Hostname: page-component-669899f699-chc8l Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-25T23:13:20.215Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Aspects of Iconography in Romano-British Mosaics: the Rudston ‘Aquatic’ Scene and the Brading Astronomer Revisited

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 March 2010

R.J.A. Wilson
R.J.A. Wilson
Affiliation:
Department of Classical, Near Eastern and Religious Studies, University of British Columbia, roger.wilson@ubc.ca
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The fourth-century Rudston ‘aquatic’ mosaic is likely to show Oceanus at the centre rather than Neptune, and the dominant position of the head on the floor suggests that the inspiration for it derives, however remotely, from North African models where the scene was common. This is made more plausible by the fact that African influence, as is well known, is also detectable on the famous Venus mosaic by the same mosaicist in an adjacent room in the same building. At Brading, the central figure in the main reception room – a half-naked man with stick, globe and sundial – is identified, not just as a generic ‘philosopher’ type, but specifically as the third-century B.C. astronomer and poet, Aratus, on the basis of comparanda on mosaics, tapestry, silverware and in an illustrated manuscript of his work, the Phaenomena. It is further suggested that the key to reading the damaged larger part of the Brading floor above Aratus might be a Latin translation of his work, possibly that by Avienus c. A.D. 350, if the mosaic is indeed approximately of that date rather than earlier, and that the subject-matter of the panels alluded to constellations described in the poem. A very tentative attempt is made to identify what might have been depicted in the panels, on the basis of the mythology behind the constellations as explained in Latin adaptations of the poem: those of Perseus and Andromeda are illustrated in the surviving panel, and possibly Phaethon and Eridanus, Hercules and the serpent in the Garden of the Hesperides, and conceivably Pegasus at a spring were shown in the other three. It is also suggested that these unusual scenes might have been based on an illustrated manuscript of the work in the possession of the dominus at Brading. Be that as it may, the mosaic does appear to provide further evidence of the depth of classical learning displayed by at least some members of the Romano-British rural élite in the fourth century A.D.

Keywords

Roman BritainvillasmosaicsRudstonBradingiconographyOceanusAratus
Type
Articles
Information
Britannia , Volume 37 , November 2006 , pp. 295 - 336
Copyright
Copyright © R.J.A. Wilson 2006. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alvarez Martinez, J.M. 1990: Mosaicos romanos de Mérida: nuevos hallazgos, Monografías Emeritenses 4, MéridaGoogle Scholar
Andreae, B. 2003: Antike Bildmosaiken, Mainz am RheinGoogle Scholar
Anon. 1953: Inventario general de manuscritos de la Biblioteca Nacional I, MadridGoogle Scholar
Anon. 1967: Benaki Museum: a Short Guide (5th edn), AthensGoogle Scholar
Anon. 1987: Aratea (Facsimile edition), LuzernGoogle Scholar
Apostolaki, A. 1938: EíKων τoν Åπατoν έτì ύФωυανoç, AthensGoogle Scholar
Baatz, D., and Herrmann, F.-R. (eds) 1989: Die Römer in Hessen (2nd edn), StuttgartGoogle Scholar
Babelon, E. 1916: Le trésor de Berthouville, ParisGoogle Scholar
Balmelle, C. 2001: Les demeures aristocratiques d Aquitaine. Société et culture de l'antiquité tardive dans le Sud-Ouest de la Gaule, Bordeaux and ParisGoogle Scholar
Balmelle, C., and Doussau, S. 1982: ‘La mosaïque à l'Océan trouvée à Maubourget (Hautes-Pyrénées)’, Gallia 40, 149–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baratte, F., and Painter, K. (eds) 1989: Trésors d'Orfevrerie gallo-romains, ParisGoogle Scholar
Barrett, A.A. 1978: ‘The literary classics in Roman Britain’, Britannia 9, 307–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barton, T. 1994: Ancient Astrology, LondonGoogle Scholar
Becatti, G. 1958: ‘Arato’, in Enciclopedia dell Arte Antica I, Rome, 533–4Google Scholar
Becatti, G. 1961: Scavi di Ostia IV. Mosaici e pavimenti marmorei, RomeGoogle Scholar
Beeson, A.J. 1990: ‘Perseus and Andromeda as lovers – a mosaic panel from Brading and its origins’, Mosaic 17, 13–19Google Scholar
Beeson, A. 1995: ‘Venus and the fan’, Mosaic 22, 4–14Google Scholar
Beeson, A.J. 1997: ‘Achilles on Vectis. A new interpretation of a mosaic panel from Brading’, Mosaic 24, 13–16Google Scholar
Beeson, A. 2000: ‘The Frampton trident bearer’, Mosaic 27, 4–7Google Scholar
Beeson, A. 2001: ‘A terracotta goddess from Agrigento and the Venus of Hemsworth’, Mosaic 28, 20–1Google Scholar
Bethe, E. 1893: ‘Aratillustrationem’, Rhenisches Museum für Philologie 48, 91–109Google Scholar
Binns, J.W. (ed.) 1974: Latin Literature of the Fourth Century, London and BostonGoogle Scholar
Black, E.W. 1986: ‘Christian and pagan hopes of salvation in Romano-British mosaics’, in Henig and King 1986, 147–58Google Scholar
Blake, M.E. 1936: ‘Roman mosaics of the second century in Italy’, Memoirs American Academy at Rome 13, 67–214CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanchard-Lemée, M., Ennaïfer, M., Slim, H. and L., 1995: Mosaics of Roman Africa: Floor Mosaics from Tunisia, LondonGoogle Scholar
Blanco Freijeiro, A. 1978: Mosaicos romanos de Mérida, Corpus de Mosaicos de España I, MadridGoogle Scholar
Bland, R., and Johns, C. 1993: The Hoxne Treasure: an Illustrated Introduction, LondonGoogle Scholar
Blatler, R. 1984: ‘Argos III’, Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae II, Zurich and Munich, 600–2Google Scholar
Blázquez, J.M. 1994: ‘Mosaicos hispanos de tema homérico’, VI Colloquio Internacional sobre Mosaico antico, Pallencia, 279–92Google Scholar
Blázquez, J.M., and Mezquiriz, M.A. 1985: Mosaicos romanos de Navarra, Corpus de Mosaicos de España VII, MadridGoogle Scholar
Blázquez, J.M., Lopez Monteagudo, G., Neira Jiménez, M.L., and San Nicolas Pedraz, M.P. 1989: Mosaicos romanos del Museo Arqueologico Nacional, Corpus de Mosaicos de España IX, MadridGoogle Scholar
Boardman, J. et al. 1990: Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae V, Zurich and Munich, 1–192Google Scholar
Bol, P.C. (ed.) 1994: Forschungen zur Villa Albani. Katalog der antiken Bildwerke IV, BerlinGoogle Scholar
Braund, D. 1996: Ruling Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Cahn, H.A. 1997: ‘Oceanus’, Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae VIII, Zurich and Dusseldorf, 599–607Google Scholar
Cameron, A. 1967: ‘Macrobius, Avienus, and Avianus’, Classical Quarterly 17, 385–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chelbi, F. 1996: Utique la splendide, TunisGoogle Scholar
Clews, S. 1996: ‘A sea beast mosaic from Aquae Sulis’, Mosaic 23, 10–11Google Scholar
Cookson, N. 1984: Romano-British Mosaics: a Re-assessment and Critique of some Notable Stylistic Affnities, British Archaeological Reports 135, OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cosh, S.R. 1998: review of Tomalin and Hanworth 1998 in Mosaic 25, 38–9Google Scholar
Cosh, S.R. 1999: ‘Roman mosaics on display’, Mosaic 26, 8–13Google Scholar
Cosh, S.R. 2005: review of Witts 2005 in Mosaic 32, 29–31Google Scholar
Cosh, S.R., and Neal, D.S. 2005: Roman Mosaics of Britain. Volume II. South-west Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Cüppers, H. (ed.) 1990: Die Römer in Rheinland-Pfalz, StuttgartGoogle Scholar
Darmon, J.-P. 1994: Recueil général des mosaiques de la Gaule II – Lyonnaise 5, Xe Supplément à Gallia, ParisGoogle Scholar
De Caro, S. 2001: I Mosaici: la Casa del Fauno, NaplesGoogle Scholar
De la Bédoyère, G. 2002: Gods with Thunderbolts: Religion in Roman Britain, StroudGoogle Scholar
De Palol, P. 1967: ‘Das Oceanusmosaik in der römischen Villa zu Dueñas (Prov. Palencia)’, Madrider Mitteilungen 8, 196–225Google Scholar
Dennison, W. 1918: Studies in Early Christian and Roman Art, LondonCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desbat, A., Leblanc, O., Prisset, J.-L., Savay-Guerraz, H., and Tavernier, D. 1994: La Maison des Dieux Océan à Saint-Romain-en-Gal, ParisGoogle Scholar
Dorey, T.A. (ed.) 1965: Cicero, LondonGoogle Scholar
Dunbabin, K.M.D. 1978: The Mosaics of Roman North Africa: Studies in Iconography and Patronage, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Dunbabin, K.M.D. 1999: Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Fantar, M.H. (ed.) 1994: La mosaïque en Tunisie, Paris and TunisGoogle Scholar
Farioli Campanato, R. (ed.) 1984: III Colloquio Internazionale sul Mosaico Antico, RavennaGoogle Scholar
Farnoux, A. 1992: ‘Lykourgos I’, Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae VI, Zurich and Munich, 309–19Google Scholar
Fernández-Galiano, D. 1994: ‘The villa of Maternus at Carranque’, in Johnson, Ling and Smith 1994, 199–210Google Scholar
Fernández-Galiano, D., Patón Lorca, B., and Batalla Carchenilla, C.M. 1994: ‘Mosaicos de la villa de Carranque: un programa iconográfco’, VI Colloquio Internacional sobre Mosaico Antico, Pallencia, 317–26Google Scholar
Fiema, Z.T., Kanellopoulos, C., Waliszewski, T., and Schick, R. 2001: The Petra Church, AmmanGoogle Scholar
Foucher, L. 1960: Inventaire des mosaiques. Feuille no 57 de l'atlas archéologique de Sousse, TunisGoogle Scholar
Foucher, L. 1975: ‘Sur l'iconographie du dieu Océan’, Caesarodunum 10, 48–52Google Scholar
Frere, S.S., and Tomlin, R.S.O. 1992: The Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Volume II, Fascicule 4, StroudGoogle Scholar
Gain, D.B. 1976: The Aratus Ascribed to Germanicus, LondonGoogle Scholar
Gaiser, K. 1980: Die Philosophenmosaik in Neapel. Eine Darstellung der platonischen Akademie, Abhandlungen der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-Historische Klasse 1980, Abhandlung 2, HeidelbergGoogle Scholar
Guardia Pons, M. 1992: Los mosaicos de la antgüedad tardía en Hispania. Estudios de iconografía, BarcelonaGoogle Scholar
Gee, E. 2000: Ovid, Aratus and Augustus: Astronomy in Ovid's Fasti, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Gentili, G.V. 1999: La villa romana di Piazza Armerina. Palazzo Erculio, vol. 3, OsimoGoogle Scholar
Gibbs, S.L. 1976: Greek and Roman Sundials, New Haven and LondonGoogle Scholar
Gozlan, S. 1979: ‘Au dossier des mosaïques Héracléennes: Acholla (Tunisie), Cártama (Espagne), Saint-Paul-lès-Romans (Gaule)’, Revue Archéologique 1979, 35–72Google Scholar
Gundel, H.G. 1992: Zodiakos: Tierkreisbilder im Altertum, Mainz am RheinGoogle Scholar
Hanworth, R. 2004: ‘A possible name for a landowner at Brading villa’, Britannia 35, 240–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haverfeld, F. 1900: ‘Romano-British Hampshire’, Victoria County History of Hampshire and Isle of Wight I, London, 265–349Google Scholar
Helbig, W. 1972: Führer durch die öffentlichen Sammlungen klassischer Altertümer in Rom IV (4th edn), TübingenGoogle Scholar
Henig, M. 1984a: ‘James Engleheart's drawing of a mosaic at Frampton, 1794’, Proc. Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society 78, 143–6Google Scholar
Henig, M. 1984b: Religion in Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Henig, M. 1986a: ‘Ita intellexit numine inductus tuo: some personal interpretations of deity in Roman religion’, in Henig and King 1986, 159–69Google Scholar
Henig, M. 1986b: ‘Late Roman mosaics in Britain: myth and meaning’, Mosaic 13, 13–20Google Scholar
Henig, M. 1994: Classical Gems. Ancient and Modern Intaglios and Cameos in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Henig, M. 1995: The Art of Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Henig, M., and Booth, P. 2000: Roman Oxfordshire, StroudGoogle Scholar
Henig, M., and King, A. (eds) 1986: Pagan Gods and Shrines of the Roman Empire, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Himmelmann, N. 1977: ‘Ein mythologisches Relief aus Ostia’, in Höckmann and Krug 1977, 179–80Google Scholar
Hobbs, R. 2003: Treasure: Finding our Past, LondonGoogle Scholar
Höckmann, U., and Krug, A. 1977: Festschrift für Frank Brommer, Mainz am RheinGoogle Scholar
Hoffmann, P., Hupe, J., and Goethert, K. 1999: Katalog der römischen Mosaiken aus Trier und dem Umland, Trier and Mainz am RheinGoogle Scholar
Hornblower, S., and Spawforth, A. (eds) 1996: The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3rd edn), OxfordGoogle Scholar
Imhoof-Blumer, F. 1898: ‘Coin-types of some Kilikian cities’, Journal Hellenic Studies 18, 161–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingholt, H. 1967–1968: ‘Aratos and Chrysippos on a lead medallion from a Beirut collection’, Berytus 17, 143–78Google Scholar
Johnson, P., Ling, R., and Smith, D.J. (eds) 1994: Fifth International Colloquium on Ancient Mosaics, Journal Roman Archaeology Supp. Ser. 9, Ann ArborGoogle Scholar
Johnston, D.E. 1994: ‘North African infuences in Romano-British mosaics’, in Johnson, Ling and Smith 1994, 295–306CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, A.H.M., Martindale, J., and Morris, J. 1971: The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire. Volume I: AD 260–395, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Katzenstein, R., and Savage-Smith, E. 1988: The Leiden Aretea: Ancient Constellations in a Medieval Manuscript, MalibuGoogle Scholar
Kidd, D. 1997: Aratus, Phaenomena, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Koch, G., and Sichtermann, H. 1982: Römische Sarkophage, MunichGoogle Scholar
Lancha, J. 1981: Recueil des mosaiques de la Gaule III – 2 Vienne, ParisGoogle Scholar
Lancha, J. 1990: Les mosaiques de Vienne, LyonGoogle Scholar
Lancha, J. 1997: Mosaïque et culture dans l'Occident romain, Ier-IVe siècles, RomeGoogle Scholar
Lasserre, F. (ed.) 1966: Die Fragmente des Eudoxus von Knidus, BerlinGoogle Scholar
Lavagne, H. 1979: ‘Au dossier des mosaïques Héracléennes: la mosaïque de Saint-Paul-les-Romains’, Revue Archéologique 1979, 269–90Google Scholar
Ling, R. 1981a: ‘Further thoughts on fourth-century mosaics’, Britannia 12, 292–3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ling, R. 1981b: review of Gaiser 1980 in Classical Review 31, 322CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ling, R. 1991a: ‘Brading, Brantingham and York: a new look at some fourth-century mosaics’, Britannia 22, 147–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ling, R. 1991b: ‘The iconography of the Brading mosaics’, Mosaic 18, 14–20Google Scholar
Ling, R. 1997: ‘Mosaics in Roman Britain: discoveries and research since 1945’, Britannia 28, 259–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ling, R. 1998: Ancient Mosaics, LondonGoogle Scholar
Ling, R. 2003: ‘Inscriptions on Romano-British mosaics’, Mosaic 30, 14–16Google Scholar
Ling, R. and L., 2005: The Insula of the Menander at Pompeii. Volume 2, OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lochin, C. 1994: ‘Pegasos’, Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae VII, Zurich and Munich, 214–30Google Scholar
Lo Sardo, E. (ed.) 2005: Eureka! Il genio degli antichi, NaplesGoogle Scholar
Ludwig, W. 1965: ‘Aratos’, RE Supplementband X, Berlin, 26–39Google Scholar
Lysons, S. 1813: Reliquiae Britannico-Romanae, LondonGoogle Scholar
Manitius, C. 1894: Hipparchi in Arati et Eudoxi Phaenomena commentariorum libri tres, LeipzigGoogle Scholar
Martin, J. 1998: Aratos: Phénomènes, 2 vols, ParisGoogle Scholar
Matthews, J.F. 1967: ‘Continuity in a Roman family: the Rufi Festi of Volsinii’, Historia 16, 484–509Google Scholar
Matthews, J.F. 1974: ‘The letters of Symmachus’, in Binns 1974, 58–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mercando, L. 1983: ‘Documenti d'archivio per Forum Sempronii’, Bollettino d'Arte 5 68.19, 83–110Google Scholar
Messineo, G. 2000: La Tomba dei Nasonii, RomeGoogle Scholar
Mielsch, H. 2001: Römische Wandmalerei, StuttgartGoogle Scholar
Morgan, T. 1886: Romano-British Mosaic Pavements: a History of their Discovery and a Record and Interpretation of their Designs, LondonGoogle Scholar
Munby, J., and Henig, M. (eds) 1977: Roman Life and Art in Britain, British Archaeological Reports 41 (i), OxfordGoogle Scholar
Mynors, R.A.B. (ed.) 1990: Virgil, Georgics, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Neal, D.S. 1981: Roman Mosaics in Britain, Britannia Monograph 1, LondonGoogle Scholar
Neal, D.S. 2005: ‘New mosaics from Wigginton’, Mosaic 32, 15–18Google Scholar
Neal, D.S., and Cosh, S.R. 2002: Roman Mosaics of Britain. Volume 1. Northern Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Neira Jiménez, L. 2001: ‘La particular iconografa del dios Neptunos en algunos mosaicos romanos’, in Paunier and Schmidt 2001, II, 74–83Google Scholar
Neugebauer, O. 1975: A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy, 3 vols, Berlin, Heidelberg and New YorkCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paduano Faedo, L. 1981: ‘I sarcofagi romani con muse’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.12.2, Berlin and New York, 65–155Google Scholar
Palagia, O. 1986: ‘Daphne’, Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae III, Zurich and Munich, 344–8Google Scholar
Parlasca, K. 1959: Die römische Mosaiken in Deutschland, BerlinGoogle Scholar
Paunier, D., and Schmidt, C. (eds) 2001: La mosaique gréco-romaine VIII, 2 vols, LausanneGoogle Scholar
Perring, D. 2003: ‘Gnosticism in fourth-century Britain: the Frampton mosaics reconsidered’, Britannia 34, 97–127CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Picard, C. 1950: ‘Un cénacle littéraire hellénistique sur deux vases d'argent du trésor de Berthouville-Bernay’, Fondation Eugène Piot. Monuments et Mémoires 45, 53–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollitt, J.J. 1986: Art in the Hellenistic Age, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Price, J.E., and Hilton Price, F.G. 1881: A Description of the Remains of Roman Buildings at Morton near Brading, Isle of Wight, LondonGoogle Scholar
Pugliese Carratelli, G., and Baldassare, I. (eds) 1993: Pompei: pitture e mosaici, vol. IV, RomeGoogle Scholar
Putnam, W.G., and Rainey, A. 1974: ‘Sixth interim report on excavations at Dewlish Roman villa, 1974’, Proc. Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society 96, 59–62Google Scholar
Rainey, A. 1973: Mosaics in Roman Britain, Newton AbbottGoogle Scholar
RCHM 1976: Ancient and Historical Monuments in the County of Gloucester. Volume One. Iron Age and Romano-British Monuments in the Gloucestershire Cotswolds, LondonGoogle Scholar
Reeve, M.D. 1983: ‘Aratea’, in Reynolds 1983, 18–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, L.D. (ed.) 1983: Texts and Transmissions: a Survey of the Latin Classics, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Richmond, I.A. 1933: The Roman Pavements at Rudston, MaltonGoogle Scholar
Richmond, I.A. 1963: The Roman Pavements from Rudston, East Riding, Kingston upon HullGoogle Scholar
Richter, G.M.A. 1965: The Portraits of the Greeks, 3 vols, LondonGoogle Scholar
Richter, G.M.A. 1971: Engraved Gems of the Romans, London and New YorkGoogle Scholar
Richter, G.M.A. 1972: The Portraits of the Greeks, Supplement, LondonGoogle Scholar
Richter, G.M.A. 1984: The Portraits of the Greeks, abridged and revised By Smith, R.R.R., OxfordGoogle Scholar
Rivet, A.L.F. (ed.) 1969: The Roman Villa in Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Romanelli, P. 1970: Topografa e archeologia dell'Africa romana, TurinGoogle Scholar
Rupprecht, G. 1986: ‘Leben auf dem Land: der römische Gutshof in Bad Kreuznach’, Archäologie in Deutschland 1986.4, 36–9Google Scholar
Santoro-Bianchi, S. 1988: ‘Il tema fgurativo di Oceanus nell'età dei Severi’, Caesarodunum 23, 191–201Google Scholar
Saxl, F., and Meier, H. 1953: Catalogue of Astrological and Mythological Illuminated Manuscripts of the Latin Middle Ages III, LondonGoogle Scholar
Schefold, K. 1943: Die Bildnisse der antiken Dichter, Redner und Denker, BaselGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, E. 1997: ‘Venus’, Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae VIII, Zurich and Dusseldorf, 192–230Google Scholar
Sear, F.B. 1977: Roman Wall and Vault Mosaics, HeidelbergGoogle Scholar
Sennequier, G. 2002: Les mosaïques du Musée Départmental des Antiquités, Rouen, RouenGoogle Scholar
Simon, E. 1986: ‘Eridanos I’, Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae III, Zurich and Munich, 821–2Google Scholar
Simon, E. 1997: ‘Planetae’, Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae VIII, Zurich and Munich, 1003–9Google Scholar
Simon, E., and Bauchhenss, G. 1981: ‘Apollo’, Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae I, Zurich and Munich, 363–464Google Scholar
Simon, E., and Bauchhenss, G. 1994: ‘Poseidon/Neptunus’, Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae VII, Zurich and Munich, 483–500Google Scholar
Smith, D.J. 1969: ‘The mosaic pavements’, in Rivet 1969, 71–125CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, D.J. 1976: The Roman Mosaics from Rudston, Brantingham and Horkstow, Kingston upon HullGoogle Scholar
Smith, D.J. 1977: ‘Mythological fgures and scenes in Romano-British pavements’, in Munby and Henig 1977, 105–58Google Scholar
Smith, D.J. 1980: ‘Mosaics’, in Stead 1980, 131–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, D.J. 1984: ‘Roman mosaics in Britain: a synthesis’, in Farioli Campanati 1984, 357–80Google Scholar
Smith, D.J. 2005: Roman Mosaics at Hull (3rd edn revised By Foreman, M.), Kingston upon HullGoogle Scholar
Soubiran, J. (ed.) 1981: Avienus. Les Phénomènes d'Aratos, ParisGoogle Scholar
Spinola, G. 1999: Il museo Pio Clementino 2, Vatican CityGoogle Scholar
Stead, I.M. 1980: Rudston Roman Villa, LeedsGoogle Scholar
Stupperich, R. 1980: ‘A reconsideration of some fourth-century British mosaics’, Britannia 11, 289–301CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thiele, G. 1897: De Antiquorum Libris Pictis Capita Quattuor, MarburgGoogle Scholar
Thiele, G. 1898: Antike Himmelsbilder, BerlinGoogle Scholar
Tomalin, D., and Hanworth, R. 1998: A Guide to the Roman Villa at Brading, Isle of Wight, BradingGoogle Scholar
Tomlin, R.S.O., and Hassall, M.W.C. 2003: ‘II. Inscriptions’, Britannia 34, 361–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toomer, G.J. 1996: ‘Aratus’, in Hornblower and Spawforth 1996, 136–7Google Scholar
Townend, G.B. 1965: ‘The poems’, in Dorey 1965, 109–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toynbee, J.M.C. 1962: Art in Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Toynbee, J.M.C. 1964: Art in Britain under the Romans, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Trott, K. 2002: Summary Report on an Archaeological Evaluation at Brading Roman Villa, Sandown, Isle of Wight, LondonGoogle Scholar
Von Euw, A. 1987: Aratea: Sternenhimmel in Antike und Mittelalter, CologneGoogle Scholar
Von Heintze, H. 1977: ‘Die erhaltenen Darstellungen der Sieben Weisen’, Gymnasium 84, 437–43Google Scholar
Voute, P. 1972: ‘Notes sur l'iconographie d'Océan’, Mélanges de l’École française de Rome, Antiquité 84, 639–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, D. 1986: Aviens Phaenomena, ViennaGoogle Scholar
Weitzmann, K. 1959: Ancient Book Illumination, Martin Classical Lectures 16, Cambridge, MACrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, R.J.A. 2002: A Guide to the Roman Remains in Britain (4th edn), LondonGoogle Scholar
Wilson, R.J.A. 2003: ‘The Rudston mosaic revisited: a spear-bearing lion?’, Britannia 34, 288–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, R.J.A. 2004: ‘Two Romano-British mosaic inscriptions reconsidered’, Mosaic 31, 18–22Google Scholar
Witts, P.A. 1994: ‘Interpreting the Brading “Abraxas” mosaic’, Britannia 25, 111–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witts, P.A. 1995: ‘The lost mythological fgures mosaic from Pitney, Somerset’, Journal British Archaeological Association 148, 1–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witts, P.A. 2001: ‘Universal messages: iconographical similarity between the mosaics of Antioch and Britain’, Mosaic 28, 13–17Google Scholar
Witts, P. 2004: ‘The seasons mosaic at Brading: cult, culture or calendar?’, Mosaic 31, 23–31Google Scholar
Witts, P. 2005: Mosaics in Roman Britain. Stories in Stone, LondonGoogle Scholar
Yacoub, M. 1995: Splendeurs des mosaïques de Tunisie, TunisGoogle Scholar
Yalouris, N. 1977: Pegasus: the Art of the Legend (2nd edn), WesterhamGoogle Scholar