Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T07:28:21.738Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

An investigation of the competencies involved in the facilitation of CBT-based group psychoeducational interventions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 February 2021

Louise A. Noble ,
Nick Firth ,
Jaime Delgadillo  and
Stephen Kellett
Louise A. Noble*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, SheffieldS1 2LT, UK
Nick Firth
Affiliation:
School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, 30 Regent Street, SheffieldS1 4DA, UK
Jaime Delgadillo
Affiliation:
Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Floor F, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, SheffieldS1 2LT, UK
Stephen Kellett
Affiliation:
Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Floor F, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, SheffieldS1 2LT, UK
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background:

Whilst the delivery of low-intensity group psychoeducation is a key feature of the early steps of the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme, there is little consensus regarding the skills and competencies demanded.

Aims:

To identify the competencies involved in facilitating CBT-based group psychoeducation in order to inform future measure development.

Method:

A Delphi study in which participants (n = 36) were relevant IAPT stakeholders and then an expert panel (n = 8) review of the competencies identified within the Delphi study to create a shortened, more practical list of competencies.

Results:

After three consultation rounds, consensus was reached on 36 competencies. These competencies were assigned to four main categories: group set-up, content, process and closure. A further expert review produced a shortened 16-item set of psychoeducation group facilitation competencies.

Conclusions:

The current study has produced a promising framework for assessing facilitator competency in delivering CBT-based group psychoeducational interventions. Weaknesses in the Delphi approach are noted and directions for future measure development research are identified.

Keywords

CBTcompetenciesDelphigroupIAPTpsychoeducation
Type
Main
Information
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , Volume 49 , Issue 6 , November 2021 , pp. 732 - 744
Copyright
© British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akins, R. B., Tolson, H., & Cole, B. R. (2005). Stability of response characteristics of a Delphi panel: application of bootstrap data expansion. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 5, 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-5-37 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnkoff, D. B., Glass, C. R., & Shapiro, S. J. (2002). Expectations and preferences. In Norcross, J. (ed), Psychotherapy Relationships That Work: Therapist Contributions and Responsiveness to Patients (pp. 335–356). New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Beck, J. (2011). Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Basics and Beyond (2nd ed,). New York, NY, USA: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Bennett-Levy, J. (2006). Therapist skills: a cognitive model of their acquisition and refinement. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 34, 57–78. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465805002420 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett-Levy, J., Richards, D. A., & Farrand, P. (2010). Low intensity CBT interventions: a revolution in mental health care. In Bennett-Levy, J. et al. (eds), Oxford Guide to Low Intensity CBT Interventions (pp. 3–18). New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett-Levy, J., Thwaites, R., Chaddock, A., & Davis, M. (2009). Reflective practice in cognitive behavioural therapy: the engine of lifelong learning. In Dallos, R. & Stedmon, J. (eds), Reflective Practice in Psychotherapy and Counselling (pp. 115–135). New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill Education.Google Scholar
Blackburn, I.-M., James, I. A., Milne, D. L., Baker, C., Standart, S., Garland, A., & Reichelt, F. K. (2001). The revised cognitive therapy scale (CTS-R): psychometric properties. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 29, 431–446. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465801004040 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boulkedid, R., Abdoul, H., Loustau, M., Sibony, O., & Alberti, C. (2011). Using and reporting the Delphi method for selecting healthcare quality indicators: a systematic review. PLOS One, 6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020476 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bower, P., & Gilbody, S. (2005). Stepped care in psychological therapies: access, effectiveness and efficiency: narrative literature review. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.186.1.11 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyd, L., Baker, E., & Reilly, J. (2019). Impact of a progressive stepped care approach in an improving access to psychological therapies service: an observational study. PLOS One, 14, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214715 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, J. S. L., Elliott, S. A., Boardman, J., Ferns, J., & Morrison, J. (2004). Meeting the unmet need for depression services with psycho-educational self-confidence workshops: preliminary report. British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, 511–515. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.185.6.511 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burlingame, G. M., Fuhriman, A., & Johnson, J. E. (2002). Cohesion in group psychotherapy. In Norcross, J. (ed), Psychotherapy Relationships That Work: Therapist Contributions and Responsiveness to Patients (pp. 71–88). New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Burlingame, G. M., Fuhriman, A., & Johnson, J. E. (2001). Cohesion in group psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38, 373–379. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.38.4.373 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burlingame, G. M., McClendon, D. T., & Alonso, J. (2011). Cohesion in group therapy. Psychotherapy, 48, 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022063 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burns, P., Kellett, S., & Donohoe, G. (2016). ‘Stress Control’ as a large group psychoeducational intervention at Step 2 of IAPT Services: acceptability of the approach and moderators of effectiveness. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 44, 431–443. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1352465815000491 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness (2015). National Curriculum for the Education of Psychological Wellbeing Practitioners (3rd edn). https://www.ucl.ac.uk/pals/sites/pals/files/pwp_review_-_final_report.pdf Google Scholar
Clark, D. M. (2018). Realizing the mass public benefit of evidence-based psychological therapies: the IAPT Program. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 14, 159–183. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084833 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, D. M., Layard, R., Smithies, R., Richards, D. A., Suckling, R., & Wright, B. (2009). Improving access to psychological therapy: initial evaluation of two UK demonstration sites. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 910–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.07.010 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, D. M., von Consbruch, K., Hinrichs, S., & Stangier, U. (2006). Cognitive Therapy Competence Scale for Social Phobia (CTCS-SP). Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Dalkey, N., & Helmer, O. (1963). An experimental application of the Delphi method to the use of experts. Management Science, 9, 458–467. Retrieved from: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_memoranda/2009/RM727.1.pdf CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delgadillo, J., Kellett, S., Ali, S., McMillan, D., Barkham, M., Saxon, D., … & Lucock, M. (2016). A multi-service practice research network study of large group psychoeducational cognitive behavioural therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 87, 155–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.09.010 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Department for Education (2011). Teacher Standards: Guidance for School Leaders, School Staff and Governing Bodies. Retrieved from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/665520/Teachers__Standards.pdf Google Scholar
Department of Health (2009). Best practice in Managing Risk: Principles and Evidence for Best Practice in the Assessment and Management of Risk to Self and Others in Mental Health Services. Retrieved from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/478595/best-practice-managing-risk-cover-webtagged.pdf Google Scholar
Dies, R. (1994). Therapist variables in group psychotherapy research. In Fuhriman, A. & Burlingame, G. M. (eds), Handbook of Group Psychotherapy: An Empirical and Clinical Synthesis (pp. 114–154). New York, NY, USA: Wiley & Sons Inc.Google Scholar
Dolan, N., Simmond-Buckley, M., Kellett, S. Siddell, S., & Delgadillo, J. (2021). Effectiveness of large group psychoeducation for anxiety and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Depression and Anxiety (submitted manuscript).Google Scholar
Fairburn, C. G., & Cooper, Z. (2011). Therapist competence, therapy quality, and therapist training. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 373–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.03.005 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Firth, N., Delgadillo, J., Kellett, S., & Lucock, M. (2019). The influence of socio-demographic similarity and difference on adequate attendance of group psychoeducational cognitive behavioural therapy. Psychotherapy Research. Advance online publication: https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2019.1589652 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, H., Barkham, M., Kellett, S., & Saxon, D. (2014). Therapist effects and IAPT psychological wellbeing practitioners (PWPs): a multilevel modelling and mixed methods analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 63, 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.08.009 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hallowell, M. R., & Gambatese, J. A. (2010). Qualitative research: application of the Delphi method to CEM research. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 136, 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000137 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasson, F., & Keeney, S. (2011). Enhancing rigour in the Delphi technique research. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 78, 1695–1704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2011.04.005 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasson, F., Keeney, S., & McKenna, H. (2000). Research guidelines for the Delphi survey technique. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32, 1008–1015. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.t01-1-01567.x Google ScholarPubMed
International Association of Facilitators (2015). Core Facilitator Competencies. Retrieved from: https://www.iaf-world.org/site/professional/core-competencies Google Scholar
Iqbal, S., & Pipon-Young, L. (2009). The Delphi method. The Psychologist, 22, 598–601. Retrieved from: https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-22/edition-7/delphi-method Google Scholar
Joffe, H. (2011). Thematic analysis. In Harper, D. & Thompson, A. (eds), Qualitative Research Methods in Mental Health and Psychotherapy: A Guide for Students and Practitioners (pp. 209–223). New York, NY, USA: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, J. L. (1976). A ten-year Delphi forecast in the electronics industry. Industrial Marketing Management, 5, 45–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-8501(76)90009-2 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joice, A., & Mercer, S. (2010). An evaluation of the impact of a large group psycho-education programme (Stress Control) on patient outcome: does empathy make a difference? The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 3, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X10000012 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanada, Y., Sakurai, H., Sugiura, Y., Hirano, Y., Koyama, S., & Tanabe, S. (2015). Reliability of clinical competency evaluation list for novice physical and occupational therapists requiring assistance. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 27, 3177–3181. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.27.3177 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kellett, S., Clarke, S., & Matthews, L. (2007). Session impact and outcome in group psychoeducative cognitive behavioural therapy. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 35, 335–342. https://doi.org/10.1017/S135246580600347X CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kellett, S., Simmonds-Buckley, M., Limon, E., Stride, C., Hughes, L., Hague, J., & Millings, A. (2020). Defining the assessment and treatment competencies to deliver low intensity cognitive behavioural therapy: a multi-centre validation study. Behavior Therapy. Advance online publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2020.01.006 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lukens, E. P., & McFarlane, W. R. (2004). Psychoeducation as evidence-based practice: considerations for practice, research, and policy. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 4, 205–225. https://doi.org/10.1093/brief-treatment/mhh019 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2018). The Improving Access to Psychological Therapies Manual. Retrieved from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/the-iapt-manual.pdf Google Scholar
National College for School Leadership (2010). Facilitation Competency Framework. Retrieved from: https://www.nationalcollege.org.uk/transfer/open/facilitation/fac-s4/fac-s4-t2_M.html Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2011a). Common mental health problems: identification and pathways to care. London, UK: NICE.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2011b). Generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults: management. London, UK: NICE.Google Scholar
NHS. (2010). Psychological Wellbeing Practitioners: Playing a Key Role in Maintaining the Nation’s Wellbeing. Best Practice Guide. Retrieved from: https://www.uea.ac.uk/documents/246046/11991919/PWP+Best+Practice+Guide.pdf/ Google Scholar
NHS Digital (2019). Psychological Therapies, Annual Report on the Use of IAPT Services 2018–19. Retrieved from: https://files.digital.nhs.uk/1C/538E29/psych-ther-2018-19-ann-rep.pdf Google Scholar
Norcross, J. C., & Lambert, M. J. (2018). Psychotherapy relationships that work III. Psychotherapy, 55, 303–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pst0000193 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pilling, S., Cape, J., Newman, R., & Hardy, R. (2015). Report of the Psychological Wellbeing Practitioner Review – Phase 2. Retrieved from: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/pals/sites/pals/files/pwp_curriculum.pdf Google Scholar
Pope, K. S., & Keith-Spiegel, P. (2008). A practical approach to boundaries in psychotherapy: making decisions, bypassing blunders, and mending fences. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64, 638–652. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20477 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
QSR International (2018). NVivo 12 [computer software]. Retrieved from: https://www.qsrinternational.com/nvivo/nvivo-products Google Scholar
Robinson, S., Kellett, S., King, I., & Keating, V. (2012). Role transition from mental health nurse to IAPT high intensity psychological therapist. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 40, 351–366. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1352465811000683 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The Health Foundation (2013). Patient Skills Development Programme: Guide to Facilitator Training, Skills and Assessment. Retrieved from: http://patientsafety.health.org.uk/resources/patient-skills-programme-guide-facilitator-training-skills-and-assessment Google Scholar
The International Institute for Facilitation (2003). Facilitation Skills Research Survey. Retrieved from: https://www.inifac.org/the-master-facilitator-competencies/ Google Scholar
Turpin, G. (2010). IAPT Good Practice Guide to Using Self-Help Materials. National Mental Health Development Unit/Improving Access to Psychological Therapies, 1–40.Google Scholar
von Consbruch, K., Clark, D. M., & Stangier, U. (2012). Assessing therapeutic competence in cognitive therapy for social phobia: psychometric properties of the cognitive therapy competence scale for social phobia (CTCS-SP). Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 40, 149–161. https://doi.org/doi:10.1017/S1352465811000622 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, J., & Keenan, M. (1990). Stress control: a pilot study of large group therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 18, 143–146. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0141347300018267 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yalom, I., & Leszcz, M. (2005). Creation of the group: place, time, size, preparation. In Yalom, I. & Leszcz, M. (eds), The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy (5th edn, pp. 281–308). New York, USA: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.