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Catholicism, Apostasy and Politics in Late Eighteenth-Century England: The Case of Sir Thomas Gascoigne and Charles Howard, Earl of Surrey
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 February 2015
Abstract
Apostasy among the English Catholic gentry in the late eighteenth century was not uncommon. In this period contemporary Catholic observers were concerned by what they perceived to be a great qualitative decrease of English Catholic gentry and they regarded apostasy as ‘a major and catastrophic cause of the decline’. Conformity to the established religion was a social virtue and was rewarded with social advantages; it was part and parcel of one's rise in the social scale and so was a great temptation for gentlemen outside the Anglican fold who were desirous of a service or parliamentary career. In almost every county in England many heads of old English Catholic families conformed. Indeed, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, of the twenty-four Catholic gentry families that existed in the Riding in. 1706 only twelve remained by 1780. Between the years 1754–1790 seven members of the House of Commons had renounced Roman Catholicism in order to pursue political careers and according to the contemporary Catholic priest Joseph Berington, by 1780 there were but 177 landed Catholic families in England ten of which had either died out or recently abjured their faith. Just a few conversions could have devastating consequences for Catholic communities. As David Butler points out, often ‘Catholic missions were over-dependent on the Catholic aristocracy and gentry for the continuance of Catholic worship’ and for Butler, in eighteenth-century London alone, if ‘just eight prominent families had apostatised … the Catholic missions would have lost about half of their numbers’.
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1 Mathew, David, Catholicism in England: The Portrait of a Minority, its Culture and Tradition (London, 1955), p. 149.Google Scholar
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5 Namier and Brooke, loc. cit., vol. 1, p. 117; Berington, loc. cit., pp. 117, 120. The seven Members of Parliament, excluding Edward Gibbon, who had abjured Roman Catholicism and sat in Parliament between the years 1754–1790 were: Charles Dillon (apostatised 1767), Thomas Gascoigne (1780), Charles Howard (1780), Kenneth Mackenzie (1769), Charles William Molyneux (1769), Robert Nugent (c. 1731), and John Edward Swinburne (c. 1786). There is some evidence that suggests that feelings of circumscription extended to the Catholic clergy also, some of whom converted to the Anglican faith feeling that their ambitions could be better fulfilled in the Established Church. See Duffy, Eamon, “Over the Waif: Converts from Popery in Eighteenth-Century England’, The Downside Review, vol. 94 (1976), p. 3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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11 York Chronicle and General Advertiser, 16 Jun. 1780, p. 2.
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15 Newcastle Courant, 10 Jun. 1780, pp. 2, 4; Sadly very few copies of the Cumberland Pacquet and Ware's Whitehaven Advertiser exist for the month of June 1780. Evidence would suggest, however, that the paper did report the apostasy as the Earl of Surrey is recorded to have written to the editor denying the reports which prompted the paper to publish a contraction. See Hughes, Edward, North Country Life in the Eighteenth Century, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1965), vol. 2, p. 258,Google Scholar footnote 1; Cumberland Pacquet and Ware's Whitehaven Advertiser, 13 Jun. 1780.
16 Leeds Mercury, 13 Jun. 1780, p. 1.
17 Craftsman; Or, Say's’ Weekly Journal, 17 Jun. 1780, p. 1; Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser, 10 Jun. 1780, p. 2; General Evening Post, 6 Jun. 1780, p. 1; London Chronicle, 6 Jun. 1780, p. 6; London Courant and Westminster Chronicle, 7 Jun. 1780; St. James's Chronicle; Or British Evening Post, 6 Jun. 1780, p. 1.
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20 The only newspaper operating in the area at this time was the Cumberland Pacquet and Ware's Whitehaven Advertiser. Sadly, as mentioned above, very few copies of this paper exist for the month of June 1780. It is fairly certain, however, that ‘the Whitehaven paper’ Surrey alludes to was this one. The paper certainly denied the apostasy: see Cumberland Pacquet and Ware's Whitehaven Advertiser, 13 Jun. 1780, p. 3. In consequence to Surrey's demands it would appear the paper wrote on another occasion: The paragraph inserted in our Last, concerning the Rt. Hon. The Earl of Surrey, having been the subject of much dispute, we think it necessary to repeat the assertion therein made, as well for the satisfaction of those who might think we had been deceived by some hear-say account, as for the purpose of silencing a certain set of people who affect to discredit all newspaper information, especially where there is any little private pique against the publisher. The paragraphs still continued in the London papers of the Earl's recanting, &c. are false, and a gross imposition on the public. It is said, that Sir Thomas Gascoine [sic] is in the same predicament, but this we do not pretend to say from authority’ cited in Hughes, loc. cit., vol. 2, p. 258, footnote 1.
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22 Nottingham University Library, Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections, Portland manuscripts, PwF 5.501. Charles Howard, Earl of Surrey, to the Duke of Portland, 16 Jul. 1780.
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24 Aveling, The Handle and the Axe, p. 262.
25 HMC. Fourteenth Report, Appendix, Part IV. The Manuscripts of Lord Kenyon, p. 509.
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61 York City Archives Department, William Gray Election Papers, M90/57. Suggestions made by Mr. Tooker on the eve of the poll, 6 Apr. 1784. Indeed, even Gascoigne's own side expected Gascoigne would attempt to bring in Catholic freeholders to poll. One agent wrote in to the committee asking ‘Pray, will the Roman Catholicks be allowed to vote’? See Election papers, WWM/E/23. Vincent Eyre to Sir Thomas Gascoigne, 4 Apr. 1784.
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66 Northamptonshire Record Office, Fitzwilliam manuscripts, F(M)C 31.7.1788. Sir Charles Anderson Pelham to the Earl Fitzwilliam, 31 Jul. 1788.
67 Fitzwilliam Mss (Northhants), F(M)C 31.3.1789. Sir Charles Anderson Pelham to the Earl Fitzwilliam, 31 Mar. 1789.
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73 Thomas Marsh replaced Robert Steare at Parlington following Steare's death in January 1780. From the mission register it is clear that baptisms were still being performed at Parlington in December 1780. See Leeds Diocesan Archives, Register of baptisms, Parlington, 1757–1799, RC21/1/1; Allanson, Athanasius, Biography of the English Benedictines (Ampleforth, 1999), pp. 208, 250.Google Scholar For references to the chapel at Aberford see: Aveling, The Handle and the Axe, p. 264; Stubbs, Frances, ‘Catholic Worship in Barwick’, The Barwicker: Journal of Barwick-in-Elmet Historical Society, vol. 52 (1999), p. 70;Google Scholar Friedman, Terry, Church Architecture in Leeds 1700–1799 (Leeds, 1997), p. 164 Google Scholar n. 83; Clifton Diocesan Archive, Letter book, vol. 1772–1788 no. 79, Rowland Lacon to Gregory Sharrock, 2 Dec. 1787. See also Chappell, D. M., ‘Catholic Churches Diocese of Leeds, 1793–1916’ (unpub. Ph.D. thesis, Sheffield Univ. 1972), pp. 80, 92–93, 304,Google Scholar though he fails to acknowledge Gascoigne's contribution.
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109 Aveling, The Handle and the Axe, p. 264.
110 Aveling, ‘The Catholic Recusants of the West Riding’, p. 262.
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117 Tempest, loc. cit., p. 22.
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119 Aveling, The Handle and the Axe, p. 264.
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