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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 September 2015
Since the publication in 1964 of Conrad Charles’s article on the origins of parish missions and, in 1978, of Declan O’Sullivan’s list of Passionist missions in Staffordshire from 1842 to 1850, no historians have made a detailed study of the missionary activities of the Passionists in the mid-nineteenth century. Even Conrad Charles, within the parameters he had set himself, took only an overview of the parish missions given by the Passionists, while he also included material on the similar activities of the Rosminians and Redemptorists. The purpose of this present article is to analyse the nature and extent of the missionary apostolate of Dominic Barberi, the pioneer of the Passionist Mission to North West Europe, with particular reference to the impact of the Irish on his missionary activities in England.
1 CP, Conrad Charles, ‘The Origins of the Parish Mission in England and the Early Passionist Apostolate, 1840–1850’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 15 (1964), pp. 60–75 Google Scholar (cited as Charles); CP, Declan O’Sullivan, ‘Passionist Missions and Retreats in Staffordshire, 1842–1850’, Staffordshire Catholic History, 18 (1978), pp. 19–22 Google Scholar.
2 For general accounts of the life of Dominic Barberi, see Pius Devine CP, Life of the Very Rev. Father Dominic of the Mother of God (Barberi), Passionist, Founder of the Congregation of the Passion, or Passionists, in Belgium and England, 1898 (cited as Devine, Dominic); D. Gwynn, Father Dominic Barberi, 1947; CP, Jude Mead, Shepherd of the Second Spring, The Life of Blessed Dominic Barberi CP, 1792–1849 (New Jersey, 1968)Google Scholar; Alfred Wilson CP, Blessed Dominic Barberi, 1967, cited as Wilson.
3 British Parliamentary Papers, Reports from Commisioners, vol. 13, XXXIV (40), Report on the State of the Irish Poor in Great Britain, 1836; Engels, F., The Condition of the Working Class in England (Germany, 1845; Penguin, 1987), pp. 71–72, 92, 98, 101, 103, 107, 112, 123–157Google Scholar, which will be cited as Engels. See also Dyos, H.J. and Wolff, M. (eds), The Victorian City, 2 vols, 1973 Google Scholar, passim; D. Mathew, Catholicism in England, 1535–1935, Portrait of a Minority: Its Culture and Tradition, 1936, pp. 182–184, Dennis, R., English Industrial Cities of the Nineteenth Century: A Social Geography (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 72 and 230CrossRefGoogle Scholar; J. Jackson, A., The Irish in Britain, 1963, pp. 2–6, 40, 59 and 74–76Google Scholar; Swift, R. and Gilley, S. (eds), The Irish in Britain 1815–1939, 1989 Google Scholar, passim (cited as Swift and Gilley); Busteed, M.A. and Hodgson, R. I., ‘Irish Migrant Responses to Urban Life in Early Nineteenth-Century Manchester’, Geographical Journal, 162 (1996), pp. 139–153 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, Gilley, S., ‘English Attitudes to the Irish in England, 1789–1900’ in Holmes, C. (ed.), Immigrants and Minorities in British Society, 1979, pp. 89, 93 and 100–101Google Scholar; Gwynn, D., ‘The Irish Immigration’ in Beck, G.A. (ed.), The English Catholics, 1850–1950, 1950, pp. 265–290 Google Scholar; Johnson, J.H., ‘Harvest Migration from Nineteenth-Century Ireland’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 41 (1967), pp. 97–112 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; B. Kerr, M., ‘Irish Seasonal Migration to Great Britain, 1800–1838’, Irish Historical Studies, 3 (1942-3), pp. 365–380 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lawton, R., ‘Irish Immigration to England and Wales in the Mid-Nineteenth Century’, Irish Geography, 4 (1959), pp. 35–54 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lees, L., ‘Mid-Victorian Migration and the Irish Family Economy’, Victorian Studies, 20 (1976), pp. 25–44 Google Scholar; O’Tuathaigh, M.A.G., ‘The Irish in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Problems of Integration’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 31 (1981), pp. 149–175 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, which will be cited as O’Tuathaigh.
4 CP, Dominic Barberi, ‘Introduction’ to Vincent Strambi CP (later St), The Life of Blessed Paul of the Cross, Founder of the Congregation of the Barefooted Clerks of the Most Holy Cross and Passion of Jesus Christ, 3 vols, transl. Oratorian Series, 1853 Google Scholar (cited as Strambi); Urban Young CP (transl, and ed.), Dominic Barberi in England — A New Series of Letters, 1935, p. 4, cited as Young, Dominic in England..
5 Young, Dominic in England, p. 4.
6 Ibidem, p. 6.
7 For St Paul of the Cross, see Strambi; CP, Martin Białas, The Mysticism of the Passion in St Paul of the Cross (1694–1775), (San Francisco, 1990)Google Scholar; CP, Edmund Burke, Hunter of Souls: A Study of the Life and Spirit of St Paul of the Cross (Dublin, 1946)Google Scholar; Burke, Edmund, Mercurio, Roger and CP, Silvan Rouse (eds), Words From The Heart: A Selection from the Personal Letters of St Paul of the Cross (Dublin, 1976)Google Scholar; Pius Devine CP, The Life of St Paul of the Cross, 1967, revised 1924; CP, Jude Mead, St Paul of the Cross, A Source/Workbook for Paulacrucian Studies (New York, 1983)Google Scholar; CP, Anthony O’Leary and others (ed. and transl.), In This Sign: The Spirituality of St Paul of the Cross (Dublin, 1984 Google Scholar); CP, Paul Francis Spenser, As A Seal Upon Your Heart (Slough, 1994)Google Scholar.
8 For the text see CP, Ignatius McElligot, ‘Blessed Dominic Barberi and the Tractarians: An Exercise in Ecumenical Dialogue’, Recusant History, 21 (May, 1992), pp. 54–59 Google Scholar. Will be cited as McElligot. See also CP, Fabiano Giorgini, Dominic Barberi: Lettera ai Professori di Oxford (Rome, 1990); Ker, I., John Henry Newman, A Biography (Oxford, 1990), pp. 110 and 118Google Scholar (cited as Ker); Allen, L., ‘Ambrose Phillipps De Lisle, 1809–1878’, Catholic Historical Review, 40 (1954), p. 15 Google Scholar.
9 Ker, p. 214; S. Gilley, Newman and His Age, 1990, pp. 185 and 198.
10 McElligot, pp. 58–59.
11 For the text see Devine, Dominic, pp. 257–97; McElligot pp. 59–84; and Urban Young CP (transi. and ed.), Life and Letters of the Venerable Father Dominic (Barberi) CP, Founder of the Passionists in Belgium and England, 1926 (Young, Life and Letters), pp. 357–391.
12 Barberi Papers, Passionist Archives of St Joseph’s Province (PASJP). For Dominic’s reply to this second letter, see Strambi, pp. 353–358.
13 Young, Dominic in England, p. 221. Newman had been conducting his own correspondence with Charles Russell, President of Maynooth College in April to May 1841. See Oratory, Birmingham (ed.), The Correspondence of John Henry Newman with John Keble and Others, 1839–1845, 1917, pp. 111–127 Google Scholar. See also Newsome, D., The Convert Cardinals: John Henry Newman and Henry Edward Manning, 1973, p. 165 Google Scholar, which will be cited as Newsome.
14 Barberi Papers, PASJP; Young, Dominic in England, pp. 213–225; Church, R. W. (ed. Best, G.), The Oxford Movement: Twelve Years 1833–1845 (Chicago, 1970), p. 187 Google Scholar.
15 Wilson, p. 242; Young, Life and Letters, p. 204.
16 Wilson, p. 242–243.
17 Paul CP, Francis Spencer, Elements of Passionist Spirituality (Rome, 1992), Appendix, pp. i–xiii Google Scholar.
18 MS, A Second Sermon for the Same Sunday (Second Sunday after Easter, 1842): On the Conversion of Protestants, Barberi Papers, Passionist General Archives, SS John and Paul’s Retreat, Rome (PGA, Rome).
19 Original letter, Colwich Abbey Collection. Louisa Canning (née Spencer) was the wife of Edward Joseph Canning. She was the daughter of William Spencer, second son of Lord Charles Spencer and was therefore the cousin of Father George (Ignatius) Spencer. Hence her connection with Barberi. See Gillow, J., A Bibliographical Dictionary of English Catholics from 1534 to the Present Time, 1885, 5 vols, i. p. 395 Google Scholar.
20 Bowers, W. H. and Clough, J.W. (comp.), Researches into the History of the Parish and Parish Church of Stone (Birmingham, 1929 Google Scholar); Cope, N.A., Stone in Staffordshire: The History of a Market Town (Hanley, 1972)Google Scholar; Thompson, W.J., Industrial Archaeology in North Staffordshire (Buxton, 1978), pp. 16–17, 24–25, 108–109 and 150–153Google Scholar; Allbut, M. and others, ‘The Stone Survey’, Journal of the Staffordshire Industrial Archaeology Society, 4 (1973), 1–23 Google Scholar; Denholm, A.F., ‘The Impact of the Canal System on Three Staffordshire Market Towns, 1760–1850’, Midland History, 13 (1988), pp. 59–76 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
21 MS Lecture of Dominic Barberi CP on the occasion of his saying Mass in Stone for the first time, 27 November 1842, Barberi Papers, PASJP. Cf. Young, Dominic in England, p. 82.
22 For the text of other similar writings by Dominic Barberi, see CP, Fabiano Giorgini (ed.), Dominic Barberi: A Pacific Discussion upon Controversial Subjects between a Catholic and an English Protestant by a Lover of Peace and Christian Unity (Rome, 2000)Google Scholar. See also Ker, pp. 225 and 284; and Wolffe, J., The Protestant Crusade in Great Britain, 1829–1860 (Oxford, 1991), pp. 109–113 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, which will be cited as Wolffe.
23 MS, A transcribed copy of ‘A Course of Lectures to be delivered at Stone in the Advent of the Year 1842’ by Fr Dominic Barberi CP’, PASJP, Lecture 1. Will be cited as MS, Lecture.
24 MS Lectures 6, 7, 13 and 17. A reference in Lecture 10 indicates that he had also read W. Cobbett’s History of the Protestant Reformation in England and Ireland, 1824–27.
25 MS, Lecture 1.
26 MS, Lecture 2.
27 MS, Lecture 10.
28 Ibidem. Cf. D. Butler, Methodists and Papists: John Wesley and the Catholic Church in the Eighteenth Century, paperback, 1995, pp. 78–79.
29 MS, Lecture 6.
30 Young, Dominic in England, p. 83.
31 Charles, p. 62; Wolffe, pp. 150–3.
32 MS, Lecture 14.
33 MS, Lecture 15.
34 MS, A Sketch for the Papal Benediction given at Stone on Maundy Thursday, 1843, Barberi Papers, PGA, Rome.
35 MS, A Little Sermon to be delivered to some persons who will make their abjuration at Stone, 19 March 1843, Barberi Papers, PGA, Rome.
36 Young, Dominic in England, p. 99. Cf. Tablet, 15 June 1844.
37 MS, Lecture 14; Wilson, pp. 250–3. Although Staffordshire was experiencing the unrest of the Plug Plot Riots at the time, the instigators of the opposition were probably not of the working classes. Cf. Eliot, G., Scenes of Clerical Life (World’s Classics, Oxford, 1985 Google Scholar), pp. 194–197 and 217–224, in which, at a slightly later period, the opposition to an evangelical curate was organised by a lawyer, supported by a rich miller and a churchwarden. See also Brown, K.D., A Social History of the Nonconformist Ministry in England and Wales, 1800–1930 (Oxfod, 1988), pp. 7–9 Google Scholar.
38 Young, Life and Letters, p. 225. For a wider discussion of Dominic’s activities as a parish priest, see Hamer, E. (SrCP, Dominic Savio), Elizabeth Prout, 1820–1864: A Religious Life for Industrial England (Downside, 1994), pp. 26–30 Google Scholar, cited as Hamer.
39 Rev. Dominick, Father, Passionist, A Discourse on the Unity of the Church (Derby, 1844)Google Scholar. I am grateful to George Every, Oscott College for a copy of this text. Cf. Young, Life and Letters, p. 241 and Dominic in England, p. 93.
40 Gaudentius Rossi CP, A Written Statement of the Virtue and Holiness of Life of the Deceased Father Dominic of the Mother of God, Diocesan Process, St Louis, USA, 25 June 1890, Community Archives, St Paul’s Monastery, Pittsburgh, USA, cited as FGR 1890.
41 Wilson, p. 264.
42 SrsCecily, M. and Barbara, M. OP, ‘Mother Margaret Hallahan in Staffordshire’, Staffordshire Catholic History, 10 (1968), p. 8 Google Scholar; J. Ginswick (ed.), Labour and the Poor in England and Wales, 1849–1851, vol. II, Northumberland, Durham, Staffordshire and the Midlands, 1983, p. 113.
43 J.E. Bowden, The Life and Letters of Frederick William Faber, D.D., 1869, pp. 279–80, cited as Bowden.
44 Record of Missions and Retreats, Aston Hall, 1842–1852 [AMR], PASJP, 24 March 1844. Cf. Young, Dominic in England, p. 97.
45 AMR, 24 Mar. 1844.
46 Ibidem Letter, 1 April 1844, Dominic Barberi CP to Nicholas Wiseman, Letters of Blessed Dominic of the Mother of God, Postulation Archives, PGA, Rome; Letter, 26 May 1844, Fr Anthony Testa CP to Bl. Dominic Barberi CP, File A: Testa to Barberi, PGA, Rome; Young, Life and Letters, p. 240.
47 For Swynnerton see B. Camm OSB, Forgotten Shrines, 1910, pp. 1, 21, 25 and 27; Hodgetts, M., Midlands Catholic Buildings (Birmingham, 1990)Google Scholar, plate 4; Sherwood, J. and Pevsner, N., Oxfordshire (Penguin, 1974), p. 647 Google Scholar (cited as Sherwood and Pevsner); B. M. Smith, A History of the Fitzherbert Family, 1995, passim.
48 AMR, 11 May 1844.
49 AMR, 15 June 1844. For Heythrop see Buscot, W., The History of Cotton College, at Sedgley Park, 1763–1873 and at Cotton, 1873, 1940, pp. 80 and 216Google Scholar, cited as Buscot.
50 Cf. Young, Dominic in England, p. 103. For Radford, see Buscot, p. 143; Sherwood and Pevsner, p. 363.
51 AMR, 15 June 1844. Cf. Young, Dominic in England, pp. 99 and 102. For Littlemore, see Hodgetts, p. 68.
52 A photocopy of the testimony given by Newman to Cardinal L. M. Parrochi, Vicar of Rome, on 2 Oct. 1889, Barberi: Process for Beatification 1889–1915, vol. 77, no. 29, Barberi Papers, PASJP. Cf. CP, Urban Young, Venerable Dominic Barberi CP (Catholic Truth Society, 1945), p. 16 Google Scholar, citing another witness in the Process, ‘One could not even look upon the face of the Servant of God and not be convinced of his sanctity.’
53 AMR, 30 June 1844. Cf. Young, Dominic in England, p. 101. For Tixall see Greenslade, M. W. St Austin’s, Stafford (Birmingham, 1998), pp. 7–8 Google Scholar, cited as Greenslade and B. Little, Catholic Churches Since 1623, A Study of the Roman Catholic Churches in England and Wales from Penal Times to the Present Decade, 1966, pp. 48 and 64.
54 For Caverswall Castle, see Hodgetts, pp. 12–13 and 26.
55 See Barberi Papers, PASJP for transcripts of sermons given by Dominic Barberi to the Liverpool clergy and in Prior Park in 1846. Cited as Clergy Retreats. For Fr Ignatius (George) Spencer CP see Young, Life and Letters, pp. 272–82; Dominic in England, pp. 163–6 and The Life of Father Ignatius Spencer, 1933; Hamer, passim and ‘Unity in the Truth: Fr Ignatius Spencer’s Crusade of Prayer, 1839–1864’, North West Catholic History, 23 (1995), 1–18; CP, Pius Devine, Life of Father Igantius of St Paul, Passionist (The Hon. and Rev. George Spencer), Compiled Chiefly from His Autobiography, Journal and Letters (Dublin, 1866)Google Scholar; Bussche, Paulinus J. Vanden CP, Ignatius (George) Spencer, Passionist (1799–1864), Crusader of Prayer for England and Pioneer of Ecumenical Prayer (Louvain, 1991)Google Scholar; Gard, R., ‘Father Ignatius Spencer, Passionist (1799–1864)’, Northern Catholic History, 41 (2000), pp. 38–57 Google Scholar.
56 Cf. Young, Dominic in England, p. 184. For Cotton, see Bowden, p. 276; Buscot, pp. 229–230; Hodgetts, pp. 27–28.
57 Clergy Retreats, 1846.
58 MS, a transcript of Dominic Barberi’s ‘Divine Paraninfa’, Passionist Archives, St Patrick’s Province, St Paul’s Retreat, Mt Argus, Dublin. See also MS, Notes on a Sermon by Dominic Barberi CP given to the Young Professed Nuns, St Benedict’s Priory, PASJP.
59 AMR, 30 June 1844. Cf. Young, Dominic in England, p. 103.
60 Young, Dominic in England, p. 107.
61 AMR, 7 Sept. 1844.
62 J. Herson, ‘Irish Migration and Settlement in Victorian Britain: A Small-Town Perspective’ in Swift and Gilley, pp. 84–103. See also Greenslade, pp. 11–12; and Hodgetts, pp. 33–34.
63 Young, Dominic in England, pp. 109–110.
64 Ibidem, p. 111.
65 Engels, pp. 79, 140–141, 211 and 213.
66 Hopkins, E., A Social History of the English Working Classes, 1815–1945, 1975, p. 4 Google Scholar; Swift, R., ‘Anti-Catholicism and Irish Disturbances: Public Order in Mid-Victorian Wolverhampton’, Midland History, 9 (1984), p. 90 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Hodgetts, p. 37.
67 AMR, 3 Nov. 1844; Young, Dominic in England, p. 111. Cf Tablet, 16 Nov. 1844, which recorded that his sermons were ‘clear and beautiful’.
68 Young, Dominic in England, p. 113
69 AMR, 17 Nov. 1844.
70 Young, Dominic in England, p. 115. See Wilson, p. 278 for Dominic’s ‘petty maladies’, which consisted of ruptures, hernias, violent headaches, haemorrhages and heart attacks.
71 AMR, 15 Dec. 1844. See also Hodgetts, p. 28.
72 Young, Dominic in England, pp. 120–21.
73 Engels, pp. 79 and 213. Cf. S. E. Finer, The Life and Times of Sir Edwin Chadwick, 1952; W. M. Frazer, A History of English Public Health, 1834–1939, 1950; E. Gauldie, Cruel Habitations: A History of Working-Class Housing, 1780–1918, 1974.
74 Colwich Abbey Collection.
75 Young, Dominic in England, p. 123.
76 AMR, 6 Feb. 1845. Cf. Young, Dominic in England, p. 123; and Tablet, 1 March 1845.
77 Engels, p. 78.
78 Young, Dominic in England, pp. 127–9; Engels, pp. 78 and 203–4.
79 AMR, 16 June 1845.
80 Young, Dominic in England, p. 131.
81 Wilson, p. 349.
82 Lees, L. H., Exiles of Erin: Irish Migrants in Victorian London (Manchester, 1979), pp. 164–66 Google Scholar, cited as Lees, Exiles; Connolly, G. P., ‘With more than ordinary devotion to God: The Secular Missioner of the North in the Evangelical Age of the English Mission’, NWCH, 10 (1983), pp. 8–31 Google Scholar; Larkin, E., ‘The Devotional Revolution in Ireland, 1850–1875’, American Historical Review, 77 (1972), pp. 626–7 and p. 636CrossRefGoogle Scholar (cited as Larkin, ‘Devotional Revolution’); T. G. McGrath, ‘The Tridentine Evolution of Modern Irish Catholicism, 1563–1962: A Re-examination of the “Devotional Revolution” Thesis’, Recusant History, 20 (Oct. 1991), pp. 515–516 (cited as McGrath); Miller, D. W., ‘Irish Catholicism and the Great Famine’, Journal of Social History, 9 (1975), pp. 83–4 and pp. 89–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
83 Ker, p. 316.
84 Barberi Papers, PGA, Rome and PASJP; Young, Life and Letters, pp. 255–7; Young, Dominic in England, pp. 136 and 225.
85 Wilson, p. 302.
86 Ker, p. 316.
87 Ibidem; Devine, Dominic, pp. 175–6; Dessain, C. S., Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman, vol. XI (Birmingham Oratory, 1961), p. 6 Google Scholar, cited as Dessain.
88 Young, Life and Letters, p. 258.
89 Young, Dominic in England, pp. 138–141. Cf. Dessain, XI 1961, p. 4.
90 Young, Dominic in England, p. 139. For St Clement’s Catholic Chapel, Oxford, see Hodgetts, pp. 70–71.
91 Young, Dominic in England, pp. 139. Cf. Dessain, XI, 1961, p. 129.
92 Young, Dominic in England, p. 144. Cf. Letter, 3 Oct. 1844, from Dalgairns to Dominic, asking him, on Newman’s behalf, for hairshirts and disciplines, Young, Dominic in England, p. 218.
93 Young, Dominic in England, p. 140. Cf. Tablet, 22 Nov. 1845 and 6 Dec. 1845.
94 Wilson, p. 311.
95 Barberi Papers, Postulation Archives, PGA, Rome; Barberi Papers, PASJP; Young, Life and Letters, pp. 266–7; Dessain, XII (1962), p. 62; Wilson, pp. 310–15. See Bussche, Paulinus J. Vanden CP, ‘Father Ignatius Spencer and Newman’, Downside Review, CXI (1993), p. 292 Google Scholar, citing letters in the Spencer Papers, Archives of the Oratory, Birmingham, PASJP, for a letter, 15 Oct. 1845, from Fr Spencer, thanking Newman for his letter telling him of his having been received into the Catholic Church by Dominic Barberi. Fr Spencer replied, ‘And how could I imagine that you should have entertained towards me such feelings of affection and love as you express. What a happiness it is to see ourselves now united in such a bond of loving brotherhood as we are now.’
96 Wilson, p. 313. See also Newsome, pp. 166–7.
97 Young, Dominic in England, p. 149; Dessain, XI, p. 155 and XIII (1963), pp. 248 and 250; Wilson, p. 312. Cf. OSBMurray, Placid (ed.); Newman the Oratorian: His Unpublished Oratory Papers (Leominster, 1980), p. 80 Google Scholar.
98 FGR 1890.
99 Young, Dominic in England, p. 127.
100 Ibidem, p. 131. See also Sr Dominic Savio (Hamer) CP, ‘The Churches at Aston and Stone: Monuments to Blessed Dominic Barberi and Father Ignatius Spencer CP’, Midland Catholic History, 1996, pp. 39–47.
101 Young, Dominic in England, pp. 150–163 and 194; Young, Life and Letters, pp. 270–78; Sr Dominic Savio (Hamer) CP, ‘The Church of the Annunciation, Woodchester: A Monument to Blessed Dominic Barberi, Passionist’, Gloucestershire Catholic History, 1996, pp. 3–45.
102 Kinealy, C., This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine, 1845–1852 (Dublin, 1994), pp. 4, 9, 41–2 and 122–3Google Scholar; O’Rourke, J., The Great Irish Famine (1874; reprinted, abridged, Dublin, 1989), pp. 30, 141 and 149–151Google Scholar.
103 Lowe, W. J., ‘The Irish in Lancashire and the Catholic Church, 1846–1871: The Social Dimension’, Irish Historical Studies, 20 (1976), 139–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Will be cited as Lowe.
104 Lowe, p. 139; See also O’Tuathaigh, p. 165.
105 Cf. Lewis, D. M., Lighten Their Darkness: The Evangelical Mission to Working-Class London, 1828–1860 (Connecticut, 1986), p. 196 Google Scholar. O’Gráda, C., Ireland Before and after the Famine: Explorations in Economic History, 1800–1925 (Manchester, 1988), p. 116 Google Scholar.; Poirteir, C., The Great Irish Famine (Dublin, 1995), p. 141 Google Scholar.
106 Tablet, 16 Jan., 1847.
107 AMR, 16 Feb. 1847; Young, Dominic in England, p. 170. Cf. Gilley, S., ‘The Roman Catholic Mission to the Irish in London, 1840–1860’, Recusant History, 10 (1969-70), pp. 123–145 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; ‘Protestant London, No Popery and the Irish Poor (1830–1860), Part I and Part II, Recusant History, 10 (1969-70), pp. 210–230 Google Scholar and 11 (1971–2), pp. 21–46; and ‘Heretic London, Holy Poverty and the Irish Poor, 1830–1870’, Downside Review, 89 (1971), pp. 64–89 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
108 Young, Life and Letters, p. 317; Wilson, p. 271.
109 AMR, 4 Mar. 1847; Young, Dominic in England, p. 170. For the social conditions in which these people lived, see Lees, L. H., ‘Patterns of Lower-Class Life: Irish Slum Communities in Nineteenth-Century London’ in Themstrom, S. and Sennett, R., Nineteenth-Century Cities, 1969 (Yale, reprint 1974), pp. 359–85Google Scholar.
110 Young, Dominic in England, p. 172.
111 Irvine, H. S., ‘Some Aspects of Passenger Traffic between Britain and Ireland, 1820–1850’, Journal of Transport History, 4 (1959-60), pp. 224–241 Google Scholar; Neal, F., ‘Liverpool, the Irish Steamship Companies and the Famine Irish’, Immigrants and Minorities, 5 (1986), pp. 28–61 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Scally, R., ‘Liverpool Ships and Irish Emigrants in the Age of Sail’, Journal of Social History, 17 (1983), pp. 5–30 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
112 Young, Dominic in England, p. 177. See also Lowe, W. J., The Irish in Mid-Victorian Lancashire: The Shaping of a Working-Class Commuunity (New York, 1989), p. 27 Google Scholar; Hood, Alban OSB, ‘Fever in Liverpool’, NWCH, 20 (1993), pp. 12–30 Google Scholar.
113 Wilson, p. 340.
114 Young, Dominic in England, p. 182.
115 Ibidem, p. 183.
116 Ibidem, p. 184.
117 Ibidem, pp. 183 and 185–186.
118 Ibidem, p. 187.
119 Ibidem, p. 188.
120 Bl. Dominic Barberi CP, MS Life of Bro. Andrew Smith CP, PASJP. Cf. Young, Dominic in England, pp. 189–90 and 200.
121 Young, Dominic in England, p. 194.
122 Young, Life and Letters, p. 82.
123 Young, Dominic in England, p. 149–50.
124 Ibidem, pp. 183–4.
125 Ibidem, p. 186.
126 Ibidem, p. 188.
127 Ibidem, p. 189.
128 Ibidem, p. 192.
129 Ibidem, p. 197.
130 Ibidem, p. 201.
131 See SrSavio (Hamer), Dominic CP, St Anne’s, Sutton, 1850–2000 (Altrincham, 2000)Google Scholar.
132 O. Chadwick, The Victorian Church, 1971, p. 298. Cited as Chadwick.
133 Young, Dominic in England, p. 95.
134 AMR, 6 March 1849.
135 AMR, 25 March 1849 Ince Blundell. To place this mission in the context of other Passionist missions in the north west of England, see SrSavio (Hamer), Dominic CP, ‘Some Passionist Parish Missions in the Victorian North West’, NWCH, 22 (1995), pp. 9–14 Google Scholar.
136 AMR, 28 April 1849. Cf. Lees, Exiles of Erin, p. 164; Larkin, ‘Devotional Revolution’, p. 638 and The Historical Dimensions of Irish Catholicism (New York, paperback, 1984), p. 71 Google Scholar; McGrath, pp. 516–7.
137 AMR, 28 April 1849.
138 Young, Life and Letters, p. 324. Cf. Chadwick, p. 272; D. Newton, Catholic London, 1950, p. 275.
139 Young, Dominic in England, p. 206.
140 Letter, 17 Aug. 1832, from Bl. Dominic Barberi CP to A. Phillipps, printed in Strambi, vol. 3, p. 267 and Young, Life and Letters, p. 82.