Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T10:36:06.317Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Assessing spatial dispersion, abundance, and conservation perspectives of Military Macaw Ara militaris populations in Mexico

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2021

TIBERIO C. MONTERRUBIO-RICO ,
JUAN F. CHARRE-MEDELLÍN Open the ORCID record for JUAN F. CHARRE-MEDELLÍN [Opens in a new window] ,
YAMEL RUBIO-ROCHA ,
CARLOS BONILLA-RUZ ,
CLAUDIA CINTA-MAGALLÓN ,
RAMÓN CANCINO-MURILLO ,
FRANCISCO J. SAHAGÚN-SÁNCHEZ ,
ALEJANDRO DURAN-FERNÁNDEZ ,
JENNIFER S. LOWRY  and
JESÚS M. CORRALES-SAUCEDO
TIBERIO C. MONTERRUBIO-RICO
Affiliation:
Laboratorio de Vertebrados Terrestres Prioritarios, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio “R”, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
JUAN F. CHARRE-MEDELLÍN*
Affiliation:
Laboratorio de Vertebrados Terrestres Prioritarios, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio “R”, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Michoacán, México. Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Campus Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
YAMEL RUBIO-ROCHA
Affiliation:
Facultad de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México.
CARLOS BONILLA-RUZ
Affiliation:
Guacamayas para Siempre A.C., Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, México.
CLAUDIA CINTA-MAGALLÓN
Affiliation:
Guacamayas para Siempre A.C., Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, México.
RAMÓN CANCINO-MURILLO
Affiliation:
Laboratorio de Vertebrados Terrestres Prioritarios, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio “R”, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
FRANCISCO J. SAHAGÚN-SÁNCHEZ
Affiliation:
Universidad de Guadalajara. Departamento de Políticas Públicas, CUCEA, Zapopan, Jalisco, México.
ALEJANDRO DURAN-FERNÁNDEZ
Affiliation:
Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas, Dirección de la Reserva de la Biosfera “Sierra del Abra Tanchipa”, Tamuín, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
JENNIFER S. LOWRY
Affiliation:
United Corridors A.C., Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico.
JESÚS M. CORRALES-SAUCEDO
Affiliation:
Facultad de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México.
*
*Author for correspondence; email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

The preservation of Military Macaw Ara militaris in Mexico required the implementation of a nationwide assessment evaluating its vulnerability using IUCN criteria. With the combined effort of several institutions, the abundance, location, dispersion, habitat availability, and climatic conditions of areas occupied by the species were determined. Although the species’ extent of occurrence is extensive (263,919 km2) only 29% of this constitutes area of occupancy. Published estimates indicate a series of isolated populations containing from four macaws to 215. Macaws occurred in 35 populations in four regions of 16 states containing an estimated 1,563–3,263 macaws; lower than required for long-term viability. Within regions, neighbouring populations were separated by an average of 68 km. The extent of occurrence is heterogeneous, and macaws inhabit areas that differ in elevation, precipitation, temperature, and forest cover. Higher local abundances occur in landscapes where annual precipitation is ≥1,100 mm, and primary forest availability ≥1,800 km2. Although the existence of undetected macaw groups in Mexico is possible, these are likely to contain only small numbers of individuals, as most detected areas with macaws contain less than 40 individuals, and larger concentrations are more likely to be noticed due to their conspicuous behaviour. The species is threatened primarily by its low overall abundance, fragmented distribution, and forest loss around populations with the highest abundance. With the information generated, it is possible to design and implement specific management and conservation strategies at different geographic scales for the recovery and maintenance of the species in Mexico. It is necessary to strengthen collaborative programmes among conservation organizations, government agencies, and local communities in each region of the country to organize and finance community-based actions such as monitoring, habitat restoration, protection from poaching and the creation of a network of conservation corridors and macaw reserves focused on conservation.

Keywords

Spatial dispersion patternsmetapopulationMilitary Macaw
Type
Research Article
Information
Bird Conservation International , Volume 31 , Issue 4 , December 2021 , pp. 534 - 552
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of BirdLife International

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Almazán-Núñez, R. C. and Nova-Muñoz, O. (2006) La guacamaya verde (Ara militaris) en la Sierra Madre del Sur, Guerrero, México. Huitzil 7: 20–22.Google Scholar
Álvarez del Toro, M. (1952) New records of birds from Chiapas, Mexico. Condor 52: 112–114.Google Scholar
Arcos-Torres, A. and Solano-Ugalde, A. (2008) Primer registro de una colonia reproductiva del Guacamayo Militar (Psittacidae: Ara militaris) en Ecuador. Ornitol. Colombiana 6: 69–33.Google Scholar
Avilés-Ramos, L. (2016) Éxito de anidación y productividad de la Guacamaya Verde (Ara militaris) en Bahía de Banderas, Jalisco. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo.Google Scholar
Berkunsky, I., Daniele, G., Kacoliris, F. P., Díaz-Luque, J.A., Silva Frias, C. P., Aramburu, R. M. and Gilardi, J. D. (2014) Reproductive parameters in the critically endangered blue-throated Macaw: Limits to the recovery of a parrot under intensive management. PLoS ONE 9(6): e99941.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bibby, C., Burgess, N., Hill, D. and Mustoe, S. (2000) Bird census techniques. London, UK: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Binford, L. (1989) A distribution survey of the birds of the state of Oaxaca. Ornithol. Monogr. 43: 418.Google Scholar
BirdLife International (2014) Ara militaris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013. Http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22685548/0 [accessed 20 February 2016].Google Scholar
BirdLife International (2019) Species factsheet: Ara militaris. Http://www.birdlife.org/ [accessed 20 February 2019].Google Scholar
Bonilla-Ruz, C., Reyes-Macedo, G. and Cruz, L. (2007a) Ámbito hogareño de la Guacamaya Verde (Ara militaris) en la cañada Oaxaqueña. Mesoamericana 11: 53–59.Google Scholar
Bonilla-Ruz, C., Reyes-Macedo, G. and García, R. (2007b) Observations of the Military Macaw (Ara militaris) in Northern Oaxaca, México. Wilson J. Ornithol. 119: 729–732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonilla-Ruz, C., Monterrubio-Rico, T. C., Avilés-Ramos, L. M. and Cinta-Magallon, C. (2014) Anidación greagria y éxito reproductivo en la guacamaya verde (Ara militaris) en un bosque tropical costero del occidente de México. Ornitol. Neotrop. 25: 303–316.Google Scholar
Bonilla-Ruz, C., Cinta-Magallón, C., Monterrubio-Rico, T. and Avilés-Ramos, L. (2018) Population assessment of Military Macaw (Ara militaris) inhabiting the southern coastal forests of Bahía de Banderas, Jalisco, Mexico. Wilson J. Ornithol. 130: 859–868.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carreón–Arroyo, G. (1997) Estimación poblacional, biología reproductiva y ecología de la nidificación de la guacamaya verde (Ara militaris) en una selva estacional del oeste de Jalisco, México. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.Google Scholar
Cody, R. and Smith, J. (1991) Applied statistics & SAS programming. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
CONANP (2019) Áreas naturales protegidas federales. http://sig.conanp.gob.mx/website/pagsig/info_shape.htm [accessed 20 February 2019].Google Scholar
Cougill, S. and Marsden, S. J. (2004) Variability in roost size in an Amazona parrot: implications for roost monitoring. J. Field Ornithol. 75: 67–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruz-Nieto, J., Ortiz-Maciel, G., Cruz-Nieto, M., Bujanda-Rico, M. and Enkerlin, E. (2006) Military Macaw nesting cliff in Otachique, Chihuahua, Mexico. PsittaScene 2: 18.Google Scholar
De Labra-Hernández, M. (2007) Distribución potencial de la guacamaya verde (Ara militaris), en el municipio de La Huacana, Michoacán. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo.Google Scholar
Del Coro Arizmendi, M., Márquez-Valdemar, L. and Ornelas, J. (2002) Avifauna de la región de Chamela, Jalisco. Pp. 297–329 in Noguera, F. A., Vega-Rivera, J. H., García-Aldrete, A. N. and Quesada-Avendaño, M., eds. Historia natural de Chamela. Ciudad de México, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.Google Scholar
Eisermann, K. (2003) Status and conservation of Yellow-headed Parrot Amazona oratrix ‘guatemalensis’ on the Atlantic coast of Guatemala. Bird Conserv. Internatn. 13: 361–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Estrada, A. (2014) Reintroduction of the scarlet macaw (Ara macao cyanoptera) in the tropical rainforests of Palenque, Mexico: project design and first year progress. Trop. Conserv. Sci. 7: 342–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flores-López, E., Montero-Castro, J., Monterrubio-Rico, T., Ibarra-Manríquez, G., López-Toledo, L. and Bonilla-Ruz, C. (2020) Differential use of forest patches by the Military Macaw Ara militaris (Psittacidae) in coastal tropical forests of Jalisco, Mexico. Ardeola 67: 423–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forshaw, J. (1978) Parrots of the world. New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Forshaw, J. (1989) Parrots of the world 3rd edition. London, UK: Blandford Press.Google Scholar
Gardner, A. L. (1972) The occurrence of Streptoprocne zonaris albicincta and Ara militaris in Chiapas, México. Condor 74: 480–481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaucín-Ríos, N. (1999) Biología de la conservación de la guacamaya verde (Ara militaris) en el Sótano del Barro, Querétaro. Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro.Google Scholar
Hanski, I., Moilanen, A. and Gyllenberg, M. (1996) Minimum viable metapopulation size. Am. Nat. 147: 527–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haugaasen, T. and Peres, C. A. (2008) Population abundance and biomass of large bodied birds in Amazonian flooded and unflooded forests. Bird Conserv. Internatn. 18: 87–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hernández-Castan, J., Villordo-Galván, J. A., Cano-García, B. I., Gaspariano-Martínez, E. and Rodríguez-Cantalapiedra, P. (2012) Registro de guacamaya verde (Ara militaris) en la UMA Santa Cruz Achichipilco, municipio de Teotlalco, Puebla. Huitzil 13: 130–136.Google Scholar
Hijmans, R., Cameron, S., Parra, J., Jones, P. and Jarvis, A. (2005) Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. Internatn. J. Climatol. 25: 1965–1978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howell, S. (1999) A bird-finding guide to Mexico. New York, USA: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Howell, S. and Webb, S. (1995) A guide to the birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
INEGI (2010) Conjunto Nacional de Uso de Suelo y Vegetación a escala 1:250,000, Serie IV. México.Google Scholar
IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee (2017) Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Jiménez-Arcos, V. H., Santa Cruz-Padilla, S. A., Escalona-López, A., Del Coro Arizmendi, M. and Vázquez, L. (2012) Ampliación de la distribución y presencia de una colonia reproductiva de la guacamaya verde (Ara militaris) en el alto Balsas de Guerrero, México. Rev. Mexicana Biodiversidad 83: 864–867.Google Scholar
Juárez, M., Marateo, G., Grilli, P., Pagano, L., Rumi, M. and Silva-Croome, M. (2012) Estado del conocimiento y nuevos aportes sobre la historia natural del guacamayo verde (Ara militaris). Hornero 27: 5–16.Google Scholar
Juniper, T. and Parr, M. (1998) Parrots: A guide to the parrots of the world. Connecticut USA: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Karubian, J., Fabara, J., Yunes, D., Jorgenson, J. P., Romo, D. and Smith, T. B. (2005) Temporal and spatial patterns of macaw abundance. The Condor 107: 617–626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowry, J. and Pérez-Elissetche, K. (2016) Informe de la liberación de la Guacamaya Verde (Ara militaris) “Petra Herrera". Querétaro, México.Google Scholar
Loza-Salas, C. (1997) Patrones de abundancia, uso de hábitat y alimentación de la guacamaya verde (Ara militaris) en la Presa Cajón de Peña, Jalisco, México. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.Google Scholar
Marín-Togo, C., Monterrubio-Rico, T., Renton, K., Rubio-Rocha, Y., Macías-Caballero, C., Ortega-Rodríguez, J. and Cancino-Murillo, R. (2012) Reduced current distribution of Psittacidae on the Mexican Pacific coast: potential impacts of habitat loss and capture for trade. Biodivers. Conserv. 21: 451–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsden, S. (1999) Estimation of parrot and hornbill densities using a point count distance sampling method. Ibis 141: 377–390.Google Scholar
Marsden, S. and Pilgrim, J. (2003) Factors influencing the abundance of parrots and hornbills in pristine and disturbed forests on New Britain, PNG. Ibis 145: 45–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matuzak, G. D. and Brightsmith, D. J. (2007) Roosting of Yellow-naped Parrots in Costa Rica: Estimating the size and recruitment of threatened populations. J. Field Ornithol. 78: 159–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meffe, M. and Carroll, C. (1997) Principles of conservation biology. Massachusetts, USA: Sunderland.Google Scholar
Monterrubio-Rico, T. C. (2013) Distribución potencial de las especies de la familia Psittacidae en México. Ciudad de México, México.Google Scholar
Monterrubio-Rico, T. C., DeLabra-Hernández, M. Á., Ortega-Rodríguez, J. M. and Villaseñor-Gómez, C. J. F. (2011) Present and potential distribution of the military macaw in Michoacán, Mexico. Rev. Mexicana Biodiversidad 82: 1311–1319.Google Scholar
Monterrubio-Rico, T. C., Charre-Medellín, J. F., Pacheco-Figueroa, C., Arriaga-Weiss, S., Valdez-Leal, J. D. D., Cancino-Murillo, R., Escalona-Segura, G., Bonilla-Ruz, C. and Rubio-Rocha, Y. (2016) Historical and contemporary potential distribution of the Psittacidae family in Mexico. Rev. Mexicana Biodiversidad 87: 1103–1117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newton, I. (1998) Population limitation in birds. New York, USA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
North Star Science and Technology (2019) Tracking wildlife. Https://www.northstarst.com [accessed 20 February 2019].Google Scholar
Orbe-Alvan, S. (2017) Abundancia de guacamayos en la cuenca media del río Samiria, Reserva Nacional pacaya Samiria, Loreto, Perú: Universidad Científica del Perú.Google Scholar
Phillips, S., Anderson, R. and Schapire, R. (2006) Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distribution. Ecol. Modell. 190: 231–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
QGIS Development Team (2016) QGIS geographic information system. Open Source Geospatial Foundation. Http://qgis.osgeo.org.Google Scholar
Ridgely, R. (1981) The current distribution and status of mainland neotropical parrots. Pp. 233–384 in Pasquier, R., ed. Conservation of New World parrots. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press/ICBP.Google Scholar
Ríos-Muñoz, C. A. and Navarro-Sigüenza, A. (2009) Efectos del cambio de uso de suelo en la disponibilidad hipotética de hábitat para los psitácidos de México. Ornitol. Neotrop. 20: 491–509.Google Scholar
Rivera-Ortíz, F. A., Contreras-González, A. M., Soberanes-González, C. A., Valiente-Banuet, A. and Arizmendi, M. D. C. (2008) Seasonal abundance and breeding chronology of the military Macaw (Ara militaris) in a semi-arid region of Central Mexico. Ornitol. Neotrop. 19: 255–263.Google Scholar
Rivera-Ortíz, F. A., Oyama, K., Ríos-Muñoz, C. A., Solórzano, S., Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G. and Del Coro Arizmendi, M. (2013) Habitat characterization and modeling of the potential distribution of the Military Macaw (Ara militaris) in Mexico. Rev. Mexicana Biodiversidad 84: 1200–1215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rivera-Ortíz, F. A., Oyama, K., Villar-Rodríguez, C. L., Contreras-González, A. M. and Arizmendi, M. D. C. (2016) The use of tree cavities and cliffs by the Military Macaw (Ara militaris) in Salazares Nayarit, Mexico. Rev. Mexicana Biodiversidad 87: 540–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rivera-Ortíz, F. A., Solórzano, S., Arizmendi, M. del C., Dávila-Aranda, P. and Oyama, K. (2017) Genetic diversity and structure of the Military Macaw (Ara militaris) in Mexico: Implications for conservation. Tropical Conservation Science 10: 1–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth, P. (1984) Repartição do habitat entre psitacídeos simpátricos no sul da Amazônia. Acta Amazonica 14: 175–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubio-Rocha, Y. (2014) Conservación de la guacamaya verde en México y fortalecimiento de grupos de investigación. Culiacán de Rosales, Sinaloa, México.Google Scholar
Russell, S. and Monson, G. (1998) The birds of Sonora. Arizona, USA: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Sánchez-Soto, S., Esteban-Guzmán, N and Lizcano-Aguilar, J. (2017) Avistamientos recientes de Ara macao (Psittacidae) en el estado de Tabasco, México. Boletín Zeledonia 21: 54–59.Google Scholar
Salazar, T., Bonilla-Ruiz, C. and Ximello-Olguín, F. (2010) Primer Registro de Guacamaya Verde (Ara militaris) en el municipio de Tehuacán, Puebla, México. Mesoamericana 14: 59–66.Google Scholar
SEMARNAT (2010) Norma Oficial Mexicana (NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010) Protección ambiental-Especies nativas de México de flora y fauna silvestres-Categoriasde riesgo y especificacionespara su inclusión, exclusión o cambio-Lista de especies en riesgo. Ciudad de México, México.Google Scholar
Shaffer, M. L. (1981) Minimum population sizes for species conservation. BioScience 31: 131–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sierra-Franco, D. (2006) Estudio Ecológico de la Guacamaya Verde (Ara militaris Linnaeus) en El Salto del Agua Llovida, Municipio de Durango, Dgo. Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango.Google Scholar
Snyder, N., Mcgowan, P., Gilardi, J. and Grajal, A. (2000) Parrots, status survey and conservation action plan 2000–2004. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN and the World Parrot Trust.Google Scholar
Tobias, J. A. and Brightsmith, D. J. (2007) Distribution, ecology and conservation status of the Blue-headed Macaw Primolius couloni . Biol. Conserv. 139: 126–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Traill, L. W., Bradshaw, C. and Brook, B. (2007) Minimum viable population size: a meta-analysis of 30 years of published estimates. Biol. Conserv. 139: 159–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (2019) Endangered species. Foreign Species|Parrots. Https://www.fws.gov/endangered/what-we-do/parrots.html [accessed 18 October 2019].Google Scholar
Urbina-Torres, F., Romo De Vivar-Álvarez, C. and Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G. (2009) Notas sobre la distribución de algunas aves en Morelos, México. Huitzil 10: 30–37.Google Scholar
Urbina-Torres, F., Monroy-Vilchis, O., González-Martínez, Á., Amador-Solís, C. L. R. and Celis-Murillo, A. (2012) Nuevos registros de aves para el Estado de México. Rev. Mexicana Biodiversidad 83: 1241–1243.Google Scholar
Van der Hoek, Y., G, G. and Martin, K. (2017) The diversity, distribution and conservation status of the tree-cavity-nesting birds of the world. Divers. Distrib. 23: 1120–1131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaughan, C., Nemeth, N. M., Cary, J. and Temple, S. (2005) Response of a Scarlet Macaw Ara macao population to conservation practices in Costa Rica. Bird Conserv. Internatn. 15: 119–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaughan, C., Nemeth, N. and Marineros, L. (2006) Scarlet Macaw, Ara macao, (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae) diet in Central Pacific Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Tropical 54: 919–926.Google ScholarPubMed
Vigo, G., Williams, M. and Brightsmith, D. (2011). Growth of Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao) chicks in southeastern Peru. Ornitol. Neotrop. 22: 143–153.Google Scholar
Villaseñor-Gómez, J. (1988) Aves costeras de Michoacán, México. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo.Google Scholar
Villaseñor, E. and Botello, F. (2012) Registros notables de la Guacamaya verde (Ara militaris) en el norte del estado de Guerrero, México. Acta Zool. Mexicana (Nueva Serie) 28: 465–470.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Monterrubio-Rico et al. supplementary material

Tables S1-S3

Download Monterrubio-Rico et al. supplementary material(File)
File 35.8 KB