Investigating the association between schizophrenia and distance visual acuity: Mendelian randomisation study – CORRIGENDUM

Natalie Shoham; Diana Dunca; Claudia Cooper; Joseph F. Hayes; Andrew McQuillin; Nick Bass; Gemma Lewis; Karoline Kuchenbaecker

doi:10.1192/bjo.2023.556

Investigating the association between schizophrenia and distance visual acuity: Mendelian randomisation study – CORRIGENDUM

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 April 2024

Nick Bass ,

Gemma Lewis and

Karoline Kuchenbaecker

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Abstract

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Keywords

Psychiatric epidemiology visual impairment schizophrenia psychosis Mendelian randomisation corrigendum

Type: Corrigendum
Information: BJPsych Open , Volume 10 , Issue 3 , May 2024 , e73

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2023.556 [Opens in a new window]
Creative Commons: This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright: Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal College of Psychiatrists

The original discussion read that sample overlap can bias results towards the null in two sample MR. This should read: Use of weak instruments can bias results towards the null in two sample MR, except possibly in the presence of sample overlap.^{Reference Burgess and Thompson1,Reference Burgess, Davies and Thompson2} The authors apologise for this oversight.

In two sample MR analysis, when the outcome is continuous, the use of weak instruments could bias the results towards the observational association and could inflate the type I error. The degree of bias and Type I inflation depend on several factors, including the magnitude of the true causal effect, the degree of confounding between the risk factors and the outcome, as well as on the degree of overlap between the two samples.^{Reference Burgess and Thompson1,Reference Burgess, Davies and Thompson2} If the two samples are independent or almost independent (as we anticipate in this study) and the true causal effect not zero, the bias might be in the direction of the null hypothesis.

References

Shoham, N, Dunca, D, Cooper, C, Hayes, JF, McQuillin, A, Bass, N, Lewis, G, Kuchenbaecker, K. Investigating the association between schizophrenia and distance visual acuity: Mendelian randomisation study. BJPsych Open 2023; 9(3): e33.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Burgess, S, Thompson, SG. Mendelian Randomization: Methods for Using Genetic Variants in Causal Estimation. CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group; 2015.CrossRef Google Scholar

Burgess, S, Davies, NM, Thompson, SG. Bias due to participant overlap in two-sample Mendelian randomization. Genet Epidemiol 2016; 40(7): 597–608. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/gepi.21998CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed