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The Veneration of Heroes in the Roman Army: The Evidence of Engraved Gemstones*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 November 2011

Martin Henig
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Extract

Religious beliefs current in the Imperial army are attested by numerous inscriptions. The Roman soldier was probably no more superstitious than his civilian counterpart but the dangers to which he was exposed rendered him in especial need of divine assistance, and so, in Britain at any rate, a large percentage of the extant dedications to gods and goddesses were erected by men from the legions or the auxiliaries. Other related aspects of military thought have received less attention however. Particularly worthy of examination in this connection is the attitude of the officer class within the army to the great heroes of the past. Even the slightest knowledge of Ancient epic must have been enough to ensure that the officers in both legions and auxiliaries (and almost certainly other ranks in the legions, as well) were acquainted with such events as the Trojan War and the foundation of Rome. It would have been natural for these men to have seen themselves as the inheritors of a glorious tradition established by heroes who had overcome all difficulties.

Type
Articles
Information
Britannia , Volume 1 , November 1970 , pp. 249 - 265
Copyright
Copyright © Martin Henig 1970. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

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References

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32 Site Museum. Charlesworth, op. cit., 29, no. 69 and pl. v, 3.

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45 Our evidence comes from inscriptions left by the commandants of Auxiliary Units, e.g. R.I.B., 1041 and 1042 (hunting), 1212 and 1272 (building activities). Another tribune dedicated an altar to Fortune the Homebringer (R.I.B., 812), in which we may discern a desire for the end of military service.

46 R.I.B., 946; 1142. The most obvious case of promotion, R.I.B., 1329, concerns a praefectus equitum who had been adlected into the senate and given quaestorian rank. Whether this was through merit or influence remains unknown.

47 Tacitus, Agricola, 4.

48 Ibid., ch. 5.

49 I am very grateful to Dr. G. Webster for permission to mention this in advance of publication.

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51 Unpublished. I am grateful to Professor S. S. Frere for giving me access to this intaglio; a detailed account of it is in preparation. See pl. XXVII, a, b.

52 Unpublished. Information from Dr. W. H. Manning. Report in preparation.

53 Cf. Hand-book to the Antiquities… in the Museum of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society (8th edn. 1891), 124. The cemetery dates from the first and second cent. For a military tornbstone from the area, cf. R.I.B., 671.

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79 Henkel, op. cit., 136, no. 1474 and pl. lxxvi, no. 179.

80 H. Dannheimer and R. Fink, Fundort in Bayern (1968), 132–33.

81 Chiesa, op. cit., 39–40 and nos. 702 ff.

82 Table in Webster, op. cit., 108.

83 Vollenweider, op. cit. In a few cases the provenance is known but the high regard in which late gems were held, until the rediscovery of Archaic art in modern times changed the fashion, has made the problem more than usually difficult. Gems travelled considerable distances, and were included in medieval reliquaries. I believe it highly probable that many of the best surviving gems have never been lost but have been valued and cared for since antiquity.

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92 Römer am Rhein (Cologne 1967), 194–95 and Baatz, D in Germania, xlvi (1968), 40 ff., esp. 45–46.Google Scholar

93 Smith, D. J. in Bull. B. of Celtic Studies, xviii (1960), 304–10.Google Scholar

94 As suggested on ibid., p. 307.

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100 Ibid., 159.

101 E.g. Espérandieu, op. cit., nos. 5950 (Carlsberg); 6195 (Coblenz); 6305 (Rheder near Bonn); 6382 (Cologne).

102 Carinthia I, cxlv (1955), 213 ff.Google Scholar

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107 Toynbee, op. cit. (1964), 304.

108 Curle, , The Treasure of Traprain (Glasgow 1923), 27–28, fig. 9 and pl. xii.Google Scholar

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111 Unpublished.

111 P. Steiner, op. cit., 131, No. 135 and pl. xiv.

113 Von Gonzenbach, Helvetia Antigua (1966), 185, 2.

114 Richmond, , Arch. Aelj4, xxi, 173–76.Google Scholar

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119 Kurz, O. in Hackin, J.: Nouvelles Recherches Archeologiques à Begram (Paris 1954), 129–30 and fig. 443. He believes that Ares is much more likely, however, and cites a bronze statuette from the Fossdyke, Lines. (=Toynbee., op. cit. (1962), 131, cat. 16 and pl. xix) to support his case.Google Scholar

120 Bieber, M., Alexander the Great in Greek and Roman Art (Chicago 1964), 59–61Google Scholar. She follows Shreiber, Th. in Abhandlungen der sachsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, xxi (1903), 92 ff. This idealized conception of Alexander seems to have been evolved in Alexandria.Google Scholar

121 Plutarch, Alexander, xv (Loeb edn. trans., B. Perrin (1919)). Also cf. ibid., v. The beauty of Alexander, and the ‘melting look in his eyes’ was also stressed, as with Achilles, ibid., iv.

122 Bieber, op. cit. 68–69. On Augustus, cf. Suetonius, Augustus, 50, and note 24 above. He used the head of Alexander, after he had tired of the sphinx as an emblem.

123 Cf. Suetonius, Nero, 19. The Legio I Italica called ‘The Phalanx of Alexander the Great.’ For a bronze statuette, probably from Suffolk, showing ‘Nero in the guise of Alexander’, cf. Toynbee, op. cit. (1964), 49 and pl. v. For third-cent, emperors, Bieber, op. cit., 76 ff.

124 Bieber, op. cit., 71.

125 Ibid., 74.

126 Chesters, , Arch. Ael.4, xxxix (1961), 32, no. 6 and pl. v, no. 7, Caerleon, unpublished (information G. C. Boon).Google Scholar

127 Steiner, op. cit., 119 and pl. xiii, no. 13.

128 Toynbee, op. cit. (1964), 311 and pl. lxxii.

129 S.H.A., , Triginta Tyranni, xiv, 6Google Scholar, cited in Bieber, op. cit., 80. On the date of S.H.A., see now Syme, , Ammianus and the Historia Augusta (Oxford 1968).Google Scholar

130 Bieber, op. cit., passim, also cf. Richter, G. M. A., Engraved Gems of the Greeks and the Etruscans (London 1968), 152Google Scholar–55, nos. 597–607, 610 and 611 and eadem, The Portraits of the Greeks (London 1965), 254–55.Google Scholar

131 Bieber, op. cit., 60 on the Cos statue, which may have been the very one seen by Nikander in the second cent., when it had an ambrosia plant (which of course symbolized immortality) growing from its head.

132 Cf. notes 118 and 126 above.