No CrossRef data available.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 October 2016
The second instalment of Lord Ripon's diary covers the period from March to September 1879, months when he was rapidly recovering his influence within the top levels of the Liberal leadership. With the Afghan war drawing to what appeared to be a successful conclusion, Ripon continued to serve as a valuable adviser to the party leaders on what Liberal policy should be toward post-war Afghanistan. The outbreak of yet another colonial conflict, this time in South Africa, the so-called Zulu war, deeply offended Ripon's sense of justice. But he possessed neither the interest nor the expertise in this area that he had in Afghanistan, and as a result his influence on Liberal policy on this question was negligible. Like most of his fellow-Liberals, Ripon believed that the British High Commissioner in South Africa, Sir Bartle Frere, the man responsible for initiating this war, should be recalled and censured. But otherwise Ripon had little to add in a constructive vein to a solution of British problems in South Africa. His diary contains none of the penetrating observations on the Zulu conflict that characterized his analysis of the Afghan war.
page 122 note 1 Interestingly enough, in this matter Gladstone and Ripon were similar. Gladstone was outraged by the Afghan war, perhaps because it was an attack on a sovereign state. The war against the Zulus did not rouse him in a similar way. When he listed the major issues of the day in an article for Nineteenth Century, August 1879, he ranked the Zulu war fifteenth in importance.
page 122 note 2 In the general election of 1868 the Liberals had won sixty-five of the seats for Ireland. That figure dropped sharply with the rise of the Home Rule movement in the 1870's, until by the election of 1880 the Liberal party on its own was able to win fifteen seats in all of Ireland.
page 122 note 3 For Ripon's views on the problem of Liberal relations with the Irish, see the diary entries for 17 and 20 May 1879.
page 122 note 4 Hanham, H. J., Elections and Party Management: Politics in the Time of Disraeli and Gladstone (London, 1959), p. 410.Google Scholar
1 News was of Zulu successes that had occurred in early February. The Times, 15 March 1879.
2 The Duke of Connaught married Princess Louise Marguerite of Prussia on 13 March in a wedding which the Annual Register stated was the biggest Royal affair since the wedding of the Princess Royal of England to the Crown Prince of Prussia.
3 Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquis of Lansdowne (1845-1927) had an extremely long and influential career. A Whig Peer, he served as Under-Secretary of State for War in Gladstone's first Ministry. He broke with the Liberals over Home Rule and soon rose to power in the Conservative party. He was Foreign Secretary when England reversed its traditional policy of isolation in the early years of the twentieth century.
4 The Levee was held at St James Palace by the Prince of Wales.
5 On 2 January, a thirty-eight ton gun exploded aboard H.M.S. Thunderer, stationed at Ismid in the Mediterranean. Six were killed and thirty-two were injured. An Admiralty Committee discovered that the gun had misfired, then had been reloaded with a full charge and fired with both charges still in the chamber, thus causing the explosion. Annual Register 1879 Part 2, pages 2 and 25.
6 Ripon stated that he felt that small farmers, tenants, etc. should be granted greater representation on the Conservancy Boards which were to be erected under the Bill. Despite the fact that they paid a large share of the rates, they might find themselves excluded from these Boards. Hansard, House of Lords, 17 March 1879, Cols. 1020-21.
7 Hansard, House of Lords, 21 March 1879, Col. 1405.
8 Salisbury stated that the harbour of Famagusta in Cyprus was superior to any the British had on Malta but that the sanitary conditions of the area were such that they first would have to be dealt with before any troops could be permanently settled. Hansard, House of Lords, 21 March 1879, Cols. 1412-16.
9 Despite the many problems facing him, the Government believed that Frere had sufficient forces at his disposal to put down the rebellion. Furthermore, the Government ‘have been unable to find in the documents you have placed before them the evidence of urgent necessity for immediate action which alone could justify you in taking, without their full knowledge and sanction, a course almost certain to result in war.’ Further Correspondence Respecting South Africa (C-2252) March 1879, Serial number 15 and 16. Sir Michael Hicks-Beach to Gov. Frere, 19 and 20 March, pages 108-11.
10 Published in The Times of 24 March as well as last edition of the 22nd. The Times denied the construction put on Lord Chelmsford's dispatch by Ripon.
11 The addition was made by the Earl of Camperdown to the effect that ‘the House regrets that after the censure delivered to the High Commissioner of South Africa Her Majesty's Government should allow him to retain conduct of affairs in his own hands’. Hansard, House of Lords, 24 March 1879, Col. 1494.
12 The Times correspondent, reported, that all classes, European and native, condemned the Government's financial statement ‘as the most melancholy, the most disheartening, and the most unstatesmanlike ever issued by the Government’. The Times, 25 March 1879.
13 Hansard, House of Lords, 25 March 1879, Cols. 1606-95.
14 Yorkshire Post, 26 March 1879.
15 The Roman Catholic diocese of Beverley was in Yorkshire. Pope Leo XIII divided it into two separate sees, Leeds and Middlesbrough.
16 Dilke attacked the Government's handling of the South African war. Hansard, House of Commons, 27 March 1879, Cols. 1867-86.
17 The Times declared that they found Sir Bartle Frere's conduct in South Africa was defenceless and that ‘it becomes proportionately difficult to find a defence for the conduct of the Government in supporting him’. With regard to the Indian loan, The Times felt that it should be rejected. The best method to economize, they argued, was to reduce the Indian Army. The Times, 29 March 1879.
18 The Times, 31 March 1879, discussing the possibility of a march on Cabul as being within the power of the British forces now.
19 Sir Henry Edward Bulwer, Lieutenant-Governor of Natal from 1875 to 1880.
20 Hansard, House of Lords, 4 April 1879, Cols. 349-63.
21 Northcote's statements came in answer to a question posed by Professor Fawcett concerning the Government's Afghan policy. Northcote stated that negotiations were presently going on and he could not conceive a British move on Cabul while these talks were taking place. Hansard, House of Commons, 4 April 1879, Cols. 371-72.
22 Lord Grey, ‘Past and Future Policy in South Africa’, 583-96 and Professor Mivart, ‘The Government of Life’, 690-713. Nineteenth Century, April 1879.
23 William P. Adam was the chief Liberal Whip in the House of Commons from 1874 until 1880.
24 Charles Rivers Wilson was Minister of Finance in the Nubar Pasha Government of Egypt. His French counterpart, Count de Blignières, was Minister of Public Works.
25 The news referred to here is most likely the ambush of the 80th Regiment under Captain Moriarty by some 4,000 Zulus. Captain Moriarty and forty of his men were killed and all the Regiment's supplies were lost. The Times, 9 April 1879.
26 Father F. W. Faber, an Anglican convert to Roman Catholicism, was considered in the extremist wing of the Catholic movement in England. Newman, for example, broke with him in the 1860's because of Faber's views on the Blessed Virgin. He was one of Ripon's favourite writers, surprisingly enough, along with Newman.
27 Economist, ‘The Situation in Egypt’, 12 April 1879, 413-15.
28 Colonel Wood had defeated the same Zulu contingent which had killed Moriarty a few days before, but they retreated and then renewed the attack. In the surprise the Zulus scattered all the cattle Colonel Wood had captured.
29 Bright spoke at Birmingham and Harcourt at Sheffield. Both dealt largely with questions of foreign policy and both speeches were sweeping in their condemnation of the Government.
30 Pasquale, Villari, Niccolò Machiavelli and His Times, translated by Villari, L. (London, 1878).Google Scholar
31 Arthur B. Haslam was twenty-nine at the time of selection as Head Master. He had been at Rugby, had taken a first class at Cambridge in Classics and had been a successful housemaster at Cheltenham College. He was to serve as Head Master at Ripon for twenty-one years, during which time he made a splendid record. The number of students increased during his tenure as did the academic accomplishments of Ripon graduates.
32 Faber, F. W., All for Jesus, or Easy Ways of Divine Love (London, 1853).Google Scholar John, Henry, Cardinal, Newman, Letter to the Duke of Norfolk (London, 1875),Google Scholar written largely to answer Gladstone's attacks on Roman Catholicism that appeared in his Vaticanism pamphlets.
33 W. T. Thornton, ‘The Bright Clauses of the Irish Land Act: Supplementary Plea for Peasant Proprietors’, pages 608-26. Lilly, W. S., ‘The 18th Century’, Dublin Review, 33, pages 330–49.Google Scholar
34 Hansard, Debates, House of Lords, 22 April 1879, Cols. 821-31.
35 Ibid., Cols. 819-20. The news of the relief of Ekowe, Colonel Pearson's Column and the Clyde Transport were all read to the House of Lords by the Earl of Cadogan, the Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies.
36 Green, J. R., A History of the English People, 4 Vols. (London, 1877–80).Google Scholar
37 This was an act designed to define the powers of the Governor-General of India in Council with regard to making Laws and Regulations.
38 St George Jackson Mivart's paper was concerned with protesting Jules Ferry's Education Act.
39 Lord Bateman moved resolutions in favour of Reciprocity claiming that Free Trade as practised in England was not truly free and had caused'the economic difficulties the country now faced. Hansard, House of Lords, 29 April 1879, Cols. 1356-96.
40 G. F. Watts was a noted portrait painter, while Sir Edward Burne-Jones specialized in spiritual themes. The last Pygmalion was titled ‘The Soul Attains’.
41 William Coutts Keppel, Viscount Bury (1832-94), was a Conservative politician who was serving as Under-Secretary for War. He was received into the Roman Catholic Church on 13 April 1879.
42 Specifically referred to the British Museum, South Kensington Museum, Bethnal Green Museum and the National Gallery.
43 Ripon spoke in favour of the motion, using the argument that there were few wholesome places of entertainment available to the working classes on Sunday. He also pointed out the danger of a reaction against the Christian religion from continually denying the working classes their pleasures. The Archbishop of Canterbury, it might be noted, was opposed to the opening of the Museums. Hansard, House of Lords, 5 May 1879, Cols. 1683-1705.
44 Rail Ways Committee was set up on 1 May with Ripon as chairman. Journal of the Houseof Lords, 111, 1878–79, page 156.Google Scholar
45 Ripon voted for the bill to allow such marriages to take place. Hansard, House of Lords, 6 May 1879, Col. 1804.
46 Thomas Henry Farrer was Permanent Secretary to the Board of Trade. Wilby not traced.
47 O'Meara, K., Frédéric Ozanam, Professor at the Sorbonne, 2nd Edition (London, 1879).Google Scholar
48 Journals of the House of Lords, 111, 1878–79, page 180.Google Scholar
49 The Races Bill would outlaw horse racing within ten miles of London unless licensed and strictly guarded so as to protect the residents of the community. It passed the House of Lords 84 to 57 with Ripon voting in the majority. Hansard, House of Lords, 12 May 1879, Cols. 100-19.
50 Journal of the House of Lords, 111, 1878–79, page 183.Google Scholar
51 This discussion was initiated by L. L. Dillwyn, Liberal member for Swansea, when he moved that Her Majesty's Ministers had abused the Royal Prerogative by withdrawing ‘from the cognizance and control of this House matters relating to policy and expenditure properly within the scope of its powers and privileges’. Hansard, House of Commons, 13 May 1879, Cols. 242-326.
52 Theodore, Martin, Life of the Prince Consort, Vol. 3 (London, 1877).Google Scholar Volume 3 appeared in December 1877, when relations between England and Russia were strained.
53 Hansard, House of Lords, 16 May 1879, Cols. 508-56.
54 This bill provided for the creation of a University for Ireland, independent of those existing. It was introduced on 15 May 1879.
55 The Farmers’ Alliance was organized on 9 May with James Howard as Chairman and W. E. Bear as honorary secretary. It was designed to promote increased cultivation of the soil and the various means, legal and agricultural, to accomplish that end. It favoured changing the law of entail and compensation for tenants’ improvements.
56 Hansard, House of Lords, 19 May 1879, Col. 655. Statement made by Lord Cranbrook, the Secretary of State for India.
57 Argyll's motion called for the presentation to the House of any minutes or memoranda by the Secretary of State for India, or by Members of the Indian Council, in 1873, on the subject of telegraphic communications with the Government of India. Hansard, House of Lords, 20 May 1879, Col. 820. Argyll was seeking to show that the policy introduced by Cranbrook had no precedent in the earlier Liberal regime.
58 Cranbrook vigorously denied that he had used the telegraph for supporting Lytton in overruling the Council. He further stated that his position would become intolerable if he were not allowed to have complete freedom of communication with his subordinate. Ibid., Cols. 822-4.
59 Manning's hope that the new Pope, Leo XIII, would reverse the ban on Roman Catholics recognizing the Italian Kingdom proved groundless.
60 James Macdonald was former Prime Minister of Canada.
61 Garnet Wolseley was one of the most brilliant of the military men of the late nineteenth century British army. He organized the victory over the Ashanti tribesmen in the early 1870's and helped Edward Cardwell to reorganize the British army. He was Gilbert's and Sullivan's ‘model of a modern major-general’.
62 The Indian Finance Debate in the House of Commons was over Professor Fawcett's motion that the House views the present state of India with apprehension and that therefore expenditure should be sharply reduced. Hansard, House of Commons, 22 May 1879, Cols. 1040-93.
63 Caird, J., English Agriculture in 1850 and 1851 (London, 1852).Google Scholar
64 Forster had been in trouble with the Nonconformists ever since he played a prominent part in enacting the Education Act of 1870. He had to fight them in Bradford during the election of 1874 and was only returned with the help of Conservative votes.
65 Arthur Gordon, later Lord Stanmore (1829-1912), served in various diplomatic positions including Governor of Trinidad and the Fiji Islands.
66 Cranbrook's Sheffield speech paid respect to J. A. Roebuck of Sheffield, the long time Radical M.P., and then gave a résumé of the reasons behind the Government's foreign policy. He concluded with a vigorous attack on Liberals like Gladstone and Harcourt who, Cranbrook said, would plunge the nation into extreme policies. The Times, 6 June 1879.
67 Thomas, Foisset, Vie du R. P. Lacordaire, 2 Volumes (Paris, 1870).Google Scholar
68 Lady, Amabel Kerr, The Life of the Blessed Sebastian Valfre of the Turin Oratory (London, n. d.).Google Scholar
69 The question was asked by Colonel, Arbuthnott. Hansard, House of Commons, 13 June 1879, Col. 1811.Google Scholar
70 Lord Derby spoke to the Lancashire Chamber of Commerce on the agricultural depression. He believed that it was less severe than the farmers believed and that most of the remedies put forth would have little or no effect. A typical Derby performance.
71 Meeting was called to ask the Pope to speed the canonization of the Catholic martyrs, Bishop John Fisher, Sir Thomas More and Archbishop Plunkett, the Primate of Ireland. The Times, 20 June 1879.
72 Hansard, House of Lords, 19 June 1879, Cols. 138-67.
73 Sir Louis Malet was Permanent Under-Secretary of State for India.
74 The Prince Imperial was part of a reconnoitring party which was ambushed by Zulus. He was speared to death while trying to regain his mount. His death caused great embarrassment to the British, and personal anguish to Queen Victoria.
75 The Government opposed the motion to meet an hour earlier and the subsequent vote, 64-101, was largely a party one. Hansard, House of Lords, 20 June 1879, Cols. 291-305.
76 M. Lalande was the Chairman of the Chamber of Commerce of Bordeaux and an old friend of Cobden's. Ripon spoke at the meeting, making mainly light remarks of welcome with a few comments on the contribution that free trade had made to England's prosperity and her peace.
77 This refers to Cairns’ interruption of Lord Northbrook when he sought to speak a second time after his initial remarks on Indian finance had been commented upon. Cairns pointed out that as there was no motion before the House, Northbrook could not reply. Ripon then stated that he never remembered a case where an important matter was before the House and a speaker was not allowed to make a few observations in reply. Hansard, House of Lords, 19 June 1879, Col. 165.
78 Playfair represented the Scottish University seat of Edinburgh and St Andrews.
79 Word omitted.
80 M. Lalande fell into the water following the Cobden Dinner when he misjudged the distance between the ship and the pier when leaving the ship. The Dinner was obviously a good one.
81 Located in the West Riding of Yorkshire, about eight miles south-west of Leeds.
82 Hansard, House of Commons, statement made by Sir Stafford Northcote, 26 June 1879, Cols. 669-70.
83 Word omitted.
84 Salisbury was answering a charge by the Earl of Carnarvon that the Government had failed to see that the terms of the Treaty of Berlin were being fulfilled. Hansard, House of Lords, 27 June 1879, Cols. 820-1.
85 Chaplin moved an inquiry into the condition of agricultural distress in the whole of the United Kingdom and Ireland. Hansard, House of Commons, 27 May 1879, Col. 1396. The motion was finally made on 4 June 1879, Col. 1425.
86 Probably means ‘have no doubt’.
87 Cairns introduced his bill on 30 June 1879. Hansard, House of Lords, Cols. 931-42.
88 Thomas, Arnold, History of Rome, (London, 1843–4).Google Scholar Jean-Baptiste, Lacordaire, ‘Lettre sur le Saint-Siège’ in Vie de Saint Dominique, 3rd Edition (Paris, 1844).Google Scholar
89 Chaplin dwelt at great length during his speech on the fallacies spread by some of the original proponents of free trade. Hansard, House of Commons, 4 July 1879, Cols. 1425-42.
90 Thomas Brassey was Liberal M.P. for Hastings.
91 Bright spoke so sharply probably because he had been attacked by Chaplin. He blamed the agricultural depression on ‘all the ancient, stupid, and mischievious legislation’ which has embarrassed England. He did not specify what legislation he was speaking of. Hansard, 4 July 1879, Cols. 1499-513.
92 Viscount Sandon was the Conservative MP for Liverpool, and President of the Board of Trade.
93 Hansard, House of Lords, 8 July 1879, Cols. 1823-62.
94 W. E. Bear was Secretary of the Farmers’ Alliance.
95 Earlier in the session, on 26 March, the Government killed all hope of setting up a Committee to investigate the state of agriculture in England. They also refused to sanction any action on compensation to tenants for improvements.
96 The majority was 117 to 69. Hansard, House of Lords, 10 July 1879, Col. 8.
97 Journal of the House of Lords, 1878-79. 11 July 1879, page 306.
98 Church, R. W., Dante: An Essay (London, 1878).Google Scholar
99 Emily, Bowles, A Gracious Life, Being the Life of Barbara Acarie - Blessed Mary of theIncarnation (London, 1879).Google Scholar
100 Jean, Baptiste Lacordaire, Mémoire pour le rétablissement … (Paris, 1839).Google Scholar
101 Antoine, Frédéric Ozanam, Dante et la philosophie catholique au treizième siècle (Paris, 1839).Google Scholar
102 Antoine, Frédéric Ozanam, Les Poètes Franciscains en Italie au treizième siècle (Paris, 1852).Google Scholar
103 Hansard, House of Commons, 15 July 1879, Cols. 453-60.
104 Lord, Carnarvon, Agamemnon, translated from Aeschylus (London, 1879).Google Scholar
105 Robert Bickersteth, Bishop of Ripon; W. R. Fremantle, Dean of Ripon.
106 Lord Chelmsford's forces had captured the Zulu stronghold of Ulundi.
107 This was a scholarship set up by Ripon's son, Lord de Grey, to be given to a deserving student at Ripon Grammar School.
108 Hansard, House of Commons, 24 July 1879, Col. 1248.
109 Kay, J., Free Trade in Land, Preface by John, Bright (London, 1879).Google Scholar
110 This refers to the overthrow of the reforming Ministry of Khaireddin Pasha as Grand Vizier.
111 Bishop, William Stubbs, Constitutional History of England, 3 volumes (Oxford, 1875–8).Google Scholar
112 Sir Henry, Rawlinson, The Result of the Afghan War’, Nineteenth Century, August, 1879, pages 377–400.Google Scholar
113 Hansard, House of Lords, 4 August 1879, Cols. 2-21.
114 Among other things he accused Northbrook of taking advantage of the House, of misquoting from the Rawlinson article and of raising points from speeches of the Foreign Secretary, Lord Salisbury, without giving him an opportunity to answer. Hansard, House of Lords, 4 August 1879, Cols. 36-8.
115 Ripon accused Cranbrook of using Rawlinson when it suited his case and throwing him over when it didn't. Ibid., Cols. 39-40.
116 Robert Cornwaithe.
117 Most of Lord Beaconsfield's speech was a defence of his Government's foreign policy. The attack on peasant proprietorship really was an argument for more diversified types of farmers, not just leaving agriculture in the hands of peasant farmers. The Times, 7 August 1879. Cf. also Buckle, Disraeli, 6, pages 498-9.
118 British troops had withdrawn from Ulundi under Zulu attack, and according to a despatch in The Times, this encouraged the native tribes. Ibid., 8 August 1879.
119 The Times in its article on Newman compared him with Wesley as to his hold over the minds of his generation. He was one of those rare men who live with his age and yet apart from it, who ‘attract by the strength of sympathies that are universal as humanity’. The Times, 16 August 1879.
120 Located about three miles north-east of Ripon.
121 Gladstone's speech was concerned primarily with preaching the importance of Liberal organization in the face of the coming election. The Times, 22 August 1879.
122 Dilke was speaking to his constituents. He concerned himself with a frontal attack on the Government's foreign policy. The Times, 20 August 1879.
123 Son of George Joachim Goschen.
124 Goschen spoke in favour of religious equality and the Burial Bills but he was opposed to Disestablishment on the Whiggish grounds that the State was the most effective barrier to the sacerdotal spirit so obnoxious to the bulk of the English nation. He was opposed to an extension of the County Franchise also. On Foreign Policy matters he chastised Lord Beaconsfield's government for its blunder, its swagger and its bombast. He pledged himself to Lord Hartington as Liberal leader and he hoped for a full Liberal victory, thus avoiding the possibility of depending on the votes of Home Rulers. The Times, 27 August 1879.
125 High Force is a fifty-foot waterfall located on the Tees River.
126 Malloch, W. H., Is Life Worth Living? (London, 1879).Google Scholar
127 Mickle Fell is the highest point in Yorkshire, some 2,596 feet above sea level.
128 This entry was obviously written in great excitement. Words are repeated and letters omitted.
129 ‘lives of the’ repeated.
130 ‘called’ had the two H's crossed. The massacre Ripon refers to occurred on September 3. The entire British force, including the Resident British Commissioner, Sir Louis Cavagnari, were killed. Yakub Khan, while taking no active part in the treachery against the British force, did nothing to warn them of the possibility. Disraeli was enraged at the lack of preparedness of the Indian army. He labelled the whole command, with the exception of General Roberts, as ‘utterly worthless’. Buckle, Disraeli, 6, pages 480-1, Disraeli to Lord Salisbury, 9 September 1879.
131 Samuel Morley (1809-86) was a nonconformist spokesman and Liberal MP for Bristol. He was active in many of the causes dear to the nonconformist groups, including the Education League and the opposition to the Turkish massacres in Bulgaria. He was the leading member of a syndicate that controlled the London Daily News.
132 Hickleton was the estate of Lord Halifax.
133 Obviously refers to Halifax.
134 Kebbel, T. E., ‘The Political Novels of Lord Beaconsfield’, Nineteenth Century, September 1879, pages 504–28.Google Scholar
135 William, E. Gladstone, ‘The Country and the Government’, Nineteenth Century, August 1879, pages 201–27.Google Scholar
136 John, Ruskin, St Mark's Rest: The History of Venice, Part 3 (London, 1877–84).Google Scholar
137 James, Antony Froude, Caesar (London, 1879).Google ScholarPubMed
138 Angus Macdonald, Roman Catholic Bishop of Argyll and the Isles.
139 Brodribb, W. J., Demosthenes (London, 1870), in the Collins Ancient Classics.Google Scholar
140 Durand, H. M., The First Afghan War and Its Causes (London, 1879).Google Scholar
141 Cetawayo was the Zulu chieftain who had led the revolt against the English.
142 Robert, Cardinal Bellarmine, The Seven Words Spoken by Christ on the Cross (London, 1877).Google Scholar
143 Canon, Frederick Oakeley, ‘English Views of Catholicism Fifty Years Ago and Now’, Contemporary Review, June 1879, pages 458–70.Google Scholar
144 Sir John Adye, K.C.B., ‘The British Army’, Nineteenth Century, August 1879, pages 344–60.Google Scholar
145 Hartington's speech was primarily concerned with foreign policy. He criticized the Government for devoting itself almost exclusively to foreign policy when so much was required to be done in domestic affairs. He also condemned the policy of Obstruction which the Irish had begun in Parliament. ‘Lord Hartington at Newcastle’, Economist, Vol. 37, 27 September 1879, pages 1102–03.Google Scholar
146 Pant., Mury, ‘La Bulle Unam Sanctam’, Revue des Questions Historiques, 25 Juillet 1879, pages 91–130.Google Scholar