Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T05:55:54.816Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Sociobiology, sociopathy, and social policy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Richard Machalek
Richard Machalek*
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071. [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Evolutionary analysis suggests that policies based on deterrence may cope effectively with primary sociopathy if the threat of punishment fits the crime in the cost/benefit calculus of the sociopath, not that of the public. On the other hand, policies designed to offset serious disadvantage in social competition may help inhibit the development of secondary sociopathy, rather than deter its expression.

Type
Article Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 18 , Special Issue 3: An International Journal of Current Research and Theory with Open Peer Commentary , September 1995 , pp. 564
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ackerly, S. S. (1964) A case of parunntal bilateral frontal lobe defect observed for thirty years. In: The frontal granular cortex and behavior: A symposium, ed. Warren, J. M. & Akert, K.. McGraw-Hill. [CM]Google Scholar
Ackerly, S. S. & Benton, A. L. (1948) Report of a case of bilateral frontal lobe defect. Research publications: Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Diseases 27:479–504. [CM]Google ScholarPubMed
R., Adolphs, D., Tranel, Damasio, H. & Damasio, A. (1994) Impaired recognition of emotion in facial expressions following bilateral damage to the human amygdala. Nature 372:669–72. [rLM]Google Scholar
Ahem, G. L. & Schwartz, G. E. (1985) Differential lateralization for positive mid negative emotion in the human brain: EEC spectral analysis. Neuropsychologia 23:745–55. [RAD]Google Scholar
D., Ainsworth. M., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E. & Wall, S. (1978) Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Erlbaum. [MHVI, rLM]Google Scholar
Aird, R. B. & Yamainoto, T. (1966) Behavior disorders of childhood. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 21:148–56. [JP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alcock, J. (1989) Animal behavior: An evolutionary approach. Sinauer. [AJF]Google Scholar
Alexander, R. D. (1986) Biology and law. Ethology and Sociobiology 7(3/4):329–37. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, R. D. (1987) The biology of moral systems, de Gruyter. [aLM]Google Scholar
Allen, G. E. (1989) A dangerous form of eugenics is creeping back into science. The Scientist 3(3):9, 11. [rLM]Google Scholar
Allen, H., Lindner, L., Goldman, H. & Dinitz, S. (1971) Hostile and simple sociopaths: An empirical typology. Criminology 9:27–47. [aLM]10.1111/j.1745-9125.1971.tb00757.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allsopp, J., Eysenck, H. J. & Eysenck, S. B. C. (1991) Machiavellianism as a component in psychoticism and extroversion. Personality and Individual Differences 12(1):29–41. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altrocchi, J. (1980) Abnonnal behavior. Harcourt, Brace & Jovanovich. [aLM]Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 2d ed. [AF, DSK]Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3d ed., revised. [aLM, AF, HRH]Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. [AF, CM]Google Scholar
Anawalt, H. C. (1986) Ostracism and the law of defamation. Ethology and Sociobiology 7(3/4):£329–37. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, N. H. (1981) Foundations of information integration theory. Academic Press. [YW]Google Scholar
Anderson, N. H. (1991) Psychodynamics of everyday life: Blaming and avoiding blame. In: Contributions to information integration theory: vol 2. Social, ed. Anderson, N. H.. Erlbaum. [YW]Google Scholar
Apter, A., Bleich, A., Plutchik, R., Mendelsohn, S. & Tyano, S. (1988). Suicidal behavior, depression and conduct disorder in hospitalized adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 27:696–99. [RPIu]10.1097/00004583-198811000-00005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Apter, M. J. (1992) The dangerous edge: The psychology of excitement. Free Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Archer, J. (1988) The behavioral biology of aggression. Cambridge University Press. [KGB]Google Scholar
Archer, J. (1991) The influence of testosterone on human aggression. British Journal of Psychiatry 82:1–28. [aLM, JA]Google ScholarPubMed
Archer, J. (1994) Testosterone and aggression. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation. X:3–25. [JA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Averill, J. R. (1973) Personal control over aversive stimuli and its relationship to stress. Psychological Bulletin 80:286–303. [RWJN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Axelrod, R. (1984) The evolution of cooperation. Basic Books. [aLM, HLC]Google Scholar
Axelrod, R. (1986) An evolutionary approach to norms. American Political Science Review 80(4):1095–1111. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Axelrod, R. & Dion, D. (1988) More on the evolution of cooperation. Science 242:1385–90. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Axelrod, R. & Hamilton, W. D. (1981) The evolution of cooperation. Science 211:1290–1396. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aytch, D. or Weisfeld, G. (1994) Criminality, attachment, and sibling consanguinity. Paper presented to the International Society for Human Ethology, Toronto. [rLM]Google Scholar
Baker, L. A. (1986) Estimating genetic correlations among discordant phenotypes. An analysis of criminal convictions and psychiatric hospital diagnoses in a Danish adoption cohort. Behavior Genetics 16:127–42. [SCM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, L. A., Mack, W., Moffitt, T. E. & Mednick, S. (1989) Sex differences in property crime in a Danish adoption cohort. Behavior Genetics 19(3):355–70. [aLM]10.1007/BF01066164CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldwin, J. D. (1990) The role of sensory stimulation in criminal behavior, with special attention to the age peak in crime. In: Crime in biological, social, and moral contexts, ed. Ellis, L. & Hoffman, H.. Praeger. [aLM]Google Scholar
Barash, D. P. (1993) Sex, violence, and sociobiology. Science 262:491. [NLS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barber, N. (1992) Are interpersonal attitudes, such as Machiavellianism and altruism, modified by relatedness of their targets? Paper presented at the 4th annual meeting of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society, Albuquerque, NM. [aLM]Google Scholar
Barnett, M. A. & Thompson, S. (1984) The role of perspective-taking and empathy in children's Machiavellianism, prosocial behavior and motive for helping. Journal of Genetic Psychology 146(3):295–305. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barratt, E. S. (1993). Impulsivity: Integrating cognitive, behavioral, biological, and environmental data. In: The impulsive client, ed. McGown, W. G., Johnson, J. L. & Shure, M. S.. American Psychological Association. [ESB]Google Scholar
Bartol, C. R. (1984) Psychology and American law. Wadsworth. [aLM]Google Scholar
Baumann, D. J., Cialdini, R. B. & Kenrick, D. L. (1981) Altruism as hedonism: Helping and self-gratification as equivalent responses. Journal of Personality6 & Social Psychology 40:1039–46. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayrakal, S. (1965) The significance of electroencephalographic abnormality in behavior-problem children. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal 10:387–92. [JP]10.1177/070674376501000510CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1987) Review of Kitcher's, P. Précis of vaulting ambition: Sociobiology and the quest for human nature. 10(l):61–116. [AF]Google Scholar
Bell, R. Q. & Chapman, M. (1986) Child effects in studies using experimental or brief longitudinal approaches to socialization. Developmental Psychology 22:595–603. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belmore, M. F. & Quinsey, V. L. (1994) Correlates of psychopathy in a noninstitutional sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 9:339–49. [VLQ]10.1177/088626094009003004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belsky, J., Steinberg, L. & Draper, P. (1991) Childhood experience, interpersonal development and reproductive strategy: An evolutionary theory of socialization. Child Development 62(4):647–70. [arLM, JBe]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bevan, P., Cools, A. R. & Archer, T. (1989) Behavioural pharmacology of 5-HT. Erlbaum. [JP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bigelow, R. (1969) The dawn warriors: Man's evolution toward peace. Little, Brown. [KGB]Google Scholar
Bigelow, R. (1972) The evolution of cooperation, aggression, and self-control. In: Nebraska symposium on motivation, vol. 20, ed. Cole, J. K. & Jensen, D. D.. University of Nebraska Press. [aLM, KGB]Google Scholar
Blackburn, R. (1994) The psychology of criminal conduct: Theory, research and practice. Wiley. [GHG]Google Scholar
Blair, R. J. R. (1994a) A cognitive developmental approach to morality: Investigating the psychopath. Paper presented to the Experimental Psychology Society, London. [rLM]Google Scholar
Blair, R. J. R. (1994b) Sympathy in the psychopath. Paper presented at the Experimental Psychology Society Conference, Oxford. [RJRB]Google Scholar
Blair, R. J. R. (in press) A cognitive developmental approach to morality: Investigating the psychopath. Cognition. [RJRB]Google Scholar
Blumer, D. & Benson, D. F. (1975) Personality changes with frontal and temporal lobe lesions. In: Psychiatric aspects of neurologic disease, ed. Benson, D. F. & Blnmer, D.. Grune & Stratton. [CM]Google Scholar
Blumstein, A. & Cohen, J. (1987) Characterizing criminal careers. Science 237:985–91. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blumstein, A., Cohen, J. & Farrington, D. P. (1988) Criminal career research: Its value for criminology. Criminology 26:1–37. [AC]10.1111/j.1745-9125.1988.tb00829.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boddy, J., Carver, A. & Rowley, K. (1986) Effects of positive and negative verbal reinforcement on performance as a function of extraversion introversion: Some tests of Gray's theory. Personality and Individual Differences 7(l):81–88. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohman, M., Sigvardsson, S. & Cloninger, C. R. (1981) Maternal inheritance of alcohol abuse. Archives of General Psychiatry 38:965–69. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonkalo, A. (1967) Electroencephalography in criminology. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal 12:281–86. [JP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borowiak, M. (1989) The effectiveness of individual therapy, group therapy, family therapy, and outdoor therapy on adjudicated juvenile delinquents: A mcta-analysis. Unpublished senior thesis, St. John's University, Collegeville, MN. [aLM]Google Scholar
Bouchard, T. J. (1994) Genes, environment, and personality. Science 264:1700–1. [JP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouchard, & McGuc, M. (1990) Genetic and rearing environmental influences on adult personality: An analysis of adopted twins reared apart, journal of Personality 58:263–92. [AC]10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00916.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowlby, J. (1944) Fourty-four juvenile thieves: Their characters and home life. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 25:19–52, 107–27. [MHVI]Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1946) Forty-four juvenile thieves: Their characters and home-life. Tindall and Cox. [AR]Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1969) Attachment and loss: vol. 1. Attachment. Basic Books. [rLM]Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1988) A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. Routledge. [rLM]Google Scholar
Boyd, R. (1988) Is the repeated prisoner's dilemma game a good model of reciprocal altruism? Ethology and Sociobiology 9:211–21. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. (1992) Punishment allows the evolution of cooperation (or anything else) in sizable groups. Ethology and Sociobiology 213(3):171–95. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, M. T. & Klohn, K. I. (1987) Machiavellianism, the control question test and the detection of deception. Perceptual and Motor Skills 64:747–57. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brammer, G. L., Raleigh, M. J., Ritvo, E. R., Geller, E., McGuire, M. T. & Yuwilor, A. (1991) Fenfluramine effects on serotonergic measures in vervet monkeys. Pharmacology, Biochemistry h Behavior 40:267–71. [KH]10.1016/0091-3057(91)90550-LCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brenna, P., Raine, A. & Mednick, S. A. (1994) Psychophysiological characteristics of criminal sons of criminal fathers. Psychophysiology 31:S30. [AR]Google Scholar
Brown, G. L., Ebert, M. H., Coyer, P. F., Jimerson, D. C., Klein, W. J., Bunney, W. E. & Goodwin, F. K. (1982) Aggression, suicide and serotoiHn: Relationship to CSF amine metabolites. American Journal of Psychiatry 139(6):741–46. [aLM]Google Scholar
Brown, G. L., Goodwin, F. K., Ballenger, J. C., Goyer, P. F. & Major, L. F. (1979) Aggression in humans correlates with cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites. Psychiatric Research 1:131–39. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brunner, H. G., Nelen, M., Breakefield, X. O., Ropers, H. H. & van Oost, B. A. (1993) Abnormal behavior associated with a point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A. Science 262:578–80. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Busmeyer, J. R. & Townsend, J. T. (1993) Decision field theory: A dynamiccognitive approach to decision making in an uncertain environment. Psychological Review 100:432–59. [RWJN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buss, D. M. (1981) Predicting parent-child interactions from children's activity level. Developmental Psychology 17:59–65. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buss, D. M. (1988) The evolution of human intrasexual competition: Tactics of mate attraction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54(4):616–28. [aLM]10.1037/0022-3514.54.4.616CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buss, D. M. (1991) Evolutionary personality psychology. Annual Review of Psychology 42:459–91. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Byrne, R. W. & Whiten, A. (1988) Machiavellian intelligence: Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes, and humans. Oxford Science. [aLM]Google Scholar
Cacioppo, J. T. & Berntson, G. G. (1994) Relationship between attitudes and evaluative space: A critical review with emphasis on the separability of positive and negative substrates. Psychological Bulletin 115:401–23. [RAD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cadoret, R. J. (1978) Psychopathology of adopted-away offspring of biologic parents with antisocial personality. Archives of General Psychiatry 35:176–84. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cadoret, R. J. (1982) Genotype-environment interaction in antisocial behavior. Psychosomatic Medicine 12:235–39. [aLM]Google Scholar
Cadoret, R. J. (1986) Epidemiology of antisocial personality. In: Unmasking the psychopath: Antisocial personality and related syndromes, ed.Reid, W. H., Dorr, D., Walker, J. I. & Bonner, J. W. III. Norton. [aLM]Google Scholar
Cadoret, R. J. & Cain, C. (1980) Sex differences in predictors of antisocial behavior in adoptees. Archives of General Psychiatry 37:1171–75. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cadoret, R. J. & Cain, C. (1981) Environmental and genetic factors in predicting adolescent antisocial behavior. The Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa 6(4):220–25. [aLM]Google Scholar
Cadoret, R. J., Cain, C. A. & Crowe, R. R. (1983) Evidence for geneenvironment interaction in the development of adolescent antisocial behavior. Behavior Genetics 13(3):301–10. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cadoret, R. J. & Stewart, M. A. (1991) An adoption study of attention deficit/hyperactivity/aggression and their relationship to adult antisocial personality. Comprehensive Psychiatry 32(l):73–82. [aLM]10.1016/0010-440X(91)90072-KCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cadoret, R. J., Troughton, E., Bagford, J. & Woodworth, G. (1990) Genetic and environmental factors in adoptee antisocial personality. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences 239:231–40. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cadoret, R. J., Troughton, E. & O'Gorman, T. W. (1987) Genetic and environmental factors in alcohol abuse and antisocial personality. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 48(l):l–8. [aLM]10.15288/jsa.1987.48.1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caldwell, R. L. (1986) The deceptive use of reputation by stomatopods. In: Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit, ed. Mitchell, R. W. & Thompson, N. S.. State University of New York Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Carey, G. (1992) Twin imitation for antisocial behavior: Implications for genetic and family environment research. journal of Abnormal Psychology 101:18–25. [KH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carey, G. (1994) Genetics and violence. In: Understanding and prevention of violence: vol. 2. Biobehavioral influences, ed. Reiss, A. J., Miczek, K. A. & Roth, J. A.. National Academy Press. [SCM]Google Scholar
Carmichael, L. (1995) Territory bargaining. Unpublished manuscript, Queen's University. [HLC]Google Scholar
Carmichael, L. & MacLeod, W. B. (1994) Gift giving and the evolution of cooperation. Submitted manuscript, Queen's University. [HLC]Google Scholar
Carroll, K. M., Ball, S. A. & Rounsaville, B. J. (1993) A comparison of alternative systems for diagnosing antisocial personality disorders in cocaine abusers. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 181:436–43. [AF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carver, C. & White, T. (1994) Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67:319–33. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caspi, A., Elder, G. H. & Bern, D. J. (1987) Moving against the world: Lifecourse patterns of explosive children. Developmental Psychology 23:308–13. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caspi, A., Lynam, D., Moffitt, T. E. & Silva, P. A. (1993) Unravelling girls' delinquency: Biological, dispositional, and contextual contributions to adolescent misbehavior. Developmental Psychology 29(1)19–30. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaiken, M. R. & Chaiken, J. M. (1984) Offender types and public policy. Crime and Delinquency 30(2): 195–226. [rLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charney, D. S., Woods, S. W., Krystal, J. H. & Heninger, G. R. (1990) Serotonin function and human anxiety disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 600:558–73. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chesno, F. A. & Kilman, P. R. (1975) Effects of stimulation intensity on sociopathic avoidance learning. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 84:144–50. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chisholm, J. (1993) Death, hope, and sex: Life history theory and the development of reproductive strategies. Current Anthropology 34:1–12, 18–24. [rLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiansen, K. O. (1977a) A review of studies of criminality among twins. In: Biosocial bases of criminal behavior, ed. Mednick, S. A. & Christiansen, K. O.. Gardner Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Christiansen, K. O. (1977b) A preliminary study of criminality among twins. In: Biosocial bases of criminal behavior, eds. Mednick, S. A. & Christiansen, K. O.. Gardner Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Christie, R. (1970) The Machiavellis among us. Psychology Today 4(6):82–86. [aLM]Google Scholar
Christie, R. & Geis, F. L. (1970) Studies in Machiavellianism. Academic Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Cialdini, R. B., Kenrick, D. T. & Baumann, D. J. (1982) Effects of mood on prosocial behavior in children and adults. In: The development of prosodal behavior, ed. Eisenberg, N.. Academic Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Cleckley, H. (1941) The mask of sanity. Mosby. [DTL]Google Scholar
Cleckley, H. (1955) The mask of sanity. Mosby. [Jba]Google Scholar
Cleckley, H. (1976) The mask of sanity, 5th ed. Mosby. [DSK, CM, MZ, rLM]Google Scholar
Cleckley, H. (1982) The mask of sanity. Mosby. [AR]Google Scholar
Cloninger, C. R. (1987a) A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants. Archives of General Psychiatry 44:573–88. [aLM, MZ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cloninger, C. R. (1987b) Ncurogcnetic adaptive mechanisms in alcoholism. Science 236:410–16. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cloninger, C. R., Bohman, M. & Sigvardsson, S. (1981) Inheritance of alcohol abuse. Archives of Cencral Psychiatry 38:861–68. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cloninger, C. R., Christiansen, K. O., Reich, T. & Gottesman, I. I. (1978) Implications of sex differences in the prevalences of antisocial personality, alcoholism, and criminality for familial transmission. Archives of General Psychiatry 35:941–51. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cloninger, C. R. & Gottesman, I. I. (1987) Genetic and environmental factors in anti-social behavior disorders. In: The causes of crime: New biological approaches, ed. Mednick, S. A., Moffitt, T. E. & Stack, S. A.. Cambridge University Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Cloninger, C. R., Reich, T. & Guzo, S. B. (1975) The multifactorial model of disease transmission: Sex differences in the familial transmission of sociopathy (antisocial personality). British Journal of Pstjchiatry 127:11–22. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cloninger, C. R., Svrakic, D. M. & Przybeek, T. R. (1993) A psychobiological model of temperament. Archives of General Psychiatry 50:975–90. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, L. E. & Machalek, R. (1988) A general theory of expropriative crime: An evolutionary ecological approach. American Journal of Sociology 94(3):465–501. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, L. E., Vila, B. J. & Machalek, R. (in press) Exproprative crime and crime policy: An evolutionary ecological analysis. Studies in Crime and Crime Prevention: Annual Review 5. [RM]Google Scholar
Column, A. M. (1982) Game theory and experimental games: The study of strategic interaction. Pergamon. [AMC]Google Scholar
Column, A. M. (1995) Game theory and its applications in the social and biological sciences, 2d ed. Butterworth-Heinemann. [AMC]Google Scholar
Conger, R. (1993) Linking family processes to adolescent deviance. Paper presented at the 45th annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Phoenix, AZ. [aLM]Google Scholar
Cooke, P. (1993) A genetic test for Huntington's: Let Colin MacAllister see his future, and that's when his free fall begins. Health 7(4):80–86. [rLM]Google Scholar
Copas, J. B., O'Brien, M., Roberts, J. & Whiteley, J. S. (1984) Treatment outcome in personality disorder: The effect of social, psychological and behavioural variables. Personality and Individual Differences 5:565–73. [CMC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craft, M. J. (1965) Ten studies into psychopathic personality. Bristol, UK: John Wright. [DSK]Google Scholar
Crawford, C. B. & Anderson, J. L. (1989) Sociobiology: An environmentalist discipline? American Psychologist 44(12):1449–59. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowe, R. R. (1972) The adopted offspring of women criminal offenders: A study of their arrest records. Archives of General Psychiatry 27:600–3. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowe, R. R. (1974) An adoption study of anti-social personality. Archives of General Psychiatry 31:785–91. [aLM]10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760180027003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dabbs, J. M. & Morris, R. (1990) Testosterone, social class and antisocial behavior. Psychological Science 1:209–11. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daitzman, R. & Zuckerman, M. (1980) Disinhibitory sensation seeking, personality and gonadal hormones. Personality and Individual Differences 1:103–10. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daly, M. & Wilson, M. (1983) Sex, evolution, and behavior, 2d ed. Willard Grant Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Daly, M. (1988) Homicide. Aldine de Gruyter. [AC]Google ScholarPubMed
Damasio, A. R. (1994) Descartes' error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain. G. P. Putnam & Sons.Google Scholar
Damasio, A. R., Tranel, D. & Damasio, H. C. (1990) Individuals with sociopathic behavior caused by frontal damage fail to respond autonomically to social stimuli. Behavioural Brain Research 41:81–94. [nLM, ESB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Damasio, A. R. (1991) Somatic markers and the guidance of behavior: Theory and preliminary testing. In: Frontal lobe function and dysfunction, ed. Levin, H. L., Eisenberg, H. M. & Benton, A. L.. Oxford University Press. [CM]Google Scholar
Davey, G. C. L. (in press) Preparedness and phobias: Specific evolved associations or a generalized expectancy bias? Behavioral and Brain Sciences. [rLM]Google Scholar
Davidson, R. J. (1992) Anterior cerebral asymmetry and the nature of emotions. Brain and Cognition 20:125–51. [JP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davison, G. C. & Neale, J. M. (1994) Abnormal psychology, 6th ed.: Wiley. [aLM]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1980) Good strategy or evolutionary stable strategy? In: Sociobiology: Beyond nature/nurture?, ed. Barlow, G. W. & Silverberg, J.. Westview Press. [arLM]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1988) Why creative intelligence is hard to find. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11(2):253. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Depue, R. A. & Spoont, M. R. (1986) Conceptualizing a serotonin trait. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 487:47–62. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Derks, F. C. H. & Verhagen, M. F. M. (1991) Constructie interactieschalen staf/patint [The Dutch Forensic Staff-Patient Interactions Inventory (DFSI)]. Unpublished manuscript, Dr H. van der Hoeven Kliniek, Utrecht. [MHVI]Google Scholar
Derryberry, D. (1987) Incentive and feedback effects on target detection: A chronometric analysis of Gray's model of temperament. Personality and Individual Differences 8(6):855–65. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Vita, E. L., Forth, A. E. & Hare, R. D. (06, 1990) Family background of male criminal psychopaths. Paper presented to the Canadian Psychological Association, Ottawa. [VLQ]Google Scholar
Diener, E. & Emmons, R. A. (1985) The independence of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47:1105–17. [RAD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dienstbier, R. A. (1984) The role of emotion in moral socialization. In: Emotions, cognition and behavior, ed. Izard, C. E., Kagan, J. & Zajone, R. B.. Cambridge University Press. [arLM]Google Scholar
Digman, J. M. (1990) Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model. Annual Review of Psychology 41:417–40. [JP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dimberg, U. (1988) Facial expressions and emotional reactions: A psychobiological analysis of human social behaviour. In: Social psychophysiology and emotion: Theory and clinical applications, ed. Wagner, H. L.. Wiley. [aLM]Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J. & Poe, J. (1993) Parental antisocial behavior as an antecedent to deviancy training among adolescent boys and their peers. Paper presented at the 45th annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Phoenix, AZ. [aLM]Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., Patterson, G. R., Stoolmiller, M. & Skinner, M. L. (1991) Family, school, and behavioral antecedents to early adolescent involvement with antisocial peers. Developmental Psychology 27(1):172–80. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodge, K. A. & Newman, J. P. (1981) Biased decision-making processes in aggressive boys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 90(4):375–79. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dominey, W. J. (1984) Alternative mating tactics and evolutionarily stable strategies. American Zoologist 24:385–96. [JA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drake, R. A. & Sobrero, A. P. (1987) Lateral orientation effects upon traitbehavior and attitude-behavior consistency. Journal of Social Psychology 127:639–51. [RAD]Google Scholar
Drake, R. A. & Ulrich, G. (1992) Line bisecting as a predictor of personal optimism and desirability of risky behaviors. Ada Psychologies 79:219–26. [RAD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Draper, P. (1978) The learning environment for aggression and anti-social behavior among the! Kung [Kalahari Desert, Botswana, Africa]. In: Learning non-aggression: The experience of non-literate societies, ed. Montagu, A.. Oxford University Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Draper, P. & Belsky, J. (1990) Personality development in evolutionary perspective. Journal of Personality 58(1):141–61. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Draper, P. & Harpending, H. (1982) Father absence and reproductive strategy: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Anthropological Research 38(3):255–73. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drigotas, S. M. & Udry, J. R. (1993) Biosocial models of adolescent problem behavior: Extension to panel design. Social Biology 40(l/2):1–7. [aLM]Google ScholarPubMed
Dugatkin, L. A. (1992) The evolution of the “con artist.” Ethology and Sociobiology 13(1):3–18. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dugatkin, L. A. & Wilson, D. S. (1991) ROVER: A strategy for exploiting cooperators in a patchy environment. The American Naturalist 138(3):687–702. [arLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dumas, J. E., Blechman, E. A. & Prinz, R. J. (1992) Helping families with aggressive children and adolescents change. In: Aggression and violence throughout the lifespan, ed. Peters, R. DeV., McMahon, R. J. & Quinsey, V. L.. Sage. [aLM]Google Scholar
Dunn, J. (1987) The beginnings of moral understanding: Development in the second year. In: The emergence of morality in young children, ed. Kagan, J. & Lamb, S.. Chicago University Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Dunn, J. (1988) The beginnings of social understanding. Harvard University Press. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunn, J. (1992) Siblings and development. Current Directions in Psychological Science 1:6–9. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunn, J., Brown, J., Slomkowski, C., Tesla, C. & Youngblade, L. (1991) Young children's understanding of other people's feelings and beliefs: Individual differences and their antecedents. Child Development 62:1352–66. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunn, J. & Plomin, R. (1990) Separate lives: Why siblings are so different. Basic Books. [aLM]Google Scholar
Dupré, J. (1992) Blinded by “science”: How not to think about social problems. Behavior and Brain Sciences 15:382–83. [HLC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eaton, J. W. & Weil, R. J. (1953) The mental health of the Hutterites. Scientific American 189(6):32–37. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A. & Miller, P. A. (1990) The evolutionary and neurological roots of prosocial behavior. In: Crime in biological, social, and moral contexts, ed. Ellis, L. & Hoffman, H.. Praeger. [aLM]Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Murphy, B., Karbon, M., Maszk, P., Smith, M., O'Boyle, C. & Suh, K. (1994) The relations of emotionality and regulation to dispositional and situational empathy-related responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 66:776–97. [NE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekman, P. (1971) Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. In: Nebraska symposium on motivation, vol. 19, ed. Cole, J.. University of Nebraska Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Ekman, P. (1992) Telling lies: Clues to deceit in the market place, politics and marriage, 2d ed. Norton. aLMGoogle Scholar
Eliasz, A. (1987) Temperament-contingent cognitive orientation toward various aspects of reality. In: Personality dimensions and arousal, ed. Strelau, J. & Eysenck, H. J.. Plenum. [aLM]Google Scholar
Eliasz, H. & Reykowski, J. (1986) Reactivity and empathic control of aggression. In: The biological bases of personality and behavior, vol. 2: Psychophysiology, performance, and application, ed. Strelau, J., Farley, F. H. & Gale, A.. Hemisphere. [aLM]Google Scholar
Ellis, L. (1985) Religiosity and criminality: Evidence and explanations of complex relationships. Sociological Perspective 28:501–20. [LE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, L. (1987a) Relationships of criminality and psychopathy with eight other apparent behavioral manifestations of sub-optimal arousal. Personality and Individual Differences 8:905–25. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, L. (1987b) Neurohormonal bases of varying tendencies to learn delinquent and criminal behavior. In: Behavioral approaches to crime and delinquency, ed. Morris, E. K. & Braukmann, C. J.. Plenum. [LE]Google Scholar
Ellis, L. (1987c) Religiosity and criminality from the perspective of arousal theory. Journal of Research on Crime and Delinquency 24:215–32. [LE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, L. (1988) Criminal behavior and r/K selection: An extension of gene-based evolutionary theory. Personality and Individual Differences 9(4):697–708. [aLM, LE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, L. (1989) Theories of rape: Inquiries into the causes of sexual aggression. Hemisphere. [aLM]Google Scholar
Ellis, L. (1990a) The evolution of collective counterstrategies to crime: From the primate control rule to the criminal justice system. In: Crime in biological, social, and moral contexts, ed. Ellis, L. & Hoffman, H.. Praeger. [aLM]Google Scholar
Ellis, L. (1990b) Conceptualizing criminal and related behavior from a biosocial perspective. In: Crime in biological, social, and moral contexts, ed. Ellis, L. & Hoffman, H.. Praeger. [aLM]Google Scholar
Ellis, L. (1990c) Left- and mixed-handedness and criminality: Explanations for a probable relationship. In: Left-handedness: Behavioral implications and anomalies, ed. Coren, S.. Elsevier. [LE]Google Scholar
Ellis, L. (1990d) The evolution of violent criminal behavior and its nonlegal equivalent. In: Crime in biological, social, and moral contexts, ed. Ellis, L. & Hoffman, A.. Praeger. [LE]Google Scholar
Ellis, L. (1991a) A synthesized (biosocial) theory of rape. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 59(5):631–42. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellis, L. (1991b) Monoamine oxidase and criminality: Identifying an apparent biological marker for antisocial behavior. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 28(2):227–51. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, L. (in press) Arousal theory and the religiosity-criminality relationship. In: Contemporary criminological theory, ed. Siegel, L. & Cordelia, P.. Northeastern University Press. [LE]Google Scholar
Ellis, L. & Coontz, P. D. (1990) Androgens, brain functioning, and criminality: The neurohormonal foundations of antisociality. In: Crime in biological, social, and moral contexts, ed. Ellis, L. & Hoffman, H.. Praeger. [aLM]Google Scholar
Ellis, L. & Hoffman, H. (1990) Views of contemporary criminologists on causes and theories of crime. In: Crime in biological, social, and moral contexts, ed. Ellis, L. & Hoffman, H.. Praeger. [LE]Google Scholar
Emde, R. N., Plomin, R., Robinson, J., Corley, R., DeFries, J., Fulker, D. W., Reznick, J. S., Campos, J., Kagan, J. & Zahn-Waxier, C. (1992) Temperament, emotion, and cognition at fourteen months: The MacArthur longitudinal twin study. Child Development 63:1437–55. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eron, L. D., Huesmann, L. R. & Zelli, A. (1991) The role of parental variables in the learning of aggression. In: The development and treatment of aggression, ed. Pepler, D. J. & Rubin, K. H.. Erlbaum. [aLM]Google Scholar
Eron, L. D. Ethology & Sociobiology (1986) Ostracism: A social and biological phenomenon, ed. Gruter, M. & Masters, R. D.. 7(3/4):l–247, 149–395. [aLM]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1960) Classification of the problem of diagnosis. In: Handbook of abnormal psychology, ed. Eysenck, H. J.. Pitman. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1967) The biological basis of personality. Thomas. [aLM]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1970) A dimensional system of psychodiagnostics. In: New approaches to personality classification, ed. Mahrer, A. R.. Columbia University Press. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1976). The biology of morality. In: Moral development and behavior. Holt, Rinehart, & Winston. [NE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1977) Crime and personality, 3d ed. Routledge. [aLM, MZ]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1983) Personality, conditioning, and antisocial behavior. In: Personality theory, moral development, and criminal behavior, ed. Laufer, W. S. & Day, J. M.. Lexington Books. [aLM]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1987) The definition of personality disorders and the criteria appropriate for their description. Journal of Personality Disorders 1(3):211–19. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1990) Biological dimensions of personality. In: Handbook of personality theory and research, ed. Pervin, L. A.. Guilford. [aLM]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. & Gudjonsson, G. (1989) The causes and cures of criminality. Plenum. [aLM, HJE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fagan, T. J. & Lira, F. T. (1980) The primary and secondary sociopathic personality: Differences in frequency and seventy of antisocial behaviors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 89(3):493–96. [aLM, RJRB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farber, S. L. (1981) Identical twins reared apart: A reanalysis. Basic Books. [NLS]Google Scholar
Farley, F. (1986) The big T in personality. Psychology Today 20(5):44–52. [aLMGoogle Scholar
Farrington, D. P. (1979a) Experiments on deviance with special reference to dishonesty. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 12:207–52. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrington, D. P. (1979b) Longitudinal research on crime and delinquency. In: Criminal justice: An annual review of research, ed. Morris, N. & Toney, M.. University of Chicago Press. [CSB]Google Scholar
Farrington, D. P. (1982) Naturalistic experiments on helping behavior. In: Cooperation and competition in humans and animals, ed. Colman, A. M.. Von Nostrand Reinhold. [aLM]Google Scholar
Farrington, D. P. (1986) Stepping stones to adult criminal careers. In: Development of antisocial and prosocial behavior: Research, theories, and issues, ed. Olweus, D., Block, J. & Radke-Yarrow, M.. Academic Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Farrington, D. P. (1989) Early predictors of adolescent aggression and adult violence. Violence and Victims 4(2):79–100. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farrington, D. P. & West, D. J. (1994). Effects of marriage, separation and children on offending by adult males. In: Delinquency and disrepute in the life course, ed. Hagan, J.. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. [DCR]Google Scholar
Feldman, M. P. (1977) Criminal behavior: A psychological analysis. Wiley. [aLM]Google Scholar
Feldman, M. W. & Thomas, E. A. C. (1987) Behavior-dependent contexts for repeated plays of the prisoner's dilemma: 2. Dynamical aspects of the evolution of cooperation. Journal of Theoretical Biology 128:297–315. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, P. (1993) The psychology of crime. Cambridge University Press. [MHVI]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feynman, R. P. (1985) “Surely you're joking, Mr. Feynman!” Norton. [RMM]Google Scholar
Figueredo, A. J. & McCloskey, L. A. (1993) Sex, money, and paternity: The evolutionary psychology of domestic violence. Ethology and Sociobiology 14:353–79. [aLM, AJF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forgatch, M. S. (1991) The clinical science vortex: A developing theory of antisocial behavior. In: The development and treatment of aggression, ed. Pepler, D. J. & Rubin, K. H.. Erlbaum. [aLM]Google Scholar
Forgatch, M. S., Stoolmiller, M. & Patterson, G. R. (1993) Parental affect and adolescent delinquency: A mediational model. Paper presented at the 45th annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Phoenix, AZ. [aLM]Google Scholar
Forth, A. E. (1992) Emotion and psychopathy: A three-component analysis. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. [DSK]Google Scholar
Forth, A. E. & Hare, R. D. (1989) The contingent negative variation in psychopaths. Psychophysiology 26:676–82. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foster, D. (1991) Social influence: 3. Crowds and collective violence. In: Social psychology in South Africa, ed. Foster, D. & Louw-Potgieter, J.. Johannesburg: Lexicon Pub. [aLM]Google Scholar
Frank, R. H. (1988) Passions within reason: The strategic role of the emotions. Norton. [aLM, HLC]Google Scholar
Frank, R. H., Gilovich, T. & Regan, D. T. (1993) The evolution of one- shot cooperation: An experiment. Ethology and Sociobiology 14:247–56. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freedman, D. G. (1994) Ethological studies of subjectivity: The internal working model. Across-Species Comparisons and Psychiatry Newsletter 8(2):3–11, 22. [rLM]Google Scholar
Fry, D. P. (1988) Intercommunity differences in aggression among Zapotec children. Child Development 59:1008–19. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gabbay, F. H. (1992) Behavior-genetic strategies in the study of emotion. Psychological Science 3(l):50–55. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gainotti, C., Caltagirone, C. & Zoecolotti, P. (1993) Left/right and cortical/subcortical dichotomies in the neuropsychological study of human emotions. Cognition and Emotion 7:71–93. [RAD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gangestad, S. & Snyder, M. (1985) “To carve nature at its joints”: On the existence of discrete classes in personality. Psychological Review 92(3):317–49. [rLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gangestad, S. W. & Simpson, J. A. (1990) Toward an evolutionary history of female sociosexual variation. Journal of Personality 58(1):69–95. [arLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garcia, J. & Ervin, F. R. (1968) Gustatory-visceral and telereceptor-cutaneous conditioning: Adaptation in internal and external milieus. Communications in Behavioral Biology (A) 1:389–417. [AJF]Google Scholar
Garcia, J., Hankins, W. C. & Rusiniak, K. W. (1974) Behavioral regulation of the milieu interne in man and rat. Science 185:824–31. [AJF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garmezy, N. (1991) Resiliency and vulnerability to adverse developmental outcomes associated with poverty. American Behavioral Scientist 34(4):416–30. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geis, F. & Levy, M. (1970) The eye of the beholder. In: Studies in Machiavellianism, ed. Christie, R. & Geis, F. L.. Academic Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Gelfand, D. M. & Hartmann, D. P. (1982) Response consequences and attributions: Two contributors to prosocial behavior. In: The development of prosocial behavior, ed. Eisenberg, N.. Academic Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
George, C., Kaplan, N. & Main, M. (1985) Adult attachment interview. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Berkeley. [MHVI]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Germine, M., Goddard, A. W., Woods, S. W., Charney, D. S. & Heninger, C. R. (1992) Anger and anxiety responses to m-chlororphenypiperazine in generalized anxiety disorder. Biological Psychiatry 32:457–61. [KH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghodsian-Carpey, J. & Baker, L. A. (1987) Genetic and environmental influences on aggression in 4- to 7-year-old twins. Aggressive Behavior 13:173–86. [aLM]3.0.CO;2-Y>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gladue, B. A. (1991) Aggressive behavioral characteristics, hormones, and sexual orientation in men and women. Aggressive Behavior 17:313–26. [aLM]3.0.CO;2-Z>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gold, M. (1987) Social ecology. In: Handbook of juvenile delinquency, ed. Quay, H. C.. Wilcy-lnterscience. [aLM]Google Scholar
Goodwin, F. K. & Jamison, K. R. (1990) Manic-depressive illness. Oxford University Press. [CM]Google Scholar
Gordon, D. A. & Arbuthnot, J. (1987) Individual, group, and family interventions. In: Handbook of juvenile delinquency, ed. HQuay, . C.. Wiley-Interscience. [aLM]Google Scholar
Gorenstein, E. E. & Newman, J. P. (1980) Disinhibitory psychopathology: A new perspective and a model for research. Psychological Review 87(3):301–15. [aLM, RJRB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gottesnum, I. I. & Goldsmith, H. H. (1993) Developmental psychopathology of anti-social behavior: Inserting genes into its ontogenesis and epigenesis. In: Threats to optimal development: Integrating biological, psychological and social risk factors, ed. Nelson, C. A.. Erlbaum. [aLM]Google Scholar
Gottfredson, M. & Hirschi, T. (1990) A general theory of crime. Stanford University Press. [AC]Google Scholar
Gottman, J. M. & Levenson, R. W. (1994) Why marriages fail: Affective and physiological patterns in marital interaction. In: Boundary areas in social and developmental psychology, ed. Masters, J. C. & Yarkin-Levin, K.. Academic Press. [JS]Google Scholar
Gottsehalk, R., Davidson, W. S. II, Gensheimer, L. K. & Mayer, J. P. (1987) Community based interventions. In: Handbook of juvenile delinquency, ed. Quay, H. C.. Wiley-Interscience. [aLM]Google Scholar
Gould, J. L. & Gould, C. C. (1989) Sexual selection. Scientific American/Freeman. [aLM]Google Scholar
Gove, W. R. & Wilmoth, C. (1990) Risk, crime, and neurophysiologic highs: A consideration of brain processes that may reinforce delinquent and criminal behavior. In: Crime in biological, social, and moral contexts, ed. Ellis, L. & Hoffman, H.. Praeger. [aLM]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1982) The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septohippocampal system. Oxford University Press. [aLM[Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1987) Perspectives on anxiety and impulsivity: A commentary. Journal of Research in Personality 21:493–509. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, J. G. (1970) The warriors: Reflections on men in battle. Harper Torchbooks. [KGB]Google Scholar
Greenberg, I. M. & Pollack, M. (1966) Clinical correlates of 14 and 6/sec. positive spiking in schizophrenic patients. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 20:197–200. [JP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griffiths, P. E. (1990) Modularity, and the psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. Biology and Philosophy 5:175–96. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, M. D. & Wilson, W. C. (1964) Behavior disorders of children with cerebral dysrhythmia. Archives of General Psychiatry 11:610–19. [JP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, M. R. (1984) Sunfish, salmon, and the evolution of alternative reproductive strategies and tactics in fishes. In: Fish reproduction: Strategies and tactics, ed. Potts, G. & Wootton, R.. Academic Press. [DTK]Google Scholar
Gross, M. R. (1991) Salmon breeding behavior and life history evolution in changing environments. Ecology 72(4): 1180–86. [rLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, M. R. & Chamov, E. L. (1980) Alternative male life histories in the bluegill sunfish. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 77:6937–40. [CM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grove, W. M., Eckert, E. D., Heston, L., Bouchard, T. J. Jr, Segal, N. & Lykken, D. T. (1990) Heritability of substance abuse and antisocial behavior: A study of monozygotic twins reared apart. Biological Psychiatry 27:1293–1304. [SCM, NLS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grusec, J. E. (1982) The socialization of altruism. In: The development of prosocial behavior, ed. Eisenberg, N.. Academic Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Gudjonsson, G. H. & Roberts, J. C. (1983) Guilt and self-concept in ‘secondary psychopaths’. Personality and Individual Differences 4:65–70. [CHC, rLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gudjonsson, G. H. (1985) Psychological and physiological characteristics of personalitydisordered patients. In: Aggression and dangerousness, ed. Farrington, D. P. & Gunn, J.. Wiley. [GHG]Google Scholar
Guttridge, P., Gabrielli, W. F., Mednick, S. A. & Van Dusen, K. T. (1983) Criminal violence in a birth cohort. In: Prospective studies of crime and delinquency, ed. Dusen, B. K. T. Van & Mednick, S. A.. Kluwer-Nijhoff. [CSB]Google Scholar
Halpern, C. T., Udry, J. R., Campbell, B. & Suchindran, C. (1993) Relationship between aggression and pubertal increase in testosterone: A panel analysis of adolescent males. Social Biology 40(1—2):8–24. [aLM]Google Scholar
Hamm, A. O., Vaitl, D. & Lang, P. J. (1989) Fear conditioning, meaning, and belongingness: A selective association analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 98(4):395–406. [rLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, C. H. & Hansen, R. D. (1988). Finding the fact: in the crowd: An anger superiority effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54:917–24. [rLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, C. H. (1994) Automatic emotion: Attention and facial efference. In: The heart's eye: Emotional influences in perception and attention, ed. Niedenthal, P. M. & Kitayama, S.. Academic Press. [rLM]Google Scholar
Hare, R. D. (1970) Psychopathy: Theory and research. Wiley. [aLM]Google Scholar
Hansen, C. H. (1980) A research scale for the assessment of psychopathy in criminal populations. Personality h Individual Differences 1:111–19. [arLM, DSK]Google Scholar
Hansen, C. H. (1986) Twenty years of experience with the Cleckley psychopath. In: Unmasking the psychopath: Antisocial personality and related syndromes, ed. Reid, W. H., Dorr, D., Walker, J. I. & Bonner, J. W., III. Norton. [JBa]Google Scholar
Hansen, C. H. (1991) The revised psychopathy checklist. Toronto: Multi-health Systems. [DSK, VLQ, MZ]Google Scholar
Hansen, C. H. (1993) Without conscience: The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us. Pocket Books. [aLM]Google Scholar
Hare, R. D. & Craigen, D. (1974) Psychopathy and physiological activity in a mixed-motive game situation. Psychophysiology 11:197–206. [aLM, DSK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hare, R. D., Forth, A. E. & Strachan, K. E. (1992) Psychopathy and crime across the life span. In: Aggression and violence throughout the lifespan, ed. Peters, R. DeV., McMahon, R. J. & Quinsey, V. L.. Sage. [aLM, AC]Google Scholar
Hare, R. D., Hart, S. D. & Harpur, T. (1991) Psychopathy and the DSM-IV criteria for antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 100:391–98. [KH, DSK, rLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hare, R. D. & Quinn, M. J. (1971) Psychopathy and autonomic conditioning. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 77:223–35. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harpending, H. & Sobus, J. (1987) Sociopathy as an adaptation. Ethology and Sociobiology 8(3s):63s–72s. [aLM, JBa]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harpur, T. J., Hare, R. D. & Hakistan, A. R. (1989) Two-factor conceptualization of psychopathy: Construct validity and assessment implications. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1:6–17. [KH, DSK, rLM, MZ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harpur, T. J., Hart, S. D. & Hare, R. D. (1994) Personality of the psychopath. In: Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality, ed. Costa, P. T. & Widiger, T. A.. American Psychological Association. [JP]Google Scholar
Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E. & Cormier, C. A. (1991) Psychopathy and violent recidivism. Law and Human Behavior 15(6):625–37. [rLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E. & Quinsey, V. L. (1994) Psychopathy as a taxon: Evidence that psychopaths are a discrete class. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 62(2):387–97. [DSK, rLM, VLQ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartup, W. W. (1989) Social relationships and their developmental significance. American Psychologist 44(2):120–26. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hazlitt, W. (1805/1969) Essay on the principles of human action and some remarks on the systems of Hartley and Helvetius, ed. Nabholtz, J. R.. Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints. [JBa]Google Scholar
Heckathorn, D. D. (1988) Collective sanctions and the creation of prisoner's dilemma norms. American Journal of Sociology 94(3):535–62. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hesse, E. (1994) Discourse, memory and the adult attachment interview: A brief note with emphasis on the emerging cannot classify category. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Psychology. [MHVI]Google Scholar
Hill, D. & Watterson, D. (1942) Electro-encephalographic studies of psychopathic personalities. Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry 5:47–65. [JP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, E. M., Low, B. S. & Ross, L. T. (1994) Risk-taking in the context of lifehistory patterns: Role of environmental unpredictability. Paper presented at the 46th annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Miami, FL. [rLM]Google Scholar
Hill, E. M., Young, J. P. & Nord, J. L. (1994) Childhood adversity, attachment security, and adult relationships: A preliminary study. Ethology and Sociobiology 15:107–11. [rLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschi, T. & Hindenlang, M. J. (1977) Intelligence and delinquency: A revisionist review. American Sociological Review 42:571–87. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirshleifer, D. & Rasmusen, E. (1989) Cooperation in a repeated prisoner's dilemma with ostracism. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 12:87–106. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirshleifer, J. (1987) On the emotions as guarantors of threats and promises. In: The latest on the best: Essays on evolution and optimality, ed. Dupre, J.. Bradford Books. [aLM]Google Scholar
Hirshleifer, J. & Coll, J. C. (1988) What strategies can support the evolutionary emergence of cooperation? Journal of Conflict Resolution 32(2):367–98. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodgins, S. (1992) Mental disorder, intellectual deficiency, and crime: Evidence from a birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry 49:476–83. [aLM, DSK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffman, M. L. (1975) Developmental synthesis of affect and cognition and its implications for altruistic motivation. Developmental Psychology ll(5):607–22. [arLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, M. L. (1977) Empathy, its development and prosocial implications. In: Nebraska symposium on motivation, vol. 25, ed. Keasey, C. B.. University of Nebraska Press. [arLM, RJRB]Google Scholar
Hoffman, M. L. (1978) Psychological and biological perspectives on altruism. International Journal of Behavioral Development 1:323–39. [arLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, M. L. (1982) Development of prosocial motivation: Empathy and guilt. In: The development of prosocial behavior, ed. Eisenberg, N.. Academic Press. [arLM]Google Scholar
Hoffman, M. L. (1984) Interaction of affect and cognition in empathy. In: Emotions, cognition and behavior, ed. Izard, C. E., Kagan, J. & Zajonc, R. B.. Cambridge University Press. [arLM]Google Scholar
Hogan, R. & Jones, W. H. (1983) A role-theoretical model of criminal behavior. In: Personality theory, moral development, and criminal behavior, ed. Laufer, W. S. & Day, J. M.. Lexington Books. [aLM]Google Scholar
Howland, E. W., Kosson, D. S., Patterson, C. M. & Newman, J. P. (1993) Altering a dominant response: Performance of psychopaths and lowsocialization college students on a cued reaction time task. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 102:379–87. [DSK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoyenga, K. B. (1993) Sex differences in human stratification: A biosocial approach. In: Social stratification and socioeconomic inequality, vol. 1., ed. Ellis, L.. Praeger. [KH]Google Scholar
Hoyenga, K. B. & Hoyenga, K. T. (1993a) Cender-related differences: Origins and outcomes. Allyn & Bacon. [AC, KH]Google Scholar
Hoyenga, K. B. (1993b) Instructor's manual for gender-related differences: Origins and outcomes. Allyn & Bacon. [KH]Google Scholar
Huesmann, L. R., Eron, L. D., Lefkowitz, M. M. & Voider, L. O. (1984) Stability of aggression over time and generations. Developmental Psychology 20(6): 1120–34. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humphrey, N. K. (1976) The social function of intellect. In: Growing points in ethology, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Hinde, R. A.. Cambridge University Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Humphrey, N. K. (1983) Consciousness regained. Oxford University Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Hutchings, B. St Mednick, S. A. (1977) Criminality in adoptees and their adoptive and biological parents: A pilot study. In: Biosocial bases of criminal behavior, ed. Mednick, S. A. & Christiansen, K. O.. Gardner Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Irons, W. (1991) How did morality evolve? Zygon 26(l):49–89. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iwamoto, R. N., Alexander, B. A. & Hershberger, W. K. (1984) Genotypic and environmental effects on the incidence of sexual precocity in Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Aquaculture 43:105–21. [rLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Izard, C. E. (1977) Human emotions. Plenum. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Izard, C. E. (1991) The psychology of emotions. Plenum. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, N. S., Gottman, J. M., Waltz, J., Babcock, J. & Holtzworth-Munroe, A. (1994) Affect, verbal content, and psychophysiology in the arguments of couples with a violent husband. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 62:982–88. [JS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaffe, P. G., Suderman, M. & Reotzel, D. (1992) Working with children and adolescents to end the cycle of violence: A social learning approach to intervention. In: Aggression and violence throughout the lifespan, ed. Peters, R. DeV., McMahon, R. J. & Quinsey, V. L.. Sage. [aLM]Google Scholar
Jenner, F. A. (1980) Psychiatry, biology and morals. In: Morality as a biological phenomenon: The presuppositions of sodobiological research, ed. Stent, G. S.. University of California Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Johnson, M. H. & Morton, J. (1991) Biology and cognitive development: The case of face recognition. Blackwell. [rLM]Google Scholar
Juel-Nielsen, N. (1966) Individual and environment: Monozygotic twins reared apart. International Universities Press. [NLS]Google Scholar
Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S. & Snidman, N. (1988) Biological bases of childhood shyness. Science 240:167–71. [AR, DSW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahn, R. W., Wetzler, S., van Praag, H. M., Asnis, G. M. & Strauman, T. (1988) Behavioral indications of serotonin hypersensitivity in panic disorder. Psychiatric Research 25:101–4. [KH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalat, J. W. (1992) Biological psychology, 4th edition. Wadsworth. [aLM]Google Scholar
Kandel, E. & Freed, D. (1989). Frontal lobe dysfunction and antisocial behavior: A review. Journal of Clinical Psychology 45:404–13. [RJRB]3.0.CO;2-G>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kandel, E., Mednick, S. A., Kirkegaard-Sorensen, L., Hutchings, B., Knop, J., Rosenberg, R. & Schulsinger, F. (1988) IQ as a protective factor for subjects at high risk for antisocial behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 56(2):224–26. [aLM, VLQ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karpman, B. (1961) The structure of neuroses. Archives of Criminal Psychodynamics 4:599–646. [DSK]Google Scholar
Kavoussi, R. J., Liu, J. & Coccaro, E. F. (1994). An open trial of sertraline in personality disordered patients with impulsive aggression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 55:137–41. [JP]Google ScholarPubMed
Kazdin, A. E. (1987) Treatment of antisocial behavior in children: Current status and future directions. Psychological Bulletin 102:187–203. [JS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kemper, T. D. (1990) Social structure and testosterone: Explorations of the socio-bio-social chain. Rutgers University Press. [JA]Google Scholar
Kendell, R. E. & Brockington, I. F. (1980) The identification of disease entities and the relationship between schizophrenia and affective psychoses. British Journal of Psychiatry 137:324–331. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kenrick, D. T. & Sheets, V. (1994) Homicidal fantasies. Ethology and Sociobiology 14:231–46. [DTK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenrick, D. T., Dantchik, A. & MacFarlane, S. (1983) Personality, environment, and criminal behavior: An evolutionary perspective. In: Personality theory, moral development, and criminal behavior, ed. Laufer, W. S. & Day, J. M.. Lexington Books. [aLM]Google Scholar
Kirk, & Kutchins, H. (1992) The selling of DSM. Aldine De Gruyter. [HJE]Google Scholar
Kitcher, P. (1985) Vaulting ambition: Sociobiology and the quest for human nature. MIT Press. [AF]Google Scholar
Klimesch, W., Pfurtscheller, G. & Mohl, W. (1988) ERD mapping and longterm memory: The temporal and topographic pattern of cortical activation. In: Functional brain imaging, eds. Pfurtscheller, G. & Silva, F. H. Lopes da. Toronto: Hans Huber. [JP]Google Scholar
Kobler, J. (1971) Capone: The life and world of Al Capone. Putnam. [DTK]Google Scholar
Kochanska, G. (1991) Socialization and temperament in the development of guilt and conscience. Child Development 62:1379–92. [arLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kochanska, G. (1993) Toward a synthesis of parental socialization and child temperament in early development of conscience. Child Development 64:325–47. [arLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kochanska, G. & Murray, K. (1992) Temperament and conscience development. Paper presented at the 9th Occasional Temperament Conference, Bloomington, Indiana. [aLM]Google Scholar
Kofoed, L. & MacMillan, J. (1986) Alcoholism and antisocial personality: The sociobiology of an addiction. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 174(6):33235. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohlberg, L. (1964) Development of moral character and moral ideology. In: Review of child development research, ed. Hoffman, M. & Hoffman, L. W.. Russell Sage Foundation. [aLM]Google Scholar
Kosson, D. S. (1994) Divided visual attention in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic offenders. Submitted. [DSK)Google Scholar
Kosson, D. S. & Harpur, T. J. (1995) Attentional functioning of psychopathic individuals: Current evidence and developmental implications. In: Attention, development, & psychopathology, ed. Burack, J. A. & Enns, J. T.. Guilford. [DSK]Google Scholar
Kosson, D. S., Smith, S. S. & Newman, J. P. (1990) Evaluating the construct validity of psychopathy in black and white male inmates: Three preliminary studies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 99: 250–59. [DSK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kosten, T. A. & Rounsaville, B. J. (1992) Sensitivity of psychiatric diagnosis based on best estimate procedure. American Journal of Psychiatry 149: 1225–27. [AF]Google ScholarPubMed
Kraut, R. E. & Price, J. D. (1976) Machiavellianism in parents and their children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 33(6): 782–86. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krueger, R. F., Schmutte, P. S., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Campbell, K. & Silva, P. A. (1994) Personality traits are linked to crime among men and women: Evidence from a birth cohort. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 103(2): 328–38. [rLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kruesi, M. J., Hibbs, E. D., Zahn, T. P., Keysor, C. S., Hamburger, S. D., Bartko, J. J. & Rapoport, J. L. (1992) A 2-year prospective follow-up study of children and adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders: Prediction by cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, homovanillic acid, and autonomic measures? Archives of General Psychiatry 49: 429—35. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lamb, M. E., Thompson, R. A., Gardner, W. P., Charnow, E. L., & Estes, D. (1984) Security of infantile attachment as assessed in the “strange situation”: Its study and biological interpretation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7(2): 127–46. [MHVI]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landy, S. & Peters, R. DeV. (1992) Toward an understanding of a developmental paradigm for aggressive conduct problems during the preschool years. In: Aggression and violence throughout the lifespan, ed. Peters, R. DeV., McMahon, R. J. & Quinsey, V. L.. Sage. [aLM]Google Scholar
Lange, J. (1931) Crime as destiny. Allen and Unwin. [NLS]Google Scholar
Larson, R. J. & Diener, E. (1987). Affect intensity as an individual difference review. Journal of Research in Personality 21: 1–39. [NE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, C. L. & Bates, J. E. (1985) Mother-child interactions at age two years and perceived difficult temperament. Child Development 56: 1314–25. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leslie, A. M. (1987) Pretense and representation: The origins of'theory of mind'. Psychological Review 94(4): 412–26. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, R. V., Martinez, T. S., Brase, G. & Sorenson, K. (1994) Helping in 36 U.S. cities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67: 69–82. [RAD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewin, R. (1993) Complexity. J. M. Dent. [DTK]Google Scholar
Lewis, C. E. (1991) Neurochemical mechanisms of chronic antisocial behavior (psychopathy): A literature review. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders 179(12): 720–27. [DSK, rLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, H. B. (1988) The role of shame in symptom formation. In: Emotions and psychopathology, ed. Clynes, M. & Panksepp, J.. Plenum. [JP]Google Scholar
Lowontin, R. C. (1961) Evolution and the theory of games. Journal of Theoretical Biology 1: 382–403. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewontin, R. C., Rose, S. & Kamin, L. J. (1984) Not in our genes. Pantheon. [CJE]Google Scholar
Link, R. & Mealey, L. (1992) The sociobiology of sociopathy: An integrated evolutionary model. Paper presented at the Conference on the Biology of Morality, Bethel College, St. Paul, MN. [aLM]Google Scholar
Littlepage, G. & Pineault, T. (1978) Verbal, facial, and paralinguistic cues to the detection of truth and lying. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 4(3): 461–64. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Livesley, W. J., Reiffer, L. I., Sheldon, A. E. & West, M. (1987) Prototypicality ratings of DSM-III criteria for personality disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 175: 395–401. [AF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loeb, J. & Mednick, S. A. (1977) A prospective study of predictors of criminality: III. electrodermal response patterns. In: The causes of crime: New biological approaches, ed. Mednick, S. A., Moffitt, T. E. & Stack, S. A.. Cambridge University Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Loeber, R. (1982) The stability of antisocial and delinquent child behavior: A review. Child Development 53: 1431–46. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loeber, R. (1990) Development and risk factors of juvenile antisocial behavior and delinquency. Clinical Psychology Review 10: 1–41. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loeber, R. (1993) Predictors of delinquency and violence: Longitudinal findings from the Pittsburgh youth study. Paper presented at the 45th annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Phoenix, AZ. [aLM]Google Scholar
Loeber, R. & Dishion, T. (1983) Early predictors of male delinquency: A review. Psychological Bulletin 94(l): 68–99. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loeber, R. & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1987) Prediction. In: Handbook of juvenile delinquency, ed. Quay, H. C.. Wiley-Interscience. [aLM]Google Scholar
Loehlin, J. C. (1992) Cenes and environment in personality development. Sage. [aLM]Google Scholar
Logue, A. W. (1988) Research on self-control: An integrating framework. Behavioral ami Brain Sciences ll(4): 665–90. [JBa]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lombrosco, C. T., Schwartz, I. M., Clark, D. M., Muensch, H. & Barry, J. (1966) Ctenoids in healthy youths: Controlled study of 14- and 6-persecond positive spiking. Neurology 16: 1152–58. [JP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Low, B. (1993) Linking our evolutionary past and our ecological future: A behavioral ecological approach. Paper presented at the 5th annual meeting of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society, Binghamton, NY, 08. [aLM]Google Scholar
Lubel, S., Wolf, Y. & Krausz, E. (1991) Aggression as an ethnic dependent construct: Judgmental differences among European and Oriental Jews in Israel. International Journal of Croup Tensions 21: 287–313. [YW]Google Scholar
Luntz, B. K. & Widom, C. S. (1993) A comparison of antisocial personality diagnoses and psychopathy checklist scores in a sample of noninstitutionalized young adults. Paper presented at the 45th annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Phoenix, AZ. [aLM]Google Scholar
Lykken, D. T. (1957) A study of anxiety in the sociopathic personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 55: 6–10. [JBa]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lykken, D. T. (1995) The antisocial personalities. Erlbaum. [DTL]Google Scholar
Lyng, S. (1990) Edgework: A social psychological analysis of voluntary risk taking. American Journal of Sociology 95(4): 851–56. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynn, R. (1994) Disgenic fertility for criminal behavior. Unpublished manuscript. [DCR]Google Scholar
Lytton, H. (1990) Child and parent effects in boys' conduct disorder: A reinterpretation. Developmental Psychology 26(5): 683–97. [arLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maccoby, E. E. (1986) Social groupings in childhood: Their relationship to prosocial and antisocial behavior in boys and girls. In: Development of antisocial and prosocial behavior: Research, theories, and issues, ed.Olweus, D., Block, J. & Radke-Yarrow, M.. Academic Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
MacDonald, K. B., ed. (1988) Sociobiological perspectives on human development. Springer-Verlag. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Machalek, R. & Cohen, L. E. (1991) The nature of crime: Is cheating necessary for cooperation? Human Nature 2(3): 215–33. [aLM, RM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacLean, P. D. (1990) The triune brain in evolutions: Role in paleocerebral functions. Plenum. [JP]Google Scholar
MacMillan, J. & Kofoed, L. (1984) Sociobiology and the antisocial personality: An alternative perspective. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 172(12): 448–57. [aLM, KGB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madsen, D. (1985) A biochemical property relating to power seeking in humans. American Political Science Review 79: 448–57. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magid, K. & McKelvie, C. A. (1987) High risk: Children without a conscience. Bantam. [arLM]Google Scholar
Magnusson, D. (1985) Adult delinquency in light of conduct and physiology at an early age. Reports from the Department of Psychology, University of Stockholm [Suppl. 63]. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Main, M. & Goldwyn, R. (1985–1993). Adult attachment classification system. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Berkeley. [MHVI]Google Scholar
Malamuth, N. M., Sockloskie, R. J., Koss, M. P. & Tanaka, J. S. (1991) Characteristics of aggressors against women: Testing a model using a national sample of college students. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology 59(5): 670–81. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, R. & Barresi, J. (1995) Hazlitt on the future of the self. Journal of the History of Ideas. [JBa]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. (1974) The theory of games and the evolution of animal conflict. Journal of Theoretical Biology 47: 209–21. [aLM, AMC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. (1976) Evolution and the theory of games. American Scientist 64(1): 41–45. [AMC]Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. (1978) The evolution of behavior. Scientific American 239(3): 136–45. [aLM, AMC]Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. (1982) Evolution and the theory of games. Cambridge University Press. [KGB, HLC, CM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. (1989) Evolutionary genetics. Oxford University Press. [ISCM]Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. & Price, G. R. (1973) The logic of animal conflict. Nature 246: 15–18. [aLM, AMC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayr, E. (1974) Behavioral programs and evolutionary strategies. American Scientist 62: 650–59. [AJF]Google ScholarPubMed
McCord, J. (1983) Personality, moral development, and criminal behavior. In: Personality theory, moral development, and criminal behavior, ed. Laufer, W. S. & Day, J. M.. Lexington Books. [aLM]Google Scholar
McCord, J.(1986) Instigation and insulation: How families affect antisocial aggression. In: Development of antisocial and prosocial behavior: Research, theories, and issues, ed. Olweus, D., Block, J. & Radke-Yarrow, M.. Academic Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
McCord, J. (1993) From family to peer group. Discussion at the 45th annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Phoenix, AZ. [aLM]Google Scholar
McGarvey, B., Gabrielli, W. F. Jr, Bentler, P. M. & Mednick, S. A. (1981) Rearing social class, education, and criminality: A multiple indicator model. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 90(4): 354–64. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGue, M., Pickens, R. W. & Svikis, D. S. (1992) Sex and age effects on the inheritance of alcohol problems: A twin study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101(l): 3–17. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGuire, M., Raleigh, M. & Johnson, C. (1983) Social dominance in adult male vervet monkeys: 2. Behavior-biochemical relationships. Social Science Information 22: 311–28. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meaiey, L. (1984) Comment on genetic similarity theory. Behavior Genetics 15(6): 571–74. [aLM]Google Scholar
Meaiey, L. (1989) Genetic disturbance. The Scientist 3(8): 11. [rLM]Google Scholar
Meaiey, L. (1990) Differential use of reproductive strategies by human groups? Psychological Science l(6): 385–87. [aLM]Google Scholar
Meaiey, L. (1992a) Are monkeys nomothetic or idiographic? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15(l): 161–62. [aLM]Google Scholar
Meaiey, L. (1992b) Alternative adaptive models of rape. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15(2): 397–98. [rLM]Google Scholar
Mealey, L. & Segal, N. L. (1993) Heritable and environmental variables affect reproduction-related behaviors, but not ultimate reproductive success. Personality and Individual Differences 14(6): 783–94. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mednick, S. A. (1977) A biosocial theory of learning of law-abiding behavior. In: Biosocial bases of criminal behavior, ed. Mednick, S. A. & Christiansen, K. O.. Gardner Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Mednick, S. A. & Finello, K. M. (1983) Biological factors and crime: Implications for forensic psychiatry. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 6: 1–15. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mednick, S. A., Gabrielli, W. F. Jr, & Hutchings, B. (1984) Genetic influences in criminal convictions: Evidence from an adoption cohort. Science 224: 891–94. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mednick, S. A., Gabrielli, W. F. Jr, & Hutchings, B. (1987) Cenetic factors in the etiology of criminal behavior. In: The causes of crime: New biological approaches, ed. Mednick, S. A., Moffitt, T. E. & Stack, S. A.. Cambridge University Press. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mednick, S. A., Kirkegaard-Sorense, L., Hutchings, B., Knop, J., Rosenberg, R. & Schulsinger, F. (1977) An example of biosocial interaction research: The interplay of socioenvironmental and individual factors in the etiology of criminal behavior. In: Biosocial bases of criminal behavior, ed. Mednick, S. A. & Christiansen, K. O.. Gardner Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Mednick, S. A., Moffitt, T. E. & Stack, S. A. (1987) The causes of crime: New biological approaches. Cambridge University Press. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meehl, P. E. (1978) Theoretical risks and tabular asterisks: Sir Karl, Sir Ronald, and the slow progress of soft psychology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 46: 806–43. [RWJN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meehl, P. E. & Golden, R. R. (1982) Taxometric methods. In: The handbook of research methods in clinical psychology, ed. Butcher, N. & Kendall, P. C.. Wiley. [RWJN, VLQ]Google Scholar
Merckelbach, H. & van Oppen, P. (1989) Effects of gaze manipulation on subjective evaluation of neutral and phobia-relevant stimuli. Acta Psychologica 70: 147–51. [RAD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, L. & Milner, B. (1985) Cognitive risk-taking after frontal or temporal lobectomy: 2. The synthesis of phonemic and semantic information. Neuropsychologia 23: 371–79. [RAD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Millon, T. (1981) Antisocial personality: The aggressive pattern. In: Disorders of personality. DSM-lll: Axis 11. Wiley. [DSK]Google Scholar
Mineka, S. & Sutton, S. K. (1992) Cognitive biases and emotional disorders. Psychological Science 3(l): 65–69. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mineka, S. & Zinbarg, R. (1991) Animal models of psychopathology. In: Clinical psychology: Historical and research foundations, ed. Walker, C. E.. Plenum. [JBa]Google Scholar
Mitchell, J. E., Baker, L. A. & Jacklin, C. N. (1989) Masculinity and feminity in twin children: Genetic and environmental factors. Child Development 60: 1475–85. [AC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, R. W. (1986) A framework for discussing deception. In: Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit, ed. Mitchell, R. W. & Thompson, N. S.. State University of New York Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. W. & Thompson, N. S., eds. (1986) Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit. State University of New York Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Moffitt, T. E. (1987) Parental mental disorder and offspring criminal behavior: An adoption study. Psychiatry 50: 346–60. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moffitt, T. E. (1993) Adolescent-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Reports 100(4): 674–701. [arLM, RJRB, DCR]Google Scholar
Moffitt, T. E., Begg, D., Caspi, A., Dickson, N., Langley, J., McGee, R., Paul, C., Silva, P., Stanton, W. & Stevenson, P. (nd) Childhood-onset antisocial conduct in males: Natural history from age 3 to 18. Unpublished manuscript. [rLM]Google Scholar
Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Belsky, J. & Silva, P. A. (1992) Childhood experience and the onset of menarche: A test of a sociobiological model. Child Development 63: 47–58. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moffitt, T. E., Lynam, D. R. & Silva, P. A. (1994) Neuropsychological tests predicting persistent male delinquency. Criminology 32(2): 277–300. [rLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moffitt, T. E. & Silva, P. A. (1988) IQ and delinquency: A direct test of the differential detection hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 97(3): 330–33. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montagu, A. (1978) Learning non-aggression: The experience of non-literate societies. Oxford University Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Morell, V. (1993) Evidence found for a possible ‘aggression gene’. Science 260: 1722–23. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, W. W. (1992) More on the mood-emotion distinction. Psycoloquy (an electronic journal) 3.2.1.1. [aLM]Google Scholar
Morrison, M. S., Neufeld, R. W. J. & Lefebvre, L. A. (1988) The economy of probabilistic stress: Interplay of controlling activity and reduction. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 41: 155–77. [RWJN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrison, J. R. & Stewart, M. A. (1971) A family study of the hyperactive child syndrome. Biological Psychiatry 3: 189–95. [aLM]Google ScholarPubMed
Morton, J. & Frith, U. (1993) What lesson for dyslexia from Down's syndrome? Comments on Cossu, Rossini, and Marshall. Cognition 48: 289–96. [RJRB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morton, J. & Frith, U. (in press) Causal modelling: A structural approach to developmental psychopathology. In: Manual of developmental psychopathology, vol. 1, ed. Ciechetti, D. & Cohen, D. J.. Wiley. [RJRB]Google Scholar
Muhlbauer, H. D. (1985) Human aggression and the role of central serotonin. Pharmacopsychiatry 18: 218–21. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, J. M. (1976) Psychiatric labeling in cross-cultural perspective. Science 191: 1019–28. [DTL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mussen, P. & Eisenberg-Berg, N. (1977) Roots of caring, sharing, and helping. Freeman. [aLM]Google Scholar
Nathanson, D. L. (1992) Shame and pride: Affect, sex, and the birth of the self. Norton. [aLM]Google Scholar
National Research Council (1993) Understanding and preventing violence. National Academy Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Nesse, R. M. (1990) Evolutionary explanations of emotions. Human Nature l(3): 261–89. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nesse, R. M. (1991) What is mood for? Psycoloquy (an electronic journal) 2.9.2.1. [aLM]Google Scholar
Nesse, R. M. (1992a) Overvaluation of the mood-emotion distinction. Psycoloquy (an electronic journal) 3.2.1.2. [aLM]Google Scholar
Nesse, R. M. (1992b) Ethology to the rescue (reply to Plutchik) Psycoloquy (an electronic journal) 3.2.1.6. [aLM]Google Scholar
Neufeld, R. W. J. (1990) Morrison, Neufeld, & Lefebvre's game theoretical approach to stress and decision control: Some further mathematical results (Research Bulletin No. 688). Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario. [RWJN]Google Scholar
Neufeld, R. W. J. (1994) Quantitative theory of stress effects on basic information processing (Research Bulletin No. 720). Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario. [RWJN]Google Scholar
Neufeld, R. W. J. & McCarty, T. (1994) A formal analysis of stressor and stress-proneness effects on basic information processing. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 47: 193–226. [RWJN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neufeld, R. W. J. & Nicholson, I. R. (1991) Differential and other equations essential to a servocybernetic (systems) approach to stress-schizophrenia relations (Research Bulletin No. 698). Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario. [RWJN]Google Scholar
Neufeld, R. W. J., Vollick, D. & Highgate, S. (1993) Stochastic modelling of stimulus encoding and memory search in paranoid schizophrenia: Clinical and theoretical implications. In: Schizophrenia: Origins, processes, treatment, and outcome: The second Kansas series in clinical psychology, ed. Cromwell, R. L.. Oxford University Press. [RWJN]Google Scholar
Newman, H. H., Freeman, F. N. & Holzinger, K. J. (1937) Twins: A study of heredity and environment. University of Chicago Press. [NLS]Google Scholar
Newman, J. P. (1987) Reaction to punishment in extraverts and psychopaths: Implications for the impulsive behavior of disinhibited individuals. Journal of Research in Personality 21: 464–80. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, J. P. & Kosson, D. S. (1986) Passive avoidance learning in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic offenders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 95(3): 252–56. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newman, J. P., Kosson, D. S. & Patterson, C. M. (1992) Delay of gratification in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic offenders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101(4): 630–36. [aLM, JBa, DSK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newman, J. P., Patterson, C. M., Howland, E. W. & Nichols, S. L. (1990a) Personality and Individual Differences 11(11): 1101–14. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, J. P., Patterson, C. M., Howland, E. W. & Nichols, S. L. (1990b) Passive avoidance in psychopaths: The effects of reward. Personality & Individual Differences 11: 1101–14. [DSK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, J. P. & Wallace, J. F. (1993) Psychopathy and cognition. In: Psychopathology and cognition, ed. Kendall, P. C. & Dobson, K. S.. Academic Press. [DSK]Google Scholar
Newman, J. P., Widom, C. S. & Nathan, S. (1985) Passive avoidance in syndromes of disinhibition: Psychopathy and extraversion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48(5): 1316–27. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nicholson, I. R. & Neufeld, R. W. J. (1992) A dynamic vulnerability perspective on stress and schizophrenia. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 62: 117–30. [RVVJN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nowak, M. & Sigmund, K. (1993) A strategy of win-stay, lose-shift that outperforms tit-for-tat in the prisoner's dilemma game. Nature 364: 56–58. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nucci, L. P. & Nucci, M. (1982) Children's responses to moral and conventional transgressions in free-play settings. Child Development 52: 1337–42. [RJRB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Offord, D. K., Boyle, M. H. & Racine, Y. A. (1991) The epidemiology of antisocial behavior in childhood and adolescence. In: The development and treatment of aggression, ed. Pepler, D. J. & Rubin, K. H.. Erlbaum. [aLM]Google Scholar
Ohman, A. (1992) Orienting and attention: Preferred preattentive processing of potentially phobic stimuli. In: Attention and information processing in infants and adults: Perspectives from human and animal research, ed. Hayne, H. & Richardson, R.. Erlbaum. [rLM]Google Scholar
Olwceus, D. (1979) Stability of aggressive reaction patterns in males: A review. Psychological Bulletin 86: 852–75. [JA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olwcus, D. (1986) Aggression and hormones: Behavioral relationship with testosterone and adrenaline. In: Development of antisocial and prosocial behavior: Research, theories, and issues, ed.Olweus, D., Block, J. & Radke-Yarrow, M.. Academic Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Olweus, D. (1987) Testosterone and adrenaline: Aggressive antisocial behavior in normal adolescent males. In: The causes of crime: New biological approaches, ed. Mednick, S. A., Molfitt, T. E. & Stack, S. A.. Cambridge University Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Ortony, A. & Turner, T. J. (1990) What's basic about basic emotions? Psychological Review 97(3): 315–31. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ostrom, E. (1990) Governing the commons. Cambridge University Press. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, T. (1983) The “effectiveness” issue today: An overview. Federal Probation 26: 3–10. [aLM]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1982) Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5: 407–22. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1986) The psychobiology of prosocial behaviors: Separation distress, play and altruism. In: Altruism and aggression: Biological and social origins, ed. Zahn-Waxler, C., Cummings, F. M. & Iannotti, R.. Cambridge University Press. [JP]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1991) Affective neuroscience: A conceptual framework for the neurobiological study of emotions. In: International review of studies on emotion, vol. 1, ed. Strongman, K. T.. Wiley. [JP]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1993) Neurochemical control of moods and emotions: Amino acids to neuropeptides. In: Handbook of emotions, ed. Lewis, M. & Haviland, J. M.. Cuilford. [JP]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1995) Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions. Oxford University Press. [JP]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J., Lensing, P., Klimesch, w., Schimke, H. & Vaningan, M. (1993) Event related desynchronization (ERD) analysis of rhythmic brain functions in normal and autistic people. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 19: 1885. [JP]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J., Lensing, P., Leboyer, M. & Bouvard, M. P. (1991) Naltrexone and other potential new pharmacological treatments of autism. Brain Dysfunction 4: 281–300. [JP]Google Scholar
Patrick, C. J. (1994) Emotion and psychopathy: Startling new insights. Psychophysiology 31: 319–30. [RAD, DSK, rLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patrick, C. J., Bradley, M. M. & Lang, P. J. (1993) Emotion in the criminal psychopath: Startle reflex modulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 102: 82–92. [RJRB, DSK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patrick, C. J., Cuthbert, B. N. & Lang, P. J. (1994). Emotion in the criminal psychopath: Fear image processing. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 103: 523–34. [DSK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, C. M. (1990 Emotion and interpersonal sensitivity in psychopaths. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin–Madison. [DSK]Google Scholar
Patterson, C. M. & Newman, J. P. (1993) Reflectivity and learning from aversive events: Toward a psychological mechanism for the syndromes of disinhibition. Psychological Review 100: 716–36. [aLM, RJRB, DSK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, G. R. (1982) A social learning approach: vol. 3. Coercive family process. Eugene, OR: Castilia. [JS]Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R. (1992) Developmental changes in antisocial behavior. In: Aggression and violence throughout the lifespan, ed. DeV, R.. Peters, R. J. McMahon & Quinsey, V. L.. Sage. [aLM]Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R. (1993) Determinants and outcomes for early and late onset of police arrest. Paper presented at the 45th annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Phoenix, AZ. [aLM]Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R., Capaldi, D. & Bank, L. (1991) An early starter model for predicting delinquency. In: The development and treatment of aggression, ed. Pepler, D. J. & Rubin, K. H.. Erlbaum. [aLM]Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R., DeBaryshe, B. D. & Ramsey, E. (1989) A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior. American Psychologist 44(2): 329– 35. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. B. & Dishion, T. J. (1992) Antisocial boys. Eugene, OR: Castilia. [JS]Google Scholar
Person, E. S. (1986) Manipulativeness in entrepreneurs and psychopaths. In: Unmasking the psychopath: Antisocial personality and related syndromes, ed. Reid, W. H., Dorr, D., Walker, J. I. & Bonner, J. W., III. Norton. [aLM]Google Scholar
Pérusse, D. (1993) Cultural and reproductive success in industrial societies: Testing the relationship at the proximate and ultimate levels. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16(2): 267–82. [DCR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petty, F. & Sherman, A. D. (1982) Serotonergic mediation of the learned helplessness animal model of depression. In: Serotonin in biological psychiatry, ed. Ho, B. T., Schoolar, J. C. & Usdin, E.. Raven. [aLM]Google Scholar
Piliavin, I., Thornton, C., Gartner, R. & Matsueda, R. (1986) Crime, deterrence, and rational choice. American Sociological Review 51: 101–19. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plomin, R. (1990) Nature and nurture. Brooks/Cole. [CSB]Google Scholar
Plomin, R. (1991) Genetic risk and psychosocial disorders: Links between the normal and abnormal. In: Biological risk factors for psychosocial disorders, ed. Rutter, M. & Casaer, P.. Cambridge University Press. [CSB]Google Scholar
Plomin, R. & Daniels, D. (1987) Why are children in the same family so different from each other? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10: 1–16. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plutehik, R. (1980) Emotion: A psychoevolutionary synthesis. Harper & Row. [aLM, RPlu]Google Scholar
Plutehik, R. (1983) Neurosis and delinquency in children. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 27: 110–15. [RPlu]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plutehik, R. (1984) Emotions: A general psychoevolutionary theory. In: Approaches to emotion, ed. Scherer, K. R. & Ekman, P.. Erlbaum. [NE]Google Scholar
Plutehik, R. (1992) What is mood for? A critique. Psycoloquy (an electronic journal) 3.2.1.5. [aLM]Google Scholar
Plutehik, R. (1994) The psychology and biology of emotion. Harper Collins. [RPlu]Google Scholar
Plutehik, R., van Praag, H. M. & Conte, H. R. (1989) Correlates of suicide and violence risk: 3. A two-stage model of countervailing forces. Psychiatric Research 28: 215–25. [RPlu]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popper, K. (1962) Conjectures and refutations. Basic Books. [RMM]Google Scholar
Premack, D. & Woodruff, G. Does a chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4: 515–26. [aLM]Google Scholar
Price, B. H., Daffner, K. R., Stowe, R. M. & Mesulam, M. M. (1990) The comportmental learning disabilities of early frontal damage. Brain 113: 1383–93. [CM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pulkkinen, L. (1986) The role of impulse control in the development of antisocial and prosocial behavior. In: Development of antisocial and prosocial behavior: Research, theories, and issues, ed. Olweus, D. Block, J. & Radke-Yarrow, M.. Academic Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Pulliam, H. R. (1982) A social learning model of conflict and cooperation in human societies. Human Ecology 10(3): 353–63. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quay, H. C. (1986) Classification. In: Psychopathological disorders of childhood, 3d ed., ed. Quay, H. C. & Werry, J. S.. Wiley. [DSK]Google Scholar
Quay, H. C. (1990a) Intelligence. In: Handbook of juvenile delinquency, ed. Quay, H. C.. Wiley-Interscience. [aLM]Google Scholar
Quay, H. C. (1990b) Patterns of delinquent behavior. In: Handbook of juvenile delinquency, ed. Quay, H. C.. Wiley-Interscience. [aLM]Google Scholar
Quiatt, D. (1988) Which are more easily deceived, friends or strangers? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11(2):260–61. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quinsey, V. L. & Walker, W. D. (1992) Dealing with dangerousness: Community risk management strategies with violent offenders. In: Aggression and violence throughout the lifespan, ed. Peters, R. DeV., McMahon, R. J. & Quinsey, V. L.. Sage. [arLM]Google Scholar
Rachlin, H. (1995) Self-control: Beyond commitment. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18(1). [JBa]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radke-Yarrow, M. & Zahn-Waxler, C. (1986) The role of familial factors in the development of prosocia) behavior: Research findings and questions. In: Development of antisocial and prosocial behavior: Research, theories, and issues, ed. Olweus, D., Block, J. & Radke-Yarrow, M.. Academic Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Raine, A. (1988) Antisocial behavior and social psychophysiology. In: Social psychophysiology and emotion: Theory and clinical application, ed Wagner, H. L.. Wiley. [aLM]Google Scholar
Raine, A. (1989) Evoked potentials and psychopathy. International Journal of Psychophysiology 8: 1–16. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raine, A. (1993) The psychopathology of crime: Criminal behavior as a clinical disorder. Academic Press. [aLM, SCM, AR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raine, A. (1994a) Birth complications combined with early maternal rejection at ago one year predispose to violent crime at age 18 years. Paper presented at the 46th annual mooting of the American Society of Criminology, Miami, FL. [rLMl]Google Scholar
Raine, A. (1994b) Higher autonomic activity at age 15 protects against crime development at 29. Paper presented at the 46th annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Miami, FL. [rLM]Google Scholar
Raine, A., Breunan, P. & Mednick, S. A. (1994) Birth complications combined with early maternal rejection at age 1 year predispose to violent crime at age 18 years. Archives of General Psychiatry 51: 984–88. [AR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raine, A., Buchsbaum, M. S., Stanley, J., Lottenberg, S., Abel, L. & Stoddard, J. (1994) Selective reductions in prefrontal glucose metabolism in murders. Biological Psychiatry 36: 365–73. [AR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raine, A. & Dunkin, J. (1990) The genetic and psychophysiological basis of antisocial behavior: Implications for counseling and therapy. Journal of Counseling and Development 68: 637–44. [aLM, JP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raine, A., Rogers, D. B. & Venables, P. H. (1982) Locus of control and socialization. Journal of Research in Personality 16: 147–56. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raine, A. & Venables, P. H. (1981) Classical conditioning and socialization–a biosocial interaction. Personality and Individual Differences 2: 273–83. [aLM, CSB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raine, A. & Venables, P. H. (1984a) Tonic heart rate level, social class, and antisocial behavior in adolescents. Biological Psychology 18: 123–32. [aLM, CSB].CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raine, A. & Venables, P. H. (1984b) Electrodermal non-responding, antisocial behavior, and schizoid tendencies in adolescents. Psychophysiology 21: 424–33. [DSK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raine, A. & Venables, P. H. (1987) Contingent negative variation, P3 evoked potentials, and antisocial behavior. Psychophysiology 24(2): 191–99. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raine, A., Venables, P. H. & Williams, M. (1990a) Relationship between central and autonomic measures of arousal at age 15 years and criminality at age 24 years. Archives of General Psychiatry 47: 1003–7. [aLM, CSB, JP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raine, A. & Venables, P. H. (1990b) Relationships between Nl, P300, and contingent negative variation recorded at age 15 and criminality at age 24. Psychophysiology 27(5): 567–74. [aLM, JP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raine, A. & Venables, P. H. (1994) Autonomic nervous system factors that protect against crime. Psychophysiology 31: S79. [AR]Google Scholar
Raleigh, M. J. & McGuire, M. T. (1986) Animal analogues of ostracism: Biological mechanisms and social consequences. Ethology and Sociobiology 7: 201–14. [KH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raleigh, M., McCuire, M., Brammer, G., Pollack, D. B. & Yuwiler, A. (1991) Serotonergic mechanisms promote dominance acquisition in adult male vervet monkeys. Brain Research 559: 181–90. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raleigh, M., McGuire, M., Brammer, G. & Yuwiler, A. (1984) Social status and whole blood serotonin in vervets. Archives of General Psychiatry 41(4): 405–10. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Resnick, O. (1967) The psychoactive properties of diphenylhydantoin: Experiences with prisoners and juvenile delinquents. International Journal of Neuropsychiatry [Supplement 2]: S20–S47. [JP]Google ScholarPubMed
Rice, M. E., Harris, G. T. & Cormier, C. (1992) Evaluation of a maximum security therapeutic community for psychopaths and other mentally disordered offenders. Law and Human Behavior 15: 625–37. [rLM, VLQ]Google Scholar
Rime, B., Bouvy, H., Leborgne, B. & Rouillon, F. (1978) Psychopathy and nonverbal behavior in an interpersonal situation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 87: 636–43. [DSK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robins, L. N. (1986) The consequences of conduct disorder in girls. In: Development of antisocial and prosocial behavior: Research, theories, and issues, ed. Olweus, D., Block, J. & Radke-Yarrow, M.. Academic Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Robins, L. N., Tipp, J. & Przybeck, T. (1991) Antisocial personality. In: Psychiatric disorders in America, ed. Robins, L. N. & Regier, D. A.. Free Press. [arLM]Google Scholar
Robins, L. N. & Wish, E. (1977) Childhood deviance as a developmental process: A study of 223 urban black men from birth to 18. Social Forces 56(2): 449–73. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, M. R. (1980) The mental arms race amplifier. Human Ecology 8: 285–93. [CM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, M. R. (1983) Hominid evolution and social science. Journal of Social and Biological Structures 6: 29–36. [CM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, M. R. & Moore, C. (1993) A Darwinian function for the orbital cortex. Journal of Theoretical Biology 161: 119–29. [CM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, L. T. & Hill, E. M.(nd) Childhood environmental unpredictability, schemas for future unpredictability, and risk taking. Unpublished manuscript. [rLM]Google Scholar
Roth, J. A. (1994) Understanding and preventing violence. National Institute of Justice: Research in Brief, 02: 1–11. [RM]Google Scholar
Rowe, D. C. (1982) Sources of variability in sex-linked personality attributes: A twin study. Developmental Psychology 18: 431–34. [AC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowe, D. C. (1983a) Biometrical genetic models of self-reported delinquent behavior: A twin study. Behavior Genetics 13: 473–89. [aLM, CSB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowe, D. C. (1983b) A biometrical analysis of perceptions of family environment: A study of twin and singleton sibling kinships. Child Development 54: 416–23. [arLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowe, D. C. (1986) Genetic and environmental components of antisocial behavior: A study of 265 twin pairs. Criminology 24(3): 513–32. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowe, D. C. (1990a) Inherited dispositions toward learning delinquent and criminal behavior: New evidence. In: Crime in biological, social, and moral contexts, ed. Ellis, L. & Hoffman, H.. Praeger. [arLM, KH]Google Scholar
Rowe, D. C. (1990b) As the twig is bent? The myth of child-rearing influences on personality development. Journal of Counseling and Development 68: 606–11. [arLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowe, D. C. (in press). An adaptive strategy' theory of crime and delinquency. In: The current theories of delinquency and crime, ed. Hawkins, J. D.. Cambridge University Press. [DCR]Google Scholar
Rowe, D. C. & Plomin, R. (1981) The importance of nonshared environmental influences on behavioral development. Developmental Psychology 17: 517—31. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowe, D. C. & Rodgers, J. L. (1989) Behavioral genetics, adolescent deviance, and “d”: Contributions and issues. In: Biology of adolescent behavior and development, ed. Adams, G. R., Montemayor, R. & Cullotta, T. P.. Sage. [aLM]Google Scholar
Rowe, D. C., Rodgers, J. L., Meseck-Bushey, S. & St. John, C. (1989) Sexual behavior and nonsexual deviance: A sibling study of their relationship. Developmental Psychology 25: 61–69. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowe, D. C., Vazsonyi, A. T. & Figueredo, A. J. (1994). Mating effort in adolescence: Conditional or alternative strategy. Submitted. [AJF, DCR, rLM]Google Scholar
Rubin, R. T. (1987) The neuroendocrinology and neurochemistry of antisocial behavior. In: The causes of crime: Sew biological approaches, ed. Mednick, S. A., Moffitt, T. E. & Stack, S. A.. Cambridge University Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Rushton, J. P. (1982) Social learning theory and the development of prosocial behavior. In: The development of prosocial behavior, ed. Eisenberg, N.. Academic Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Rushton, J. P. (1989) Genetic similarity, human altruism, and group selection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12(3): 503–18. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rushton, J. P., Fulker, D. W., Neale, M. C., Nias, D. K. B. & Eysenck, H. J. (1986) Altruism and aggression: The heritability of individual differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50(6): 1192–98. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rushton, J. P., Russell, R. J. H. & Wells, P. A. (1984) Genetic similarity theory: An extension to sociobiology. Behavior Cenetics 14: 179–93. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rushton, P. (1994) Race, evolution and behavior. Transaction Pub. [HJE]Google Scholar
Russell, K., Figueredo, A. J., Becker, J. V. & Sales, B. D. (in preparation) The etiology of juvenile sexual offending. [AJF]Google Scholar
Rutter, M., Silberg, J. & Simonoff, E. (1993) Whither behavioral genetics? A developmental psychopathological perspective. In: Nature nurture and psychology, ed. Plomin, R. & McClearn, G. E.. American Psychological Association. [NLS]Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J. (1986) Effects of socioeconomic context on official reaction to juvenile delinquency. American Sociological Review 51: 876–85. [CSB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanchez, J. (1986) Social crises and psychopathy: Toward a sociology of the psychopath. In: Unmasking the psychopath: Antisocial personality and related syndromes, ed. Reid, W. H., Dorr, D., Walker, J. I. & Bonner, J. W., III. Norton. [aLM]Google Scholar
Sanderson, S. K. & Ellis, L. (1992) Theoretical and political perspectives of American sociologists in the 1920s. American Sociologist 23: 26–42. [LE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Satterfeld, J. H. (1987) Childhood diagnostic and neurophysiological predictors of teenage arrest rates: An eight-year prospective study. In: The causes of crime: New biological approaches, eds. Mednick, S. A., Moffitt, T. E. & Stack, S. A.. Cambridge University Press. [aLM, CSB]Google Scholar
Scarr, S. (1993) Biological and cultural diversity: The legacy of Darwin for development. Child Development 64: 1333–53. [NLS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scarr, S. & McCartney, K. (1983) How people make their own environments: A theory of genotype-environment effects. Child Development 54: 424–35. [aLM]Google Scholar
Scerbo, A. S., Raine, A., Venables, P. H. & Mednick, S. A. (1995) Heart rate and skin conductance in behaviorally inhibited Mauritian children. Submitted. [AR]Google Scholar
Schalling, D. (1987) Personality correlates of plasma testosterone levels in young delinquents: An example of person-situation interaction? In: The causes of crime: New biological approaches, ed. Mednick, S. A., Mofiitt, T. E. & Stack, S. A.. Cambridge University Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Schiff, B. B. & Lamon, M. (1989) Inducing emotion by unilateral contraction of facial muscles: A new look at hemispheric specialization and the experience of emotion. Neuropsychologia 27: 923—35. [RAD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmauk, F. J. (1970) Punishment, arousal, and avoidance learning in sociopaths. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 76: 325–35. [JBa, VLQ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schoenfeld, (1974) Notes on a bit of psychological nonsense: Race differences in intelligence. Psychological Record 24: 17–32. [YW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulsinger, F. (1972) Psychopathy: Heredity and environment. International Journal of Mental Health 1: 190–206 (reprinted in 1977 in Biosocial bases of criminal behavior, ed. S. A. Mednick & K. O. Christiansen. Gardner Press). [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwade, E. D. & Ceiger, S. C. (1960) Severe behavior disorders with abnormal electroencephalogram. Diseases of the Nervous System 21: 616–20. [JP]Google Scholar
Segal, N. L. (1991) Cooperation and competition in adolescent MZ and DZ twins during a prisoner's dilemma game. Paper presented to the Society for Research on Child Development, Seattle, WA. [aLM]Google Scholar
Segal, N. L. (1993) Twin, sibling and adoption methods: Tests of evolutionary hypotheses. American Psychologist 48: 943–56. [NLS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sleigman, M. E. P. (1970) On the generality of the laws of learning. Psychological Review 77: 406–18. [aLM, AJF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seligman, M. E. P. & Hager, J. L. (1972.) Introduction. In: Biological boundaries of learning, od. Seligman, M. E. P. & Hager, J. L.. Appleton Century-Crofts. [AJF]Google Scholar
Serin, R. C. (1991) Psychopathy and violence in criminals. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 6: 423–31. [DSK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Servadio, G. (1976) Mafioso: A history of the mafia from its origins to the present day. Stein & Day. [DTK]Google Scholar
Seto, M. C., Khattar, N. A., Quinsey, V. L. & Lalumière, M. L. (nd) Psychopathy, deception, and sexual strategy. In press. [rLM, VLQ]Google Scholar
Shay, J. (1994) Achilles in Vietnam. Atheneum. [DSW]Google Scholar
Shields, J. (1962) Monozygotic twins: Brought up apart and brought up together. Oxford University Press. [NLS]Google Scholar
Shweder, R. A., Mahapatra, M. & Miller, J. G. (1987) Culture and moral development. In: The emergence of morality in young children, ed. Kagan, J. & Lamb, S.. Chicago University Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Sic-Rul, L. J. (1986) Criminology, 2d edition. West Pub. [aLM]Google Scholar
Siegel, K. A. (1978) Probability of punishment and suppression of behavior in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic offenders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 87: 514–22. [DSK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silverton, L. (1988) Crime and the schizophrenia spectrum: A diathesis-stress model. Ada Psychiatrica Scandanavia 78: 72–81. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simonian, S. J., Tamowski, K. J. & Cibbs, J. C. (1991) Social skills and antisocial conduct of delinquents. Child Psychiatry and Human Development 22(l): 17–27. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simons, R. L. (1993) Family context and developmental timing of delinquent behaviors. Paper presented at the 45th annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Phoenix, AZ. [aLM]Google Scholar
Sloman, L. (1992) How mood variation regulates aggression. Psycoloquy (an electronic journal) 3.1.1.3. [aLM]Google Scholar
Snyder, J., Dishion, T. J. & Patterson, G. R. (1986) Determinants and consequences of associating with deviant peers during preadolescence and adolescence, journal of Early Adolescence 6(l): 29–43. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, J., Edwards, P., McGraw, K., Kilgore, K. & Holton, A. (1994) Escalation and reinforcement in mother-child conflict: Social processes associated with the development of physical aggression. Development and I'sychopatlwlogy 6: 305–21. [JS]Google Scholar
Snyder, J. & Patterson, G. R. (1990) Family interaction and delinquent behavior. In: Handbook of juvenile delinquency, ed. Quay, H. C.. Wiley-Interscience. [aLM]Google Scholar
Snyder, J. & Patterson, G. R. (in press) Individual differences in social aggression: A reinforcement model of socialization in the natural environment. Behavior Therapy. [JS]Google Scholar
Spence, J. T. (1985) Gender identity and its implication for the concepts of masculinity and femininity. In: Nebraska symposium on motivation, vol. 32, ed. Sonderegger, T. B.. University of Nebraska Press. [AC]Google Scholar
Spitzer, R., Endicott, J. & Robins, E. (1978) Research diagnostic criteria (RDC). New York Biometrics Research Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute. [AF]Google Scholar
Stabcnau, J. R. (1985) Basic research on heredity and alcohol: Implications for clinical application. Social Biology 32(3–4): 297–321. [aLM]Google Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. (1984) Social learning theory and the dynamics of interaction. Psychological Review 91: 502–7. [RWJN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. (1991) Review of Contemporary learning theories: Instrumental conditioning and the impact of biological constraints on learning, ed. Klein, S. B. & Mowrer, R. R.. Contemporary Psychology 36: 506–7. [RWJN]Google Scholar
Stafford-Clark, D. & Taylor, F. H. (1949) Clinical and electroencephalographic studies of prisoners charged with murder. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 12: 325–30. [JP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, E. A., Ashlock, D. & Tesfatsion, L. (1993) Iterated prisoner's dilemma with choice and refusal of partners. Economic Report #30, Iowa State University. [HLC]Google Scholar
Staples, W. G. (1987). Law and social control in juvenile justice dispositions. journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 24: 7–22. [CSB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stattin, H. & Magnusson, D. (1991) Stability and change in criminal behavior up to age 30. The British journal of Criminology 31(4): 327–46. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steklis, H. D., Raleigh, M. J., Kling, A. S., & Tachiki, K. (1986) Biochemical and hormonal correlates of dominance and social behavior in all-male groups of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri seiureus). American journal of Primatology 11: 133–45. [KH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sterling, S. & Edelmann, R. (1988) Reactions to anger and anxiety-provoking events: Psychopathic and nonpsychopathic groups compared, journal of Clinical Psychology 96–100. [DSK]3.0.CO;2-A>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sternberg, S. (1966) High-speed scanning in human memory. Science 153: 625–54. [RMM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strauss, C. C. & Lahey, B. B. (1984) Behavior disorders of children. In: Comprehensive handbook of psychopathology, ed. Adams, H. E. & Sutker, P. B.. Plenum. [aLM]Google Scholar
Surbey, M. K. (1987) Anorexia nervosa, amenorrhea, and adaptation. Ethology and Sociobiology 8: 47S–61S. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Susman, E. J., Inoff-Germain, G., Nottelmann, E. D., Loriaux, D. L., Cutler, G. B. Jr, & Chrousos, G. P. (1987) Hormones, emotional dispositions, and aggressive attributes in young adolescents. Child Development 58: 1114–34. [aLM ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sutker, P. B. (1970) Vicarious conditioning and sociopathy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 76: 380–86. [DSK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Symons, D. (1979) The evolution of human sexuality. Oxford University Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Tarter, R. E. (1988) Are there inherited behavioral (raits that predispose to substance abuse?) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 56(2): 189–96. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tavris, C. A. (1982) Anger: The misunderstood emotion. Simon & Schuster. [aLM]Google Scholar
Terhune, K. W. (1970) The effects of personality in cooperation and conflict. In: The structure of conflict, ed. Swingle, P.. Academic Press. [arLM]Google Scholar
Thornhill, R. & Alcock, J. (1983) The evolution of insect mating systems. Harvard University Press. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thornhill, R. & Thornhill, N. W. (1992) The evolutionary psychology of men's coercive sexuality. Behavior and Brain Sciences 15: 363–421. [aLM, HLC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thornquist, M. H. & Zuckerman, M. (in press) Psychopathy, passiveavoidance learning and basic dimensions of personality. Personality and Individual Differences. [MZ]Google Scholar
Tittle, C. R., Villemez, W. J. & Smith, D. A. (1978) The myth of social class and criminality: An empirical assessment of the empirical evidence. American Sociological Review 43: 643–56. [CSB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tooke, W. & Camire, L. (1991) Patterns of deception in intersexual and intrasexual mating strategies. Ethology and Sociobiology 12: 345–64. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torrey, E. F., Bowler, A. E., Taylor, E. H. & Gottesman, I. I. (1994) Schizophrenia and manic-depressive disorder. Basic Books. [NLS]Google Scholar
Thompson, S. (1981) Will it hurt less if I can control it? A complex answer to a simple question. Psychological Bulletin 90: 89–101. [RWJN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townsend, J. T. (1974) Issues and models concerning the processing of a finite number of inputs. In: Human information processing: Tutorials in performance and cogniton, ed. Kantowitz, B. H.. Erlbaum. [RMM]Google Scholar
Townsend, J. T. (1990a) Serial vs. parallel processing: Sometimes they look like Tweedledum and Tweedledee but they can (and should) be distinguished. Psychological Science 1: 46–54. [RMM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townsend, J. T. (1990b) The truth and consequences of ordinal differences in statistical distributions: Toward a theory of hierarchical inference. Psychological Bulletin 108: 551–67. [RMM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townsend, J. T. (1992) Don't be fazed by PHASER: Beginning exploration of a cyclical motivation system. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments ir Computers 24: 219–27. [RWJN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townsend, J. T., Viken, R. J. & McFall, R. M. (in preparation) Pathological behavior as a function of heredity: Can theories be tested empirically? [RMM]Google Scholar
Traskman, L., Asberg, M., Bertilsson, L. & Sjostrand, L. (1981) Monoamine metanolites in CSF and suicidal behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry 38: 631–36. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trasler, G. (1987) Biogenetic factors. In: Handbook of juvenile delinquency, ed. Quay, H. C.. Wiley-Interscience. [aLM]Google Scholar
Treffert, D. A. (1964) The psychiatric patient with an EEG temporal lobe focus. American Journal of Psychiatry 120: 765–71. [JP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tremblay, R. E. (1993) Cognitive deficits, school achievement, disruptive behavior, and juvenile delinquency: A longitudinal look at their developmental sequence. Paper presented at the 45th annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Phoenix, A2. [aLM]Google Scholar
Triandis, H., Bontempo, R., Villareal, M., Asai, M. & Lucca, N. (1988) Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54: 323–38. [JA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trivers, R. L. (1971) The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology 46: 35–57. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trivers, R. L. (1985) Social evolution. Benjamin/Cummings. [RAD]Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Justice (1992) Criminal victimization in the United States, 1991: A national crime victim survey report (NCJ-139563). [aLM]Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Justice (1993) A comprehensive strategy for serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders: Program summary (NCJ-143453). [aLM]Google Scholar
Udry, J. R. (1990) Biosocial models of adolescent problem behaviors. Social Biology 37: 1–10. [aLM]Google ScholarPubMed
Van den Brink, W. & De Jong, C. (1992) SIDP-R. Gestructureerd interview voor de DSM-III-R persoonlijkheidsstoornissen [SIDP-R. Structured interview for disorders of personality according to DSM-III-R]. Eindhoven, The Netherlands: IVB. [MHVI]Google Scholar
Van Dusen, K. T., Mednick, S. A., Gabrielli, W. F. Jr, & Hutchings, B. (1983) Social class and crime in an adoption cohort. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 74(l): 249–69. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (in press). Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: A meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the adult attachment interview. Psychological Bulletin. [MHVI]Google Scholar
Van IJzendoorn, M. H. & De Ruiter, C. (1993) Some speculations about attachment in the schools. International Journal of Educational Research 19: 77–79. [MHVI]Google Scholar
Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Feldbrugge, J. T. M., Derks, F., De Ruiter, C. Verhagen, M., Philipse, M., Van der Staak, C. P. F. & Riksen-Walraven, M. (nd) Attachment, personality disorders, and staff-patient interactions in mentally disturbed criminal offenders. Submitted. [MHVI]Google Scholar
Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Juffer, F. & Duyvesteyn, M. G. C. (1995) Breaking the intergenerational cycle of insecure attachment: A review of the effects of attachment-based interventions on maternal sensitivity and infant security. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 36: 225–48. [MHVI]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Strien, J. W. & Morpurgo, M. (1992) Opposite hemisphere activations as a result of emotionally threatening and non-threatening words. Neuropsychologia 30: 845–48. [RAD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vasek, M. E. (1986) Lying as a skill: The development of deception in children. In: Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit, ed. Mitchell, R. W. & Thompson, N. S.. State University of New York Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Vila, B. (1994) Could we break the crime control paradox? Paper presented at the 46th annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Miami, FL. [rLM]Google Scholar
Vila, B. J. & Cohen, L. E. (1993) Crime as strategy: Testing an evolutionary ecological theory of expropriative crime. American Journal of Sociology 98(4): 873–912. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volavka, J., Mednick, S. A., Gabrielli, W. F., Matousek, M. & Pollock, V. E. (1984) EEG and crime: Evidence from longitudinal prospective studies. Advances in Biological Psychiatry 15: 97–101. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vom Saal, F. S. (1985) Time-contingent change in infanticide and parental behavior induced by ejaculation in male mice. Physiology h Behavior 34: 7–15. [CJE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wachs, T. D. (1992) The nature of nurture. Sage. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waddington, C. H. (1957) The strategy of genes. Allen & Unwin. [AJF]Google Scholar
Wade, C. & Tavris, C. (1993) Psychology, 3d ed. Harper/Collins. [aLM]Google Scholar
Wadsworth, M. E. J. (1976) Delinquency, pulse rate and early emotional deprivation. British Journal of Criminology 16: 245—56. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wahler, R. G. & Dumas, J. (1986) Maintenance factors in coercive motherchild interactions: The compliance and predictability hypotheses. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 19: 13–22. [JS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wahlsten, D. (1990) Insensitivity of the analysis of variance to heredityenvironment interaction. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13(1): 109–61. [WEC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warner, R. R. (1984) Mating behavior and hermaphroditism in coral reef fishes. American Scientist 72: 128–34. [DTK]Google Scholar
Warr, P., Barter, J. & Brownbridge, G. (1983) On the independence of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44: 644–51. [RAD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waters, E., Hay, D. & Richters, J. (1986) Infant-parent attachment and the origins of prosocial and antisocial behavior. In: Development of antisocial and prosocial behavior: Research, theories, and issues, ed. Olweus, D., Block, J. & Radke-Yarrow, M.. Academic Press. [rLM]Google Scholar
Weiner, J. (1994). The beak of the finch: A story of evolution in our time. Knopf. [DCR]Google Scholar
Werner, E. E. (1989) High-risk children in young adulthood: A longitudinal study from birth to 32 years. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 59: 72–81. [VLQ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
West, D. J. & Farrington, D. P. (1977) The delinquent way of life. Heineman. [CSB]Google Scholar
Westman, J. C. (1994) Licensing parents: Can we prevent child abuse and neglect? Plenum. [DTL]Google Scholar
White, J. L., Morfitt, T. E. & Silva, P. A. (1989) A prospective replication of the protective effects of IQ in subjects at high risk for juvenile delinquency. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 57(6): 719–24. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, J. L., Moffitt, T. E., Earls, F., Robins, L. & Silva, P. A. (1990) How early can we tell? Predictors of childhood conduct disorder and adolescent delinquency. Criminology 28(4): 507–33. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehill, M. B. (1987) Psychopathy and interpersonal relationships [doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh]. Dissertation Abstracts International B47/10: 4318. [DSK]Google Scholar
Widom, C. S. (1976a) Interpersonal and personal construct systems in psychopaths. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 44(4): 614–23. [aLM, DSK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Widom, C. S. (1976b) Interpersonal conflict and cooperation in psychopaths. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 85: 330–34. [aLM, DSK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Widom, C. S. & Newman, J. P. (1985) Characteristics of non-institutionalized psychopaths. In: Aggression and dangerousness, ed. Farrington, D. P. & Cunn, J.. Wiley. [VLQ]Google Scholar
Williams, D. (1969) Neural factors related to habitual aggression. Consideration of differences betweeen those habitual aggressives and others who have committed crimes of violence. Brain 92: 503–20. [JP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, S., Harpur, T. J. & Hare, R. D. (1994) Psychopathy and sensitivity to emotional valence. Submitted. [DSK]Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1994) Adaptive genetic variation and human evolutionary psychology. Ethology and Sociobiology 15(4): 219–35. [JBe, DSW, rLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, J. Q. & Herrnstein, R. J. (1985) Crime and human nature. Simon & Schuster. [aLM]Google Scholar
Wilson, M. I. & Daly, M. (1993) Homicide as a window on modulated riskproneness in competitive interpersonal confrontations. Paper presented at the 45th annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Phoenix, AZ. [aLM]Google Scholar
Wilson, M. I. & Daly, M. (1994) Risk-taking and homicide. Paper presented at the 46th annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Miami, FL. [rLM]Google ScholarPubMed
Wittling, W. & Roschmann, R. (1993) Emotion-related hemisphere asymmetry: Subjective emotional responses to laterally presented films. Cortex 29: 431–48. [RAD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolf, P. (1987) Definitions of antisocial behavior in biosocial research. In: The causes of crime: New biological approaches, ed. Mednick, S. A., Moffitt, T. E., & Stack, S. A.. Cambridge University Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Wolf, Y. (1985) Aggression: Problems of definition and identification. Crime and Social Deviance 13: 25–36 (in Hebrew). [YW]Google Scholar
Wolf, Y. (1989) Moral judgment on the basis of information about intent and damage as a means for validation of naive definitions of aggression. Psychologia 2: 120–30 (in Hebrew). [YW]Google Scholar
Wolf, Y., Battash, Y., Addad, M. & Walters, J. (1992) Valuation of moral information by juvenile delinquents: A psycho-sociological perspective. International Journal of Croup Tensions 22: 39–62. [YW]Google Scholar
Wolf, Y., Friedlander, M., Addad, M., Silfen, M. & Walters, J. (in press) Moral judgment among incarcerated offenders from a psychotherapeutic background. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. [YW]Google Scholar
Wrangham, R. W. (1987). The significance of African apes for reconstructing human social evolution. In: The evolution of human behavior: Primate models, ed. Kinzey, W. G.. State University of New York Press. [KCB]Google Scholar
Yoshii, N., Ishiwara, T. & Tani, K. (1964) Juvenile delinquents and their abnormal EEG: 2. Continuous theta waves. Folia Psychiatrica et Neurologica Japonica 18: 161–67. [JP]Google Scholar
Yoshimasu, S. (1941) Psychopathic und kriminalitat. Psychiatric Neurology Japan 45: 455–531. [NLS]Google Scholar
Zahn-Waxler, C. & Kochanska, G. (1988) The origins of guilt. In: Nebraska symposium on motivation, vol. 36, ed. Thompson, R. A.. University of Nebraska Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Zahn-Waxler, C. & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1982) The development of altruism: Alternative research strategies. In: The development of prosocial behavior, ed. Eisenberg, N.. Academic Press. [aLM]Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M. & Coryell, W. H. (1990) Diagnosing personality disorders in the community. A comparison of self-report and interview measures. Archives of General Psychiatry 47: 527–31. [AF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ziskind, E., Syndulko, K. & Maltzman, I. (1978) Aversive conditioning in the sociopath. Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science 13(4): 199–205. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zucker, H. A. & Gomberg, E. S. L. (1986) Etiology of alcoholism reconsidered. American Psychologist 41(7): 783–93. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zuckerman, M. (1979) Sensation seeking. Erlbaum. [aLM]Google ScholarPubMed
Zuckerman, M. (1983) Biological bases of sensation-seeking, impulsivity and anxiety. Erlbaum. [aLM]Google Scholar
Zuckerman, M. (1984) Sensation seeking: A comparative approach to a human trait. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7: 413–71. [aLM, LE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zuckerman, M. (1985) Biological foundations of the sensation-seeking temperament. In: The biological bases of personality anil behavior: vol. 1. Theories, measurement techniques, and development, ed. Strelau, J., Farley, F. H. & Gale, A.. Hemisphere Pub. [aLM]Google Scholar
Zuckerman, M. (1989) Personality in the third dimension: A psychobiological approach. Personality and Individual Differences 10(41): 391–418. [aLM, MZ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zuckerman, M. (1990) The psychophysiology of sensation seeking. Journal of Personality 58: 313–45. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zuckerman, M. (1991) The psychobiology of personality. Cambridge University Press. [aLM, MZ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zuckerman, M. (1994a) Impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking: The biological foundations of a basic dimension of personality. In: Temperament: Individual differences at the interface of biology and behavior, ed. Bates, J. E. & Wachs, T. D.. American Psychological Association. [MZ]Google Scholar
Zuckerman, M. (1994b) An alternative five-factor model for personality. In: The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood, ed. Halverson, C. F. Jr, Johnson, G. A. & Martin, R. P.. Erlbaum. [MZ]Google Scholar
Zuckerman, M., Buchsbaum, M. S. & Murphy, D. L. (1980) Sensation seeking and its biological correlates. Psychological Bulletin 88: 187–214. [aLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zuckerman, M., DePaulo, B. & Rosenthal, R. (1981) Verbal and nonverbal communication of deception. In: Advances in experimental social psychology, ed. Berkowitz, L.. Academic Press. [aLM]Google Scholar