Electronic Edition. Hickman, L. (Ed.): Charlottesville: InteLex Past Masters.Google Scholar
DEWEY, J. (2006) Julkinen toiminta ja sen ongelmat [Public and its problems]. Tampere: Vastapaino.Google Scholar
DUBOIS, W. E. B. [1903] (1994) The Souls of the Black Folk. New York: Dover.Google Scholar
DYNDAHL, P. (2008) ‘Norsk hiphop i verden. Om konstruksjon av glokal identitet i hiphop og rap’, in Krogh, M. & Pedersen, B. Stougaard (Eds.), Hiphop i Skandinavien (pp. 103125). Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ELLIOTT, D. J. (1995) Music Matters. A New Philosophy of Music Education. New York: Oxford.Google Scholar
FLOYD, S. A. Jr. (1995) The Power of Black Music: Interpreting Its History From Africa to the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
GATES, H. L. (1988) The Signifying Monkey: a Theory of African-American Literary Criticism. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
GILROY, P. (1993) The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness. London: Verso.Google Scholar
GRACYK, T. (1996) Rhythm and Noise: Aesthetics of Rock. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
GREEN, L. (2002) How Popular Musicians Learn: A Way Ahead for Music Education. Burlington: Ashgate.Google Scholar
GREEN, L. (2008) Music, Informal Learning and the School. A New Classroom Pedagogy. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
HARRISON, N. (2004) ‘Video explains the world's most important 6-sec drum loop’ [YouTube video]: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5SaFTm2bcac [Accessed August 10, 2009].Google Scholar
KELLER, D. (2008) ‘The Musician as Thief: Digital Culture and Copyright Law.’ In Miller, P. D. (Ed.) Sound Unbound (pp. 135150). London: MIT Press.Google Scholar
LETHEM, J. (2008) ‘The ecstasy of influence: A plagiarism mosaic’, in Miller, P. D. (Ed.), Sound Unbound (pp. 2552). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
LILLIESTAM, L. (1996) ‘On playing by ear’, Popular Music, 15 (2), 195216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LOCKE, A. (Ed.) [1925] (1997) The New Negro. Voices of the Harlem Renaissance. New York: Touchstone.Google Scholar
MCINTYRE, A. (2004) Hyveiden jäljillä [After virtue]. Helsinki: Gaudeamus.Google Scholar
PAPPAS, G. (2008) John Dewey's Ethics: Democracy as Experience. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
REGELSKI, T. A. (1996) ‘A prolegomenon to a praxial philosophy’, Finnish Journal of Music Education, 1, 2340.Google Scholar
REGELSKI, T. A. (1998) ‘The Aristotelian bases of praxis for music and music education as praxis’, Philosophy of Music Education Review, 6, 2259.Google Scholar
REGELSKI, T. A. (2007) ‘Amateuring in music and its rivals’, Action, Criticism and Theory for Music Education, 6, 3. http://act.maydaygroup.org/articles/Regelski6_3.pdf. [Accessed August 10, 2009]Google Scholar
ROBERTSON, R. (1995) ‘Glocalization – time-space and homogeneity-heterogeneity’, in Featherstone, M., Lash, S. & Robertson, R. (Eds.), Global Modernities (pp. 2544). London: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ROSE, T. (1994) Black Noise. Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America. Hanover: Wesleyan.Google Scholar
SALAVUO, M. (2006) ‘Open and informal online communities as forums of collaborative musical activities and learning’, British Journal of Music Education, 23, 253271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SALAVUO, M. (2008) ‘Social media as an opportunity for pedagogical change in music education’, Journal of Music Education and Technology, 2–3, 121136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SHUSTERMAN, R. (2002) Surface and Depth. Dialectics of Criticism and Culture. Ithaca: Cornell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SMALL, C. (1987) Music of the Common Tongue. Survival and Celebration in African American Music. Middletown: Wesleyan.Google Scholar
SMALL, C. (1998) Musicking: the Means and Performance of Listening. Middletown: Wesleyan.Google Scholar
SNOMAN, R. (2008) Dance Music Manual: Tools, Toys and Techniques. Second edition. Burlington: Focal.Google Scholar
TOOP, D. (1995) Ocean of Sound: Aether Talk, Ambient Sound and Imaginary Works. London: Serpent's Tail.Google Scholar
U.S. COPYRIGHT OFFICE. Copyright Law Chapter 1 §107. http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#107. [Accessed October 9, 2009]Google Scholar
VÄKEVÄ, L. (2000) ‘Naturalizing philosophy of music education’, Finnish Journal of Music Education, 5, 7383.Google Scholar
VÄKEVÄ, L. (2003) ‘Music education as critical practice: A Naturalist view’, Philosophy of Music Education Review, 11 (2), 3348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VÄKEVÄ, L. (2006) ‘Teaching popular music in Finland: what's up, what's ahead?’, International Journal of Music Education, 24 (2), 126131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VÄKEVÄ, L. (2007) ‘Art education, the art of education and the art of life. Considering the implications of Dewey's later philosophy to art and music education’, Action, Criticism and Theory for Music Education, 6, 1. http://act.maydaygroup.org/articles/Vakeva6_1.pdf. [Accessed August 10, 2009]Google Scholar
VÄKEVÄ, L. (forthcoming) ‘The world well lost, found. Reality and authenticity in Green's ‘New Classroom Pedagogy’, Action, Criticism and Theory for Music Education 9, 1.Google Scholar
VÄKEVÄ, L. & WESTERLUND, H. (2007) ‘The ‘method’ of democracy in music education’, Action, Criticism and Theory for Music Education, 6, 4. http://act.maydaygroup.org/articles/Vakeva_Westerlund6_4.pdf. [Accessed August 10, 2009].Google Scholar
WESTERLUND, H. (2002) Bridging Experience, Action, and Culture in Music Education. Studia Musica 16. Helsinki: Sibelius-Akatemia.Google Scholar
WESTERLUND, H. (2003) ‘Reconsidering aesthetic experience in praxial music education’, Philosophy of Music Education Review, 11 (1), 4562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WESTERLUND, H. (2006) ‘Garage rock band: a future model for developing musical expertise?’, International Journal of Music Education, 24 (2), 119125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WOODFORD, P. (2005) Democracy and Music Education: Liberalism, Ethics, and The Politics of Practice. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar