Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T15:29:36.724Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Effect of Parenting Programme on the Symptoms and the Family Functioning of Children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Who Have Residual Symptoms Despite Medical Treatment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 August 2021

Bahadir Turan Open the ORCID record for Bahadir Turan [Opens in a new window] ,
Ibrahim Selcuk Esin  and
Onur Burak Dursun
Bahadir Turan*
Affiliation:
Department of Autism, Mental Special Needs and Rare Diseases, Turkish Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Health Services, Ankara, Turkey
Ibrahim Selcuk Esin
Affiliation:
Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ataturk University, Ezurum, Turkey
Onur Burak Dursun
Affiliation:
Department of Autism, Mental Special Needs and Rare Diseases, Turkish Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Health Services, Ankara, Turkey
*
*Corresponding author: Bahadir Turan, Turkish Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Health Services, Department of Autism, Mental Special Needs and Rare Diseases, Ankara 06800, Turkey. Email: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

This study aims to determine the effects of the Parents Plus Children's Programme (PPCP) on children's symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and on family functionality and parenting stress. The children in the study were aged 6–11 years, and they had been diagnosed with ADHD and had residual symptoms despite effective dosage and timing of their medication. Forty-six couples, who with their children met the eligibility criteria, were enrolled and randomly allocated to the PPCP or the control group. The intervention involved a 9-week, 2 h a week, parenting group exercise. Those in the PPCP group improved significantly more over time on Conners’ Parent Rating Scale-Revised, Family Assessment Device, and Parent Stress Index than those in the control condition. The trial is the first clinical study involving the parents of children with ADHD that addresses residual symptoms and functional impairments that remain despite the administration of the maximum effective dose of pharmacological treatment.

Keywords

parenting programmesADHDresidual symptoms
Type
Standard Paper
Information
Behaviour Change , Volume 39 , Issue 1 , April 2022 , pp. 21 - 36
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Australian Association for Cognitive and Behaviour Therapy

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

†

This manuscript was presented as an oral presentation at the 18th International Congress of European Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (ESCAP), Vienna, Austria, 2019.

References

Abidin, RR and Abidin, RR (1990). Parenting stress index (PSI) (vol. 100). Charlottesville, VA: Pediatric Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Aghebati, A, Gharraee, B, Shoshtari, MH and Gohari, MR (2014). Triple p-positive parenting program for mothers of ADHD children. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 8, 59.Google ScholarPubMed
American Psychological Association (2006). Report of the working group on psychoactive medications for children and adolescents: Psychopharmacological, psychosocial, and combined interventions for childhood disorders: Evidence base, contextual factors, and future directions. APA Working Group on Psychoactive Medications for Children and Adolescents, American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Anastopoulos, AD, Shelton, TL, DuPaul, GJ and Guevremont, DC (1993). Parent training for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Its impact on parent functioning. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 581–596.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Au, A, Lau, KM, Wong, AHC, Lam, C, Leung, C, Lau, J and Lee, YK (2014). The efficacy of a Group Triple P (positive parenting program) for Chinese parents with a child diagnosed with ADHD in Hong Kong: A pilot randomised controlled study. Australian Psychologist, 49, 151–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauermeister, JJ, Puente, A, Martínez, JV, Cumba, E, Scándar, RO and Bauermeister, JA (2010). Parent perceived impact of Spaniard boys’ and girls’ inattention, hyperactivity, and oppositional defiant behaviors on family life. Journal of Attention Disorders, 14, 247–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Behan, J, Fitzpatrick, C, Sharry, J, Carr, A and Waldron, B (2001). Evaluation of the parenting plus programme. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 22, 238–256.Google Scholar
Birnbaum, HG, Kessler, RC, Lowe, SW, Secnik, K, Greenberg, PE, Leong, SA and Swensen, AR (2005). Costs of attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the US: Excess costs of persons with ADHD and their family members in 2000. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 21, 195–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bulut, I (1990). Aile değerlendirme ölçeği el kitabı (pp. 6–8). Ankara: Özgüzeliş Matbaası.Google Scholar
Carr, A, Hartnett, D, Brosnan, E and Sharry, J (2017). Parents Plus systemic, solution-focused parent training programs: Description, review of the evidence base, and meta-analysis. Family Process, 56, 652–668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carucci, S, Balia, C, Gagliano, A, Lampis, A, Buitelaar, JK, Danckaerts, M, …, Inglis, S (2020). Long term methylphenidate exposure and growth in children and adolescents with ADHD. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 120, 509–525.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Çekiç, A, Akbaş, T and Hamamcı, Z (2015). Adaptation of parenting stress index into Turkish: The validity and the reliability study. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 14, 647–667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, M-H, Huang, K-L, Hsu, J-W and Tsai, S-J (2019). Treatment-resistant attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Clinical significance, concept, and management. Taiwanese Journal of Psychiatry, 33, 66.Google Scholar
Ciesielski, HA, Loren, RE and Tamm, L (2020). Behavioral parent training for ADHD reduces situational severity of child noncompliance and related parental stress. Journal of Attention Disorders, 24, 758–767.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Climie, EA and Mitchell, K (2017). Parent-child relationship and behavior problems in children with ADHD. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 63, 27–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coates, J, Taylor, JA and Sayal, K (2015). Parenting interventions for ADHD: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Journal of Attention Disorders, 19, 831–843.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conners, CK, Sitarenios, G, Parker, JD and Epstein, JN (1998). The revised Conners’ Parent Rating Scale (CPRS-R): Factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 257–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cortese, S, Adamo, N, Del Giovane, C, Mohr-Jensen, C, Hayes, AJ, Carucci, S, …, Coghill, D (2018). Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5, 727–738.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coughlin, M, Sharry, J, Fitzpatrick, C, Guerin, S and Drumm, M (2009). A controlled clinical evaluation of the Parents Plus children's programme: A video-based programme for parents of children aged 6 to 11 with behavioural and developmental problems. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 14, 541–558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dittmann, RW, Cardo, E, Nagy, P, Anderson, CS, Adeyi, B, Caballero, B, …, Coghill, DR (2014). Treatment response and remission in a double-blind, randomized, head-to-head study of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and atomoxetine in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. CNS Drugs, 28, 1059–1069.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donenberg, G and Baker, BL (1993). The impact of young children with externalizing behaviors on their families. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 179–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DuPaul, GJ, Power, TJ, Anastopoulos, AD and Reid, R (1998). ADHD Rating Scale-IV: Checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Dursun, OB, Esin, IS, Akinci, MA, Karayagmurlu, A, Turan, B and Ozhan Asikhasanoglu, E (2019). The prevalence of childhood mental disorders in different habitations: Are we underestimating their prevalence in rural areas? Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 1–7. doi:10.1080/08039488.2019.1689295.Google ScholarPubMed
Dursun, O, Guvenir, T, Aras, S, Ergin, C, Mutlu, C, Baydur, H, …, Iscanli, L (2013). A new diagnostic approach for Turkish speaking populations DAWBA Turkish version. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 22, 275–282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Epstein, JN and Weiss, MD (2012). Assessing treatment outcomes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A narrative review. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 14, 6.Google ScholarPubMed
Epstein, NB, Baldwin, LM and Bishop, DS (1983). The McMaster family assessment device. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 9, 171–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, SW, Owens, JS and Bunford, N (2014). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 43, 527–551.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fabiano, GA, Pelham, WE Jr, Coles, EK, Gnagy, EM, Chronis-Tuscano, A and O'Connor, BC (2009). A meta-analysis of behavioral treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 129–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Falci, SGM and Marques, LS (2015). CONSORT: When and how to use it. Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics, 20, 13–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleck, K, Jacob, C, Philipsen, A, Matthies, S, Graf, E, Hennighausen, K, …, Rösler, M (2015). Child impact on family functioning: A multivariate analysis in multiplex families with children and mothers both affected by attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD – Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 7, 211–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franke, B, Michelini, G, Asherson, P, Banaschewski, T, Bilbow, A, Buitelaar, JK, …, Haavik, J (2018). Live fast, die young? A review on the developmental trajectories of ADHD across the lifespan. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, 1059–1088.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galloway, H, Newman, E, Miller, N and Yuill, C (2019). Does parent stress predict the quality of life of children with a diagnosis of ADHD? A comparison of parent and child perspectives. Journal of Attention Disorders, 23, 435–450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldman, LS, Genel, M, Bezman, RJ and Slanetz, PJ (1998). Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. JAMA, 279, 1100–1107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodman, R, Ford, T, Richards, H, Gatward, R and Meltzer, H (2000). The development and well-being assessment: Description and initial validation of an integrated assessment of child and adolescent psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 645–655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenhill, L, Pliszka, S, Dulcan, M, Bernet, W, Arnold, V, Beitchman, J,…, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (2002). Practice parameters for the use of stimulant medications in the treatment of children, adolescents, and adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 26S–49S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humphreys, KL, Mehta, N and Lee, SS (2012). Association of parental ADHD and depression with externalizing and internalizing dimensions of child psychopathology. Journal of Attention Disorders, 16, 267–275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaner, S, Büyüköztürk, Ş, İşeri, E, Ak, A and Özaydın, L (2011). Conners’ Parent Rating Scale long form-revised: Factor structure, reliability and validity studies. Turkish Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 18, 45–58.Google Scholar
Keating, A, Sharry, J, Murphy, M, Rooney, B and Carr, A (2016). An evaluation of the Parents Plus–parenting when separated programme. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 21, 240–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lange, G, Sheerin, D, Carr, A, Dooley, B, Barton, V, Marshall, D, …, Doyle, M (2005). Family factors associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and emotional disorders in children. Journal of Family Therapy, 27, 76–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, PC, Lin, KC, Robson, D, Yang, HJ, Chen, VCH and Niew, WI (2013). Parent–child interaction of mothers with depression and their children with ADHD. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 656–668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lessard, J, Normandeau, S and Robaey, P (2016). Effects of the incredible years program in families of children with ADHD. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 3716–3727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mandell, DS, Guevara, JP, Rostain, AL and Hadley, TR (2003). Economic grand rounds: Medical expenditures among children with psychiatric disorders in a Medicaid population. Psychiatric Services, 54, 465–467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, CA, Papadopoulos, N, Chellew, T, Rinehart, NJ and Sciberras, E (2019). Associations between parenting stress, parent mental health and child sleep problems for children with ADHD and ASD: Systematic review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 93, 103463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matza, LS, Paramore, C and Prasad, M (2005). A review of the economic burden of ADHD. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation, 3, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McClellan, J, Kowatch, R, Findling, R and Work Group on Quality Issues (2007). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 107–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merrell, KW and Gimpel, G (2014). Social skills of children and adolescents: Conceptualization, assessment, treatment. New York and London: Psychology Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, IW, Ryan, CE, Keitner, GI, Bishop, DS and Epstein, NB (2000). The McMaster approach to families: Theory, assessment, treatment and research. Journal of Family Therapy, 22, 168–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moen, ØL, Hedelin, B and Hall-Lord, ML (2015). Parental perception of family functioning in everyday life with a child with ADHD. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 43, 10–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moen, ØL, Hedelin, B and Hall-Lord, ML (2016). Family functioning, psychological distress, and well-being in parents with a child having ADHD. SAGE Open, 6. doi:10.1177/2158244015626767.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molina, BS, Hinshaw, SP, Swanson, JM, Arnold, LE, Vitiello, B, Jensen, PS, …, Abikoff, HB (2009). The MTA at 8 years: Prospective follow-up of children treated for combined-type ADHD in a multisite study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 484–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montiel, C, Peña, JA, Montiel-Barbero, I and Polanczyk, G (2008). Prevalence rates of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a school sample of Venezuelan children. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 39, 311–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MTA Cooperative Group (2004). National Institute of Mental Health Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD follow-up: 24-month outcomes of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 113, 754–761.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muñoz-Silva, A, Lago-Urbano, R, Sanchez-Garcia, M and Carmona-Márquez, J (2017). Child/adolescent's ADHD and parenting stress: The mediating role of family impact and conduct problems. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nitsch, E, Hannon, G, Rickard, E, Houghton, S and Sharry, J (2015). Positive parenting: A randomised controlled trial evaluation of the Parents Plus Adolescent Programme in schools. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 9, 43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noguchi, K, Gel, YR, Brunner, E and Konietschke, F (2012). nparLD: An R software package for the nonparametric analysis of longitudinal data in factorial experiments. Journal of Statistical Software, 50, 12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pelham, WE Jr, Fabiano, GA, Waxmonsky, JG, Greiner, AR, Gnagy, EM, Pelham, WE III, …, Hart, K (2016). Treatment sequencing for childhood ADHD: A multiple-randomization study of adaptive medication and behavioral interventions. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 45, 396–415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pelham, WE Jr and Gnagy, EM (1999). Psychosocial and combined treatments for ADHD. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 5, 225–236.3.0.CO;2-E>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, K and Jackson, D (2009). Mothers’ experiences of parenting a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65, 62–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramsay, JR (2017). Assessment and monitoring of treatment response in adult ADHD patients: Current perspectives. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 13, 221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reigstad, B, Jørgensen, K, Sund, AM and Wichstrøm, L (2006). Adolescents referred to specialty mental health care from local services and adolescents who remain in local treatment: What differs? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41, 323–331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Savasır, I and Sahin, N. (1995). Manual for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R). Ankara: Turkish Psychology Association Publication.Google Scholar
Sharry, J, Guerin, S, Griffin, C and Drumm, M (2005). An evaluation of the Parents Plus early years programme: A video-based early intervention for parents of pre-school children with behavioural and developmental difficulties. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 10, 319–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharry, J, Hampson, G and Fanning, M. (2009). Parents Plus Early Years Programme: A DVD-based parenting course on promoting development and managing behaviour problems in young children aged 1–6. Dublin: Parents Plus.Google Scholar
Sollie, H, Mørch, W-T and Larsson, B (2016). Parent and family characteristics and their associates in a follow-up of outpatient children with ADHD. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 2571–2584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonuga-Barke, EJ, Brandeis, D, Cortese, S, Daley, D, Ferrin, M, Holtmann, M, …, Döpfner, M (2013). Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 275–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steele, M, Jensen, PS and Quinn, DM (2006). Remission versus response as the goal of therapy in ADHD: A new standard for the field? Clinical Therapeutics, 28, 1892–1908.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swanson, J, Arnold, LE, Kraemer, H, Hechtman, L, Molina, B, Hinshaw, S, …, Lerner, M (2008). Evidence, interpretation, and qualification from multiple reports of long-term outcomes in the Multimodal Treatment Study of children with ADHD (MTA) part I: Executive summary. Journal of Attention Disorders, 12, 4–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swensen, AR, Birnbaum, HG, Secnik, K, Marynchenko, M, Greenberg, P and Claxton, A (2003). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Increased costs for patients and their families. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 1415–1423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Theule, J, Wiener, J, Tannock, R and Jenkins, JM (2013). Parenting stress in families of children with ADHD: A meta-analysis. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 21, 3–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, MJ, Laver-Bradbury, C, Ayres, M, Le Poidevin, E, Mead, S, Dodds, C, …, Weeks, A (2009). A small-scale randomized controlled trial of the revised new forest parenting programme for preschoolers with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 18, 605–616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torres-Acosta, N, O'Keefe, JH, O'Keefe, CL and Lavie, CJ (2020). Cardiovascular effects of ADHD therapies: JACC review topic of the week. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 76, 858–866.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitiello, B, Severe, JB, Greenhill, LL, Arnold, LE, Abikoff, HB, Bukstein, OG, …, Hinshaw, SP (2001). Methylphenidate dosage for children with ADHD over time under controlled conditions: Lessons from the MTA. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 188–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wechsler, D (1974). Manual for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Revised. New York: Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Willcutt, EG (2012). The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Neurotherapeutics, 9, 490–499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhao, X, Page, TF, Altszuler, AR, Pelham, WE, Kipp, H, Gnagy, EM, …, Macphee, FL (2019). Family burden of raising a child with ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47, 1327–1338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zisser, A and Eyberg, SM (2010) Parent-child interaction therapy and the treatment of disruptive behavior disorders. In Weisz, John R and Kazdin, Alan E (eds), Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents. New York: The Guilford Press, pp. 179–193.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Turan et al. supplementary material

Turan et al. supplementary material 1

Download Turan et al. supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 1.1 MB
Supplementary material: File

Turan et al. supplementary material

Turan et al. supplementary material 2

Download Turan et al. supplementary material(File)
File 43.2 KB