Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T08:35:08.077Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Structure and validity of the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire in female adolescents

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 December 2019

Chloe Y. Shu ,
Amy O’Brien ,
Hunna J. Watson ,
Rebecca A. Anderson Open the ORCID record for Rebecca A. Anderson [Opens in a new window] ,
Tracey D. Wade ,
Robert T. Kane ,
Amy Lampard  and
Sarah J. Egan Open the ORCID record for Sarah J. Egan [Opens in a new window]
Chloe Y. Shu
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
Amy O’Brien
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
Hunna J. Watson
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
Rebecca A. Anderson*
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
Tracey D. Wade
Affiliation:
Discipline of Psychology, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
Robert T. Kane
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
Amy Lampard
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
Sarah J. Egan
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background:

Perfectionism is a transdiagnostic risk factor across psychopathology. The Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (CPQ) was developed to assess change in order to provide clinical utility, but currently the psychometric properties of the CPQ with adolescents is unknown.

Aims:

To assess the factor structure and construct validity of the CPQ in female adolescents.

Method:

The CPQ was administered to 267 females aged 14–19 years of age. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine the validity of the two-factor model and a second-order factor model. Pearson correlations were used to evaluate the relationships between the CPQ and a wide range of measures of perfectionism, psychopathology and personality traits.

Results:

The study demonstrated internal consistency, construct validity and incremental validity of the CPQ in a sample of female adolescents. The CFA in the present study confirmed the two-factor model of the CPQ with Factor 1 relating to perfectionistic strivings and Factor 2 representing perfectionistic concerns. The second-order two factor model indicated no deterioration in fit.

Conclusions:

The two-factor model of the CPQ fits with the theoretical definition of clinical perfectionism where the over-dependence of self-worth on achievement and concern over mistakes are key elements. The CPQ is suitable for use with female adolescents in future research that seeks to better understand the role of perfectionism in the range of mental illnesses that impact youth.

Keywords

adolescentsClinical Perfectionism Questionnairefactor analysisperfectionismpsychometricvalidity
Type
Main
Information
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , Volume 48 , Issue 3 , May 2020 , pp. 268 - 279
Copyright
© British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akaike, H. (1987). Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika, 52, 317–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bardeen, J. R., Fergus, T. A., & Orcutt, H. K. (2012). An examination of the latent structure of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 34, 382–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boergers, J., Spirito, A., & Donaldson, D. (1998). Reasons for adolescent suicide attempts: associations with psychological functioning. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1287–1293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boone, L., Claes, L., & Luyten, P. (2014). Too strict of too loose? Perfectionism and impulsivity: the relation with eating disorder sypmtoms using a person-centred approach. Eating Behaviors, 15, 17–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boone, L., Soenens, B., Braet, C., & Goossens, L. (2010). An empirical typology of perfectionism in early-to-mid adolescents and its relation with eating disorder symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 686–691.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Byrne, B. M. (1998). Structural Equation Modeling with LISREL, PRELIS and SIMPLIS. Hillsdale, NJ, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Byrne, B. M. (2013). Structural Equation Modeling with EQS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. New York, USA: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, J. C., Stewart, D. A., & Fairburn, C. G. (2001). Eating disorder examination questionnaire: norms for young adolescent girls. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 625–632.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castro, J., Gila, A., Gual, P., Lahortiga, F., Saura, B., & Toro, J. (2004). Perfectionism dimensions in children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35, 392–398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, E. C., & Sanna, L. J. (2012). Evidence for the validity of the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire in a nonclinical population: more than just negative affectivity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 94, 102–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chorpita, B. F., Yim, L., Moffitt, C., Umemoto, L. A., & Francis, S. E. (2000). Assessment of symptoms of DSM-IV anxiety and depression in children: a revised child anxiety and depression scale. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 835–855.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooper, J. L., O’Shea, A. E., Atkinson, M. J., & Wade, T. D. (2014). Examination of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale and its relation to disordered eating in a young female sample. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47, 630–639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, C., Kennedy, S. H., Ravelski, E., & Dionne, M. (1994). The role of physical activity in the development and maintenance of eating disorders. Psychological Medicine, 24, 957–967.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Ross, R. L., Gullone, E., & Chorpita, B. F. (2002). The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale: a psychometric investigation with Australian youth. Behaviour Change, 19, 90–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickie, L., Surgenor, L. J., Wilson, M., & McDowall, J. (2012). The structure and reliability of the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 865–869.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunkley, D. M., Blankstein, K. R., Masheb, R. M., & Grilo, C. M. (2006). Personal Standards and Evaluative Concerns dimensions of ‘Clinical’ Perfectionism: a reply to Shafran et al. (2002, 2003) and Hewitt et al. (2003). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 63–84. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2004.12.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egan, S. J., Shafran, R., Lee, M., Fairburn, C. G., Cooper, Z., Doll, H. A., … & Watson, H. J. (2016). The reliability and validity of the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire in eating disorder and community samples. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 44, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egan, S. J., Wade, T. D., & Shafran, R. (2011). Perfectionism as a transdiagnostic process: a clinical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 203–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egan, S. J., Wade, T. D., Shafran, R., & Antony, M. M. (2014). Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Perfectionism. New York, USA: Guilford Publications.Google ScholarPubMed
Fairburn, C. G., & Beglin, S. J. (1994). Assessment of eating disorders: interview or self‐report questionnaire? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16, 363–370.Google ScholarPubMed
Fairburn, C. G., Cooper, Z., & Shafran, R. (2003). Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: a ‘transdiagnostic’ theory and treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 509–528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fairweather-Schmidt, K., & Wade, T. D. (2015). The relationship between disordered eating and cigarette smoking among adult female twins. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 48(6), 708–714.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flett, G. L., Coulter, L.-M., Hewitt, P. L., & Nepon, T. (2011). Perfectionism, rumination, worry, and depressive symptoms in early adolescents. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 26, 159–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2014). A proposed framework for preventing perfectionism and promoting resilience and mental health among vulnerable children and adolescents. Psychology in the Schools, 51, 899–912.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fossati, A., Barratt, E. S., Acquarini, E., & Ceglie, A. D. (2002). Psychometric properties of an adolescent version of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 for a sample of Italian high school students. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 95, 621–635.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 449–468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1991). Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 456–470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modeling: guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6, 53–60.Google Scholar
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, J., Shu, C. Y., Hoiles, K. J., Clarke, P. J., Watson, H. J., Dunlop, P. D., & Egan, S. J. (2018). Perfectionism is associated with higher eating disorder symptoms and lower remission in children and adolescents diagnosed with eating disorders. Eating Behaviors, 30, 55–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leone, E. M., & Wade, T. (2018). Measuring perfectionism in children: a systematic review of the mental health literature. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 553–567.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Limburg, K., Watson, H. J., Hagger, M. S., & Egan, S. (2017). The relationship between perfectionism and psychopathology: a meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73, 1301–1326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lloyd, S., Schmidt, U., Khondoker, M., & Tchanturia, K. (2015). Can psychological interventions reduce perfectionism? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 43, 705–731.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. Jr (1999). A five-factor theory of personality. Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, 2, 139–153.Google Scholar
McNeish, D. (2018). Thanks coefficient alpha, we’ll take it from here. Psychological Methods, 23, 412–433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mond, J. M., Hay, P., Rodgers, B., & Owen, C. (2006). Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q): norms for young adult women. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 53–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9, 225–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Connor, R. C., Rasmussen, S., & Hawton, K. (2010). Predicting depression, anxiety and self-harm in adolescents: the role of perfectionism and acute life stress. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 52–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics, 6, 461–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shafran, R., Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. G. (2002). Clinical perfectionism: a cognitive-behavioural analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 773–791.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shafran, R., & Mansell, W. (2001). Perfectionism and psychopathology: a review of research and treatment. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 879–906.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slaney, R., Rice, K., Mobley, M., Trippi, J., & Ashby, J. (2001). The revised almost perfect scale. Measurement and Evaluatoin in Counseling and Development, 34, 130–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soreni, N., Streiner, D., McCabe, R., Bullard, C., Swinson, R., Greco, A., … & Szatmari, P. (2014). Dimensions of perfectionism in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 23, 136–143.Google ScholarPubMed
Stoeber, J., & Damian, L. E. (2014). The Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire: further evidence for two factors capturing perfectionistic strivings and concerns. Personality and Individual Differences, 61, 38–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoeber, J., Otto, K., & Dalbert, C. (2009). Perfectionism and the Big Five: conscientiousness predicts longitudinal increases in self-oriented perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 363–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taranis, L., Touyz, S., & Meyer, C. (2011). Disordered eating and exercise: development and preliminary validation of the Compulsive Exercise Test (CET). European Eating Disorders Review, 19, 256–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vekas, E. J., & Wade, T. D. (2017). The impact of a universal intervention targeting perfectionism in children: an exploratory controlled trial. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 458–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade, T. D., O’Shea, A., & Shafran, R. (2016). Perfectionism and eating disorders. Perfectionism, health, and Well-Being (pp. 205–222). Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Widiger, T. A. (2011). Personality and psychopathology. World Psychiatry, 10, 103–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilksch, S., Durbridge, M., & Wade, T. (2008). A preliminary controlled comparison of programs designed to reduce risk of eating disorders targeting perfectionism and media literacy. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 939–947.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woods, C. M. (2006). Careless responding to reverse-worded items: implications for confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 28, 186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.