Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-19T00:55:30.992Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Facilitating access to iCBT: a randomized controlled trial assessing a translated version of an empirically validated program using a minimally monitored delivery model

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 August 2019

Miguel Robichaud Open the ORCID record for Miguel Robichaud [Opens in a new window] ,
France Talbot ,
Nickolai Titov ,
Blake F. Dear ,
Heather D. Hadjistavropoulos ,
Thomas Hadjistavropoulos  and
Jalila Jbilou
Miguel Robichaud
Affiliation:
École de Psychologie, Université de Moncton, Canada
France Talbot*
Affiliation:
École de Psychologie, Université de Moncton, Canada
Nickolai Titov
Affiliation:
eCentreClinic, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Australia
Blake F. Dear
Affiliation:
eCentreClinic, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Australia
Heather D. Hadjistavropoulos
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Canada
Thomas Hadjistavropoulos
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Canada
Jalila Jbilou
Affiliation:
École de Psychologie, Université de Moncton, Canada Centre de formation médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Moncton, Canada
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background:

Despite its established efficacy, access to internet-delivered CBT (iCBT) remains limited in a number of countries. Translating existing programs and using a minimally monitored model of delivery may facilitate its dissemination across countries.

Aims:

This randomized control trial aims to evaluate the efficacy of an iCBT transdiagnostic program translated from English to French and offered in Canada using a minimally monitored delivery model for the treatment of anxiety and depression.

Method:

Sixty-three French speakers recruited in Canada were randomized to iCBT or a waiting-list. A French translation of an established program, the Wellbeing Course, was offered over 8 weeks using a minimally monitored delivery model. Primary outcome measures were the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), which were obtained pre-treatment, post-treatment and at 3-month follow-up.

Results:

Mixed-effects models revealed that participants in the treatment group had significantly lower PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores post-treatment than controls with small between-groups effect sizes (d = 0.34 and 0.37, respectively). Within-group effect sizes on primary outcome measures were larger in the treatment than control group. Clinical recovery rates on the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were significantly higher among the treatment group (40 and 56%, respectively) than the controls (13 and 16%, respectively).

Conclusions:

The provision of a translated iCBT program using a minimally monitored delivery model may improve patients’ access to treatment of anxiety and depression across countries. This may be an optimal first step in improving access to iCBT before sufficient resources can be secured to implement a wider range of iCBT services.

Keywords

accessanxietydepressioninternet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT)self-guidedtransdiagnostic
Type
Main
Information
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , Volume 48 , Issue 2 , March 2020 , pp. 185 - 202
Copyright
© British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acquadro, C., Conway, K., Giroudet, C., & Mear, I. (2012). Linguistic Validation Manual for Health Outcome Assessments. Mapi Institute.Google Scholar
Andersson, G., Rozental, A., Shafran, R., & Carlbring, P. (2018). Long-term effects of internet-supported cognitive behaviour therapy. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 18, 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2018.1400381 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andersson, G., & Titov, N. (2014). Advantages and limitations of internet‐based interventions for common mental disorders. World Psychiatry, 13, 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20083 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrews, G., Basu, A., Cuijpers, P., Craske, M. G., McEvoy, P., & English, C.L., & Newby, J. M. (2018). Computer therapy for the anxiety and depression disorders is effective, acceptable and practical health care: an updated meta-analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 55,70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.01.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bandelow, B. (1999). Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (PAS). Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.Google Scholar
Baumeister, H., Reichler, L., Munzinger, M., & Lin, J. (2014). The impact of guidance on internet-based mental health interventions – a systematic review. Internet Interventions, 1, 205–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2014.08.003 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Behar, E., Alcaine, O., Zuellig, A. R., & Borkovec, T. D. (2003). Screening for generalized anxiety disorder using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire: a receiver operating characteristics analysis. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 34, 25–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7916(03)00004-1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, T., Caspar, F., Richardson, R., Kneubühler, B., Sutter, D., & Andersson, G. (2011a). Internet-based treatment of social phobia: a randomized controlled trial comparing unguided with two types of guided self-help. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 158–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.12.007 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berger, T., Hämmerli, K., Gubser, N., Andersson, G., & Caspar, F. (2011b). Internet-based treatment of depression: a randomized controlled trial comparing guided with unguided self-help. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 40, 251–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2011.616531 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berger, T., Urech, A., Krieger, T., Stolz, T., Schulz, A., Vincent, A., … & Meyer, B. (2017). Effects of a transdiagnostic unguided Internet intervention (‘velibra’) for anxiety disorders in primary care: results of a randomized controlled trial. Psychological Medicine, 47, 67–80. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716002270 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blais, M. R., Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., & Briere, N. M. (1989). French-Canadian validation of the satisfaction with life scale. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 21, 210–223. http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0079854 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., Cuijpers, P., Riper, H., & Hedman-Lagerlöf, E. (2018). Internet-based vs. face-to-face cognitive behavior therapy for psychiatric and somatic disorders: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 47, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2017.1401115 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlbring, P., Bohman, S., Brunt, S., Buhrman, M., Westling, B. E., Ekselius, L., & Andersson, G. (2006). Remote treatment of panic disorder: a randomized trial of internet-based cognitive behavior therapy supplemented with telephone calls. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 2119–2125. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.12.2119 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, D. M., Layard, R., Smithies, R., Richards, D. A., Suckling, R., & Wright, B. (2009). Improving access to psychological therapy: initial evaluation of two UK demonstration sites. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 910–920. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brat.2009.07.010 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, D. & Oates, M. (2014). Improving Access to Psychological Therapies: Measuring Improvement and Recovery Adult Services (2nd edn, pp. 1–7). IAPT. Available at: https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160302155408/http://www.iapt.nhs.uk/silo/files/measuring-recovery-2014.pdf Google Scholar
Choi, I., Zou, J., Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Li, S., Johnston, L., … & Hunt, C. (2012). Culturally attuned Internet treatment for depression amongst Chinese Australians: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136, 459–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.11.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collins, K. A., Westra, H. A., Dozois, D. J., & Burns, D. D. (2004). Gaps in accessing treatment for anxiety and depression: challenges for the delivery of care. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 583–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.06.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R., Churchill, L. E., Sherwood, A., Weisler, R. H., & Foa, E. (2000). Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN): new self-rating scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.176.4.379 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DaPonte, D., Talbot, F., Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Hadjistavropoulos, T., & Jbilou, J. (2018). Facilitating the dissemination of iCBT for the treatment of anxiety and depression: a feasibility study. Behaviour Change, 35, 139–151. https://doi.org/10.1017/bec.2018.14 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dear, B. F., Fogliati, V. J., Fogliati, R., Johnson, B., Boyle, O., Karin, E., … & Titov, N. (2017). Treating anxiety and depression in young adults: a randomised controlled trial comparing clinician-guided versus self-guided Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 668–679. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867417738055 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dear, B. F., Staples, L. G., Terides, M. D., Fogliati, V. J., Sheehan, J., Johnston, L., … & Titov, N. (2016). Transdiagnostic versus disorder-specific and clinician-guided versus self-guided internet-delivered treatment for social anxiety disorder and comorbid disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 42, 30–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.05.004 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dear, B. F., Staples, L., Terides, M. D., Karin, E., Zou, J., Johnston, L., … & Titov, N. (2015). Transdiagnostic versus disorder-specific and clinician-guided versus self-guided internet-delivered treatment for generalized anxiety disorder and comorbid disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 36, 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.09.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dear, B. F., Titov, N., Schwencke, G., Andrews, G., Johnston, L., Craske, M. G., & McEvoy, P. (2011a). An open trial of a brief transdiagnostic internet treatment for anxiety and depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 830–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.09.007 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dear, B. F., Titov, N., Sunderland, M., McMillan, D., Anderson, T., Lorian, C. & Robinson, E. (2011b). Psychometric comparison of the GAD-7 and the PSWQ for measure response during treatment of generalised anxiety disorder. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 40, 216–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2011.582138 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Enrique, A., Burke, J., Richards, D., & Timulak, L. (2018). Quality of life outcomes in internet-delivered (Space from Depression) treatment for depression. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-018-9654-8 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erbe, D., Eichert, H. C., Rietz, C., & Ebert, D. (2016). Interformat reliability of the patient health questionnaire: validation of the computerized version of the PHQ-9. Internet Interventions, 5, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2016.06.006 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fogliati, V. J., Dear, B. F., Staples, L. G., Terides, M. D., Sheehan, J., Johnston, L., … &Titov, N. (2016). Disorder-specific versus transdiagnostic and clinician-guided versus self-guided internet-delivered treatment for panic disorder and comorbid disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 39, 88–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.03.005 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forste, R., & Heaton, T. B. (2004). The divorce generation: well-being, family attitudes, and socioeconomic consequences of marital disruption. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 41, 95–114. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v41n01_06 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerhards, S. A. H., De Graaf, L. E., Jacobs, L. E., Severens, J. L., Huibers, M. J. H., Arntz, A., … & Evers, S. M. A. A. (2010). Economic evaluation of online computerised cognitive-behavioural therapy without support for depression in primary care: randomised trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 196, 310–318. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.065748 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilbody, S., Richards, D., Brealey, S., & Hewitt, C. (2007). Screening for depression in medical settings with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ): a diagnostic meta-analysis. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22, 1596–1602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-007-0333-y CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gosselin, P., Dugas, M. J., Ladouceur, R., & Freeston, M. H. (2001). Évaluation des inquiétudes: validation d’une traduction française du Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Encephale, 27, 475–84.Google Scholar
Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Alberts, N. M., Nugent, M., & Marchildon, G. (2014). Improving access to psychological services through therapist-assisted, internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 55, 303–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037716 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Nugent, M. M., Alberts, N. M., Staples, L., Dear, B. F., & Titov, N. (2016). Transdiagnostic internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy in Canada: an open trial comparing results of a specialized online clinic and nonspecialized community clinics. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 42, 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.05.006 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Schneider, L. H., Edmonds, M., Karin, E., Nugent, M. N., Dirkse, D., … & Titov, N. (2017). Randomized controlled trial of internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy comparing standard weekly versus optional weekly therapist support. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 52, 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.09.006 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hedman, E., Andersson, E., Lindefors, N., Andersson, G., Rück, C., & Ljótsson, B. (2013a). Cost-effectiveness and long-term effectiveness of internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for severe health anxiety. Psychological Medicine, 43, 363–374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712001079 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hedman, E., Ljótsson, B., Kaldo, V., Hesser, H., El Alaoui, S., Kraepelien, M., … & Lindefors, N. (2014). Effectiveness of internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for depression in routine psychiatric care. Journal of Affective Disorders, 155, 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.023 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hedman, E., Ljótsson, B., Rück, C., Bergström, J., Andersson, G., Kaldo, V., … & Lindefors, N. (2013b). Effectiveness of internet‐based cognitive behaviour therapy for panic disorder in routine psychiatric care. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 128, 457–467. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12079 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofmann, S. G., Wu, J. Q., & Boettcher, H. (2014). Effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders on quality of life: a meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82, 375–391. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035491 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
International Organisation of La Francophonie (2018). La Francophonie. Available at: https://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/francophonie-2.pdf Google Scholar
Karin, E., Dear, B. F., Heller, G. Z., Crane, M. F., & Titov, N. (2018). ‘Wish You Were Here’: examining characteristics, outcomes, and statistical solutions for missing cases in web-based psychotherapeutic trials. JMIR Mental Health, 5. https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.8363 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karyotaki, E., Riper, H., Twisk, J., Hoogendoorn, A., Kleiboer, A., Mira, A., … & Andersson, G. (2017). Efficacy of self-guided internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis of individual participant data. JAMA Psychiatry, 74, 351–359. https://doig/org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0044 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kayrouz, R., Dear, B. F., Johnston, L., Gandy, M., Fogliati, V. J., Sheehan, J., & Titov, N. (2015). A feasibility open trial of guided Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety and depression amongst Arab Australians. Internet Interventions, 2, 32–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2014.12.001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kayrouz, R., Dear, B. F., Karin, E., Gandy, M., Fogliati, V. J., Terides, M. D., & Titov, N. (2016a). A pilot study of self-guided internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety and depression among Arabs. Internet Interventions, 3, 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2015.10.005 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kayrouz, R., Dear, B. F., Karin, E., Fogliati, V. J., & Titov, N. (2016b). A pilot study of a clinician-guided internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety and depression among Arabs in Australia, presented in both English and Arabic languages. Internet Interventions, 5, 5–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2016.06.002 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirkpatrick, T., Manoukian, L., Dear, B. F., Johnston, L., & Titov, N. (2013). A feasibility open trial of internet-delivered cognitive-behavioural therapy (iCBT) among consumers of a non-governmental mental health organisation with anxiety. PeerJ, 1, e210. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.210 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kobak, K. A., Greist, R., Jacobi, D. M., Levy-Mack, H., & Greist, J. H. (2015). Computer-assisted cognitive behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized trial on the impact of lay vs. professional coaching. Annals of General Psychiatry, 14, 10. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12991-015-0048-0 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolovos, S., Kleiboer, A., & Cuijpers, P. (2016). Effect of psychotherapy for depression on quality of life: meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 209, 460–468. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.175059 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medecine, 16, 606–613. https://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2010). The patient health questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: a systematic review. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32, 345–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kruse, S. C., Karem, P., Shifflett, K., Vegi, L., Ravi, K., & Brooks, M. (2016). Evaluating barriers to adopting telemedicine worldwide: a systematic review. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 24, 4–12. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1357633X16674087 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindefors, N., & Andersson, G. (2016). Guided Internet-Based Treatments in Psychiatry. Cham: Springer International Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lintvedt, O. K., Griffiths, K. M., Eisemann, M., & Waterloo, K. (2013a). Evaluating the translation process of an internet-based self-help intervention for prevention of depression: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15, e18. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2422 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lintvedt, O. K., Griffiths, K. M., Sørensen, K., Østvik, A. R., Wang, C. E., Eisemann, M., & Waterloo, K. (2013b). Evaluating the effectiveness and efficacy of unguided internet‐based self‐help intervention for the prevention of depression: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 20, 10–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.770 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Löwe, B., Decker, O., Müller, S., Brähler, E., Schellberg, D., Herzog, W., & Herzberg, P. Y. (2008). Validation and standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder screener (GAD-7) in the general population. Medical Care, 46, 266–274. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e318160d093 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merikangas, K. R., He, J. P., Burstein, M., Swendsen, J., Avenevoli, S., Case, B., … & Olfson, M. (2011). Service utilization for lifetime mental disorders in US adolescents: results of the National Comorbidity Survey–Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 50, 32–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.10.006 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mewton, L., Smith, J., Rossouw, P., & Andrews, G. (2014). Current perspectives on internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with anxiety and related disorders. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 7, 37–46. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S40879 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mewton, L., Wong, N., & Andrews, G. (2012). The effectiveness of internet cognitive behavioural therapy for generalized anxiety disorder in clinical practice. Depression and Anxiety, 29, 843–849. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.21995 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 487–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgan, C., Mason, E., Newby, J. M., Mahoney, A. E., Hobbs, M. J., McAloon, J., & Andrews, G. (2017). The effectiveness of unguided internet cognitive behavioural therapy for mixed anxiety and depression. Internet Interventions, 10, 47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2017.10.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newby, J. M., Twomey, C., Li, S. S. Y., & Andrews, G. (2016). Transdiagnostic computerised cognitive behavioural therapy for depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 199, 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.018 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nordin, S., Carlbring, P., Cuijpers, P., & Andersson, G. (2010). Expanding the limits of bibliotherapy for panic disorder: randomized trial of self-help without support but with a clear deadline. Behavior Therapy, 41, 267–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2009.06.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olthuis, J. V., Watt, M. C., Bailey, K., Hayden, J. A., & Stewart, S. H. (2016). Therapist‐supported internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011565 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pope, J. F., & Arthur, N. (2009). Socioeconomic status and class: a challenge for the practice of psychology in Canada. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 50, 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0014222 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Priemer, M., & Talbot, F. (2013). CBT guided self-help compares favourably to gold standard therapist-administered CBT and shows unique benefits over traditional treatment. Behaviour Change, 30, 227–240. https://doi.org/10.1017/bec.2013.22 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radomsky, A. S., Ashbaugh, A. R., Saxe, M. L., Ouimet, A. J., Golden, E. R., Lavoie, S. L., & O’Connor, K. P. (2006). Psychometric properties of the French and English versions of the Social Phobia Inventory. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 38, 354–360. https://psychnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/cjbs2006021 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, D., & Richardson, T. (2012). Computer-based psychological treatments for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.02.004 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richards, D. A., & Suckling, R. (2009). Improving access to psychological therapies: Phase IV prospective cohort study. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48, 377–396. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466509X405178 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ritterband, L. M., Andersson, G., Christensen, H. M., Carlbring, P., & Cuijpers, P. (2006). Directions for the international society for research on internet interventions (ISRII). Journal of Medical Internet Research, 8, e23. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8.3.e23 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberge, P., Marchand, L., Grenier, S., & Marchand, A. (2003). Validation canadienne-française de l’Échelle d’évaluation de la panique et de l’agoraphobie. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 35, 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0087188 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosso, I. M., Killgore, W. D., Olson, E. A., Webb, C. A., Fukunaga, R., Auerbach, R. P., … & Rauch, S. L. (2017). Internet‐based cognitive behavior therapy for major depressive disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Depression and Anxiety, 34, 236–245. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22590 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rozental, A., Castonguay, L., Dimidjian, S., Lambert, M., Shafran, R., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018). Negative effects in psychotherapy: commentary and recommendations for future research and clinical practice. BJPsych Open, 4, 307–312. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2018.42 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 1092e1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sullivan, G. M., & Feinn, R. (2012). Using effect size – or why the P value is not enough. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 4, 279–282. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-12-00156.1 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Talbot, F. (2012). Client contact in self-help therapy for anxiety and depression: necessary but can take a variety of forms beside therapist contact. Behaviour Change, 29, 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1017/bec.2012.4 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Titov, N., Dear, B., Nielssen, O., Staples, L., Hadjistavropoulos, H., Nugent, M., … & Repål, A. (2018). iCBT in routine care: a descriptive analysis of successful clinics in five countries. Internet Interventions, 13, 108–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2018.07.006 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Staples, L., Terides, M. D., Karin, E., Sheehan, J., … & McEvoy, P. M. (2015a). Disorder-specific versus transdiagnostic and clinician-guided versus self-guided treatment for major depressive disorder and comorbid anxiety disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 35, 88–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.08.002 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Staples, L. G., Bennett-Levy, J., Klein, B., Rapee, R. M., … & Nielssen, O. B. (2015b). MindSpot Clinic: an accessible, efficient, and effective online treatment service for anxiety and depression. Psychiatric Services, 66, 1043–1050. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201400477 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Johnston, L., McEvoy, P. M., Wootton, B., Terides, M. D., … & Rapee, R. M. (2014). Improving adherence and clinical outcomes in self-guided internet treatment for anxiety and depression: a 12-month follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. PloS One, 9, e89591. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089591 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Johnston, L., Lorian, C., Zou, J., Wootton, B., Spence, J., McEvoy, P. M., & Rapee, R. M. (2013). Improving adherence and clinical outcomes in self-guided internet treatment for anxiety and depression: randomised controlled trial. PLoS One, 8, e62873. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062873 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Titov, N., Dear, B. F., McMillan, D., Anderson, T., & Zou, J. (2011a). Psychometric comparison of the PHQ-9 and BDI-II for measuring response during internet treatment of depression. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 40, 126–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2010.550059 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Schwencke, G., Andrews, G., Johnston, L., Craske, M. G., & McEvoy, P. (2011b). Transdiagnostic internet treatment for anxiety and depression: a randomised controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 441–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.03.007 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Titov, N., Andrews, G., Johnston, L., Robinson, E., & Spence, J. (2010). Transdiagnostic Internet treatment for anxiety disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 890–899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.014 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vessey, J. T., & Howard, K. I. (1993). Who seeks psychotherapy? Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 30, 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.30.4.546 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ware, J. E. Jr, Kosinski, M., Gandek, B., Sundaram, M., Bjorner, J. B., Turner-Bowker, D. M., & Maruish, M. E. (2010). User’s Manual for the SF-12v2 Health Survey (2nd edn). Lincoln, RI, USA: QualityMetric Incorporated.Google Scholar
Williams, A. D., & Andrews, G. (2013). The effectiveness of Internet cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) for depression in primary care: a quality assurance study. PLoS One, 8, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057447 Google ScholarPubMed
Williams, S. L., Ketring, S. A., & Salts, C. J. (2005). Premature termination as a function of intake data based on ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, and income. Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal, 27, 213–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-005-4040-8 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, J. H., Owen, J. J., Richards, D., Ells, T. D., Richardson, T., Brown, G. K., Barrett, M., Rasku, M. A., Polser, G., & Thase, M. (2019). Computer-assisted cognitive-behavior therapy for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 80, 1–10. https://doig.org/4088/JCP.18r12188 Google ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.