Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T23:26:40.214Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Priming of code-switches in sentences: The role of lexical repetition, cognates, and language proficiency*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2012

GERRIT JAN KOOTSTRA ,
JANET G. VAN HELL  and
TON DIJKSTRA
GERRIT JAN KOOTSTRA*
Affiliation:
Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands
JANET G. VAN HELL
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, USA & Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands
TON DIJKSTRA
Affiliation:
Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour & Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands
*
Address for correspondence: Gerrit Jan Kootstra, Centre for Language Studies, Department of Linguistics, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9103, 6500 HD Nijmegen, the Netherlands[email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In two experiments, we tested the role of lexical repetition, cognates, and second language (L2) proficiency in the priming of code-switches, using the structural priming technique. Dutch–English bilinguals repeated a code-switched prime sentence (starting in Dutch and ending in English) and then described a target picture by means of a code-switched sentence (also from Dutch into English). Low- and high-proficient speakers of L2 English were tested in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. We found that the participants’ tendency to switch at the same position as in the prime sentence was influenced by lexical repetition between prime sentence and target picture and by the presence of a cognate in prime and target. A combined analysis showed that these lexical effects were stronger in the high-proficient than in the low-proficient L2 speakers. These results provide new insights into how language-related and speaker-related variables influence code-switching in sentences, and extend cognitive models of lexical and combinatorial processes in bilingual sentence production.

Keywords

code-switchingstructural priminglanguage productionproficiencycognates
Type
Research Article
Information
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition , Volume 15 , Issue 4 , October 2012 , pp. 797 - 819
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

We thank Angelique Vedder and Nicole Swart for their help in data collection. We also thank David Green, Rob Hartsuiker and an anonymous reviewer for providing valuable comments on earlier versions of this article. The research reported in this paper was supported by a grant from the Behavioural Science Institute, awarded to Janet G. van Hell. Gerrit Jan Kootstra is now at Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University Nijmegen.

References

Abutalebi, J., Cappa, S. F., & Perani, D. (2001). The bilingual brain as revealed by functional neuroimaging. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4, 179–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arai, M., van Gompel, R. P. G., & Scheepers, C. (2007). Priming ditransitive structures in comprehension. Cognitive Psychology, 54, 218–250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Auer, P. (ed.). (1998). Code-switching in conversation: Language, interaction and identity. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Baayen, R. H., Davidson, D. J., & Bates, D. M. (2008). Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of Memory and Language, 59, 390–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baayen, R. H., Piepenbrock, R., & van Rijn, H. (1993). The CELEX lexical database (CD-ROM). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, Linguistic Data Consortium.Google Scholar
Bates, D. M., Maechler, M., & Dai, B. (2007). lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using S4 classes. R package version 0.999375-27.Google Scholar
Bernolet, S., Hartsuiker, R. J., & Pickering, M. J. (2007). Shared syntactic representations in bilinguals: Evidence for the role of word-order repetition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33, 931–949.Google ScholarPubMed
Bernolet, S., Hartsuiker, R. J., & Pickering, M. J. (in press). Effects of phonological feedback on the selection of syntax: Evidence from between-language syntactic priming. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, doi:10.1017/S1366728911000162. Published online by Cambridge University Press, October 12, 2011.Google Scholar
Bock, J. K. (1986). Syntactic persistence in language production. Cognitive Psychology, 18, 355–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bock, J. K. (1989). Closed-class immanence in sentence production. Cognition, 31, 163–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bock, J. K., & Loebell, H. (1990). Framing sentences. Cognition, 35, 1–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Branigan, H. P., Pickering, M. J., & Cleland, A. A. (2000). Syntactic co-ordination in dialogue. Cognition, 75, B13–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broersma, M. (2009). Triggered codeswitching between cognate languages. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12, 447–462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broersma, M., & de Bot, K. (2006). Triggered codeswitching: A corpus-based evaluation of the original triggering hypothesis and a new alternative. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broersma, M., Isurin, L., Bultena, S., & de Bot, K. (2009). Triggered code switching Evidence from Dutch–English and Russian–English bilinguals. In Isurin, L., Winford, D., & de Bot, K. (eds.), Multidisciplinary approaches to code switching, pp. 103–128. Amsterdam & Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bultena, S., Dijkstra, T., & van Hell, J. G. (2011). Modulated switch costs in bilingual sentence processing: Evidence from shadowing and self-paced reading. Ms., Radboud University Nijmegen.Google Scholar
Chang, F., Dell, G. S., & Bock, J. K. (2006). Becoming syntactic. Psychological Review, 113, 234–272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christoffels, I. K., Firk, C., & Schiller, N. O. (2007). Bilingual language control: An event-related brain potential study. Brain Research, 1147, 192–208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cleland, A. A., & Pickering, M. J. (2003). The use of lexical and syntactic information in language production: Evidence from the priming of noun-phrase structure. Journal of Memory and Language, 49, 214–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clyne, M. (1967). Transference and triggering: Observations on the language assimilation of postwar German-speaking migrants in Australia. Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Clyne, M. (1980). Triggering and language processing. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 34, 400–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clyne, M. (2003). Dynamics of language contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corley, M., & Scheepers, C. (2002). Syntactic priming in English sentence production: Categorical and latency evidence from an Internet-based study. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 126–131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costa, A., Caramazza, A., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2000). The cognate facilitation effect: Implications for models of lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 1283–1296.Google ScholarPubMed
Costa, A., Pickering, M. J., & Sorace, A. (2008). Alignment in second language dialogue. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23, 528–556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, A., & Santesteban, M. (2004). Lexical access in bilingual speech production: Evidence from language switching in highly proficient bilinguals and L2 learners. Journal of Memory and Language, 50, 491–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desmet, T., & Declercq, M. (2006). Cross-linguistic priming of syntactic hierarchical configuration information. Journal of Memory and Language, 54, 610–632.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deuchar, M. (2005). Congruence and Welsh–English code-switching. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 8, 255–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dijksterhuis, A., & Bargh, J. A. (2001). The perception–behavior expressway: Automatic effects of social perception on social behavior. In Zanna, M. P. (ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (vol. 33), pp. 1–40. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Dijkstra, T., Miwa, K., Brummelhuis, B., Sappelli, M., & Baayen, R. H. (2010). How cross-language similarity and task demands affect cognate recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 62, 284–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dörnyei, Z. (2003). Attitudes, orientations, and motivations in language learning: Advances in theory, research, and applications. Language Learning, 53 (S1), 3–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferreira, V. S., & Bock, J. K. (2006). The functions of structural priming. Language and Cognitive Processes, 21, 1011–1029.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garrod, S., & Pickering, M. J. (2004). Why is conversation so easy? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 8–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giles, H., Coupland, N., & Coupland, J. (1991). Accommodation theory: Communication, context, and consequence. In Giles, H., Coupland, J., & Coupland, N. (eds.), Contexts of accommodation: Developments in applied sociolinguistics, pp. 1–68. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gollan, T. H., & Acenas, L. A. R. (2004). What is a TOT? Cognate and translation effects on tip-of-the-tongue states in Spanish–English and Tagalog–English bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 246–269.Google ScholarPubMed
Green, D. W. (1998). Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 67–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, D. W. (2011). Language control in different contexts: The behavioral ecology of bilingual speakers. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, article 103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gries, S. T. (2005). Syntactic priming: A corpus-based approach. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 34, 365–399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartsuiker, R. J., Bernolet, S., Schoonbaert, S., Speybroeck, S., & Vanderelst, D. (2008). Syntactic priming persists while the lexical boost decays: Evidence from written and spoken dialogue. Journal of Memory and Language, 58, 214–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartsuiker, R. J., & Pickering, M. J. (2008). Language integration in bilingual sentence production. Acta Psychologica, 128, 479–489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartsuiker, R. J., Pickering, M. J., & Veltkamp, E. (2004). Is syntax separate or shared between languages? Cross-linguistic syntactic priming in Spanish–English bilinguals. Psychological Science, 15, 409–414.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hatzidaki, A., Branigan, H. P., Pickering, M. J. (2011). Co-activation of syntax in bilingual language production. Cognitive Psychology, 62, 123–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kootstra, G. J., van Hell, J. G., & Dijkstra, T. (2010). Syntactic alignment and shared word order in code-switched sentence production: Evidence from bilingual monologue and dialogue. Journal of Memory and Language, 63, 210–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kootstra, G. J., van Hell, J. G., & Dijkstra, T. (2011). You say tomato, I say TOMAAT: How socio-interactional and lexical factors influence code-switching in bilingual dialogue. Ms., Radboud University Nijmegen.Google Scholar
Kroll, J. F., Bobb, S. C., & Wodniecka, Z. (2006). Language selectivity is the exception, not the rule: Arguments against a fixed locus of language selection in bilingual speech. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9, 119–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroll, J. F., & Stewart, E. (1994). Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 33, 149–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroll, J. F., van Hell, J. G., Tokowicz, N., & Green, D. W. (2010). The Revised Hierarchical Model: A critical review and assessment. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13, 373–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levelt, W. J., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. S. (1999). A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 1–38; discussion 38–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loebell, H., & Bock, J. K. (2003). Structural priming across languages. Linguistics, 41, 791–824.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacSwan, J. (2000). The architecture of the bilingual language faculty: Evidence from intrasentential code switching. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 3, 37–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meara, P., Milton, J., & Lorenzo-Dus, N. (2001). LEX: The manual. Swansea: Centre for Applied Language Studies, University of Wales Swansea.Google Scholar
Meijer, P. J. A., & Fox Tree, J. E. (2003). Building syntactic structures in speaking: A bilingual exploration. Experimental Psychology, 50, 184–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meuter, R. F. I., & Allport, A. (1999). Bilingual language switching in naming: Asymmetrical costs of language selection. Journal of Memory and Language, 40, 25–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michael, E. B., & Gollan, T. H. (2005). Being and becoming bilingual: Individual differences and consequences for language production. In Kroll, J. F. & de, A. M. B. Groot (eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches, pp. 389–407. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Moreno, E. M., Federmeier, K. D., & Kutas, M. (2002). Switching languages, switching palabras (words): An electrophysiological study of code switching. Brain and Language, 80, 188–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muysken, P. (2000). Bilingual speech: A typology of code-mixing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Myers-Scotton, C. (1993). Social motivations for codeswitching: Evidence from Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers-Scotton, C. (2002). Contact linguistics: Bilingual encounters and grammatical outcomes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers-Scotton, C., & Jake, J. L. (1995). Matching lemmas in a bilingual language competence and production model: Evidence from intrasentential code switching. Linguistics, 33, 981–1024.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ojima, S., Nakata, H., & Kakigi, R. (2005). An ERP study of second language learning after childhood: Effects of proficiency. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 1212–1228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pickering, M. J., & Branigan, H. P. (1998). The representation of verbs: Evidence from syntactic priming in language production. Journal of Memory and Language, 39, 633–651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pickering, M. J., & Branigan, H. P. (1999). Syntactic priming in language production. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3, 136–141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pickering, M. J., Branigan, H. P., & McLean, J. F. (2002). Constituent structure is formulated in one stage. Journal of Memory and Language, 46, 586–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pickering, M. J., & Ferreira, V. S. (2008). Structural priming: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 427–459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pickering, M. J., & Garrod, S. (2004). Toward a mechanistic psychology of dialogue. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27, 169–90; discussion 190–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I'll start a sentence in Spanish Y TERMINO EN ESPAÑOL. Linguistics, 18, 581–618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poulisse, N., & Bongaerts, T. (1994). First language use in second language production. Applied Linguistics, 15, 36–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
R Development Core Team (2008). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.Google Scholar
Roelofs, A. (1992). A spreading-activation theory of lemma retrieval in speaking. Cognition, 42, 107–142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santesteban, M., Pickering, M. J., & McLean, J. F. (2010). Lexical and phonological effects on syntactic processing: Evidence from syntactic priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 63, 347–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schober, M. F. (2006). Dialogue and interaction. In Brown, K. (ed.), Encyclopedia of language & linguistics (2nd edn., vol. 3), pp. 564–571. Oxford: Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoonbaert, S., Hartsuiker, R. J., & Pickering, M. J. (2007). The representation of lexical and syntactic information in bilinguals: Evidence from syntactic priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 56, 153–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szekely, A., Jacobsen, T., D'Amico, S. D., Devescovi, A., Andonova, E., Herron, D., et al. (2004). A new on-line resource for psycholinguistic studies. Journal of Memory and Language, 51, 247–250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Assche, E., Duyck, W., Hartsuiker, R. J., & Diependaele, K. (2009). Does bilingualism change native-language reading? Cognate effects in a sentence context. Psychological Science, 20, 923–927.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Beijsterveldt, L. M., & van Hell, J. G. (2009). Structural priming of adjective–noun structures in hearing and deaf children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 104, 179–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Hell, J. G., & de Groot, A. M. B. (1998). Conceptual representation in bilingual memory: Effects of concreteness and cognate status in word association. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 193–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Hell, J. G., & Dijkstra, T. (2002). Foreign language knowledge can influence native language performance in exclusively native contexts. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 780–789.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Heuven, W. J. B., & Dijkstra, T. (2010). Language comprehension in the bilingual brain: fMRI and ERP support for psycholinguistic models. Brain Research Reviews, 64, 104–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Witteman, M. J. (2008). Lexical and contextual factors in code-switching: A behavioral and electrophysiological study. MSc thesis, Radboud University Nijmegen.Google Scholar