Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-cphqk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-11T22:59:04.418Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A mobility gradient in the organization of vertebrate movement: The perception of movement through symbolic language

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2011

Ilan Golani
Ilan Golani
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, Canadian Center for Ecological Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life-Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel, Electronic mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Ordinary language can prevent us from seeing the organization of whole-animal movement. This may be why the search for behavioral homologies has not been as fruitful as the founders of ethology had hoped. The Eshkol-Wachman (EW) movement notational system can reveal shared movement patterns that are undetectable in the kinds of informal verbal descriptions of the same behaviors that are in current use. Rules of organization that are common to locomotor development, agonistic and exploratory behavior, scent marking, play, and dopaminergic drug-induced stereotypies in a variety of vertebrates suggest that behavior progresses along a “mobility gradient” from immobility to increasing complexity and unpredictability. A progression in the opposite direction, with decreasing spatial complexity and increased stereotypy, occurs under the influence of the nonselective dopaminergic drugs apomorphine and amphetamine and partly also the selective dopamine agonist quinpirole. The behaviors associated with the mobility gradient appear to be mediated by a family of basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits and their descending output stations. Because the small number of rules underlying the mobility gradient account for a large variety of behaviors, they may be related to the specific functional demands on these neurological systems. The EW system and the mobility gradient model should prove useful to ethologists and neurobiologists.

Keywords

amphetamineapomorphinedrug-induced stereotypiesexploratory behaviorgestalt perceptionlanguagemotor developmentmovement notationplayquinpiroleritualized fighting
Type
Target Article
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 15 , Issue 2 , June 1992 , pp. 249 - 266
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adani, N. (1990) The morphogenesis of locomotor behaviour in normal and amphetamine treated laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus). M.Sc. thesis submitted to the Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University. In Hebrew, with English summary. [arIG]Google Scholar
Adani, N., Kiryati, N. & Golani, I. (1991) The description of rat drug-induced behavior: Kinematics versus response categories. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 15. [aIG]Google Scholar
Albin, R. L., Young, A. B. & Penney, J. B. (1989) The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Trends in Neurosciences 12(10):366–75. [aIG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alexander, G. E., Crutcher, M. A. & Delong, M. R. (1990) Basal ganglia thalamo-cortical circuits: Parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, “prefrontal” and “limbic” functions. Progress in Brain Research 87. [aIG]Google Scholar
Alexander, G. E., Delong, M. R. & Strick, P. L. (1986) Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience 9:357–81. [aIG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alexander, R. McN. (1975) The chordates. Cambridge University Press. [DE]Google Scholar
Alexander, R. McN. (1967) Functional design in fishes. Hutchinson University Library. [GWB]Google Scholar
Altman, J. A. & Sudarshan, K. (1975) Postnatal development of locomotion in the laboratory rat. Animal Behavior 23(4):896–920. [aIG]Google Scholar
Alvarez-Buylla, A., Kirn, J. & Nottebohm, F. (1990) Birth of projection neuron in adult avian brain may be related to perceptual or motor learning. Science 249:1444–46. [PHK]Google Scholar
Andersen, P. H., Gingrich, J. A., Bates, M. D., Dearry, A., Falardeau, P., Senogles, S. E. & Caron, M. G. (1990) Dopamine receptor subtypes: Beyond the D-1/D-2 classification. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 11:231–36. [aIG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arbas, E. A., Meinertzhagen, I. A. & Shaw, S. H. (1991) Evolution in nervous systems. Annual Review of Neuroscience 14:9–38. [ZF]Google Scholar
Atwood, H. L. & Sandeman, D. C., eds. (1982) The biology of Crustacea, vol. 3: Neurobiology: Structure and function. Academic Press. [ZF]Google Scholar
Barlow, G. W. (1977) Modal action patterns. In: How animals communicate, ed. Sebeok, T. A.. Indiana University Press. [arIG, GWB]Google Scholar
Barlow, G. W. (1989) Has sociobiology killed ethology or revitalized it? In: Perspectives in ethology, vol. 8: Whither ethology? ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Klopfer, P. H.. Plenum Press. [ZF]Google Scholar
Basilius, H. (1952) Neo-Humboltian ethnolinguistics. Word 8:95–101. [aIG]Google Scholar
Bateson, G. (1960). Some 19th century notions of evolution. Unpublished manuscript. [PHK]Google Scholar
Bayer, S. A. & Altman, J. (1987) Directions in neurogenetic gradients and patterns of anatomical connections in the telencephalon. Progress in Neurobiology 29:57–106. [ARC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, C. H. M. (unpublished, 1986) Apomorphine-induced stereotypy in rats: Minimal influence of environment on acute time course. [CHMB]Google Scholar
Beck, C. H. M., Chow, H. L. & Cooper, S. J. (1986) Initial environment influences amphetamine-induced stereotypy: Subsequently environmental change has little effect. Behavioral and Neural Biology 46:383–97. [CHMB]Google Scholar
Beer, C. G. (1974) Comparative ethology and the evolution of behaviour. In: Ethology and psychiatry, ed. White, N. F.. University of Toronto Press. [aIG]Google Scholar
Beer, C. G. (1980) Perspectives on animal behavior comparisons. In: Comparative methods in psychology, ed. Bornstein, M. H.. Erlbaum. [rIG]Google Scholar
Bekoff, A. (1986) Ontogeny of chicken motor behaviours: Evidence for multiuse limb pattern generating circuitry. In: Neurobiology of vertebrate locomotion, ed. Grillner, S., Stein, P. S. G., Stuart, D. G., Forssberg, H. & Herman, R. M.. Macmillan. [rIG, JAB, JCF]Google Scholar
Bekoff, A. (1989) Continuity of pattern generating mechanisms in embryonic and posthatching chicks. In: Neurobiology of early infant behaviour, ed. von Euler, C., Forssberg, H. & Lagerkrantz, H.. Macmillan. [rIG, JAB]Google Scholar
Bekoff, A., Nusbaum, M. P., Sabichi, A. L. & Clifford, M. (1987) Neural control of limb coordination. I. Comparison of hatching and walking motor output patterns in normal and deafferented chicks. Journal of Neurobiology 7:2320–30. [rIG, JAB]Google Scholar
Bekoff, M. (1974) Social play and play soliciting by infant canids. American Zoologist 14:323–40. [aIG]Google Scholar
Bekoff, M. (1977) Social communication in canids: Evidence for the evolution of a stereotyped mammalian display. Science 197:1097–99. [rIG, MB]Google Scholar
Bekoff, M. (1979) Behavioral acts: Description, classification, ethogram analyses, and measurement. In: The analysis of social interactions: Methods, issues, and illustrations ed. Cairns, R. B.. Erlbaum. [rIG, MB]Google Scholar
Bekoff, M. & Jamieson, D., eds. (1990) Interpretation and explanation in the study of animal behavior, vol. I: Interpretation, intentionalitu, and communication. vol. II: Explanation, evolution, and adaptation. Westview Press. [MB]Google Scholar
Bente, G. & Frey, S. (1990) “Visuelle Zitate” als Mittel der Fernsehberichterstattung in Deutschland, Frankreich und den USA. In: Radio, Fernsehen auf Individuum und Gesellschaft, ed. W. Schulz. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. [RDM]Google Scholar
Bente, G., Frey, S. & Treeck, J. (1989) Taktgeber der Informationsverarbeitung. In: Medienpsychologie, ed. Groebel, J., Vitouch, P. & Winterhoff-Spurk, P.. Heft 2. Westdeutscher Verlag. [RDM]Google Scholar
Bernstein, N. (1967) The coordination and regulation of movements. Pergamon Press. [JCF, GG]Google Scholar
Berridge, K. C., Fentress, J. C. & Parr, H. (1987) Natural syntax rules control action sequence of rats. Behavioural Brain Research 23:59–68. [JCF]Google Scholar
Biguer, B., Jeannerod, M. & Prablanc, C. (1982) The coordination of eye, head, and arm movements during reaching at a single visual target. Experimental Brain Research 46:301–04. [WAM]Google Scholar
Bizzi, E., Mussa-Ivaldi, F. A. & Giszter, S. (1991) Computations underlying the execution of movement: A biological perspective. Science 253:287–91. [ZF]Google Scholar
Blanchard, R. J., Blanchard, D. C., Takahashi, T. & Kelly, M. J. (1977) Attack and defensive behavior in the albino rat. Animal Behavior 25:622–34. [aIG]Google Scholar
Bohm, D. (1969) Some remarks on the notion of order. In: Towards a theoretical biology. II. Sketches, ed. Waddington, C. H.. An International Union of Biological Sciences Symposium. Aldine. [arIG]Google Scholar
Bohm, D. (1980) Wholeness and the implicate order. Art Paperbacks. [rIG, GG]Google Scholar
Borchert, C. M. & Zihlman, A. L. (1990) The ontogeny and phylogeny of symbolizing. In: The life of symbols, ed. Foster, M. L. & Botscharow, L. J.. Westview Press. [RF]Google Scholar
Brand, G. (1979) The essential Wittgenstein. Basic Books. [aIG, MB]Google Scholar
Brand, M. (1984) Intending and acting: Toward a naturalized action theory. MIT Press. [MB]Google Scholar
Brand, M. & Walton, I., eds. (1980) Action theory. D. Reidel. [MB]Google Scholar
Brown, J. W. (1988) The life of the mind. Erlbaum. [GG]Google Scholar
Bullock, T. H. & Horridge, G. A. (1965) Structure and function in the nervous systems of invertebrates. W. H. Freeman. [ZF]Google Scholar
Carlsson, A. (1988) The current status of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1(3): 179–203. [aIG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chevalier, G. & Deniau, J. M. (1990) Disinhibition as a basic process in the expression of striatal functions. Trends in Neuroscience 13:7, 277–80. [rIG]Google Scholar
Chiodo, L. A. & Berger, T. W. (1986) Interactions between dopamine and amino acid-induced excitation and inhibition in the striatum. Brain Research 375:198–203. [GVR]Google Scholar
Coghill, G. E. (1929) Anatomy and the problem of behavior. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [aIG, DE]Google Scholar
Cools, A. R. (1980) Role of the neostriatal dopaminergic activity in sequencing and selecting behavioural strategies: Facilitation of processes involved in selecting the best strategy in a stressful situation. Behavioral Brain Research 1:361–78. [aIG]Google Scholar
Cools, A. R. (1981) Aspects and prospects of the concept of neurochemical and cerebral organization of aggression: Introduction of new research strategies in “brain and behaviour” studies. In: The biology of aggression, ed. Brain, P. F. & Bendton, D.. Sythoff & Noordhoff. [ARC]Google Scholar
Cools, A. R. (1985) Brain and behavior: Hierarchy of feedback systems and control if its input. In: Perspectives in ethology, ed. Klopfer, P. H. & Bateson, P.. Plenum. [aIG]Google Scholar
Cools, A. R. (1987) The relevance of feedforward loops. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10:210. [ARC]Google Scholar
Cools, A. R. (1990) Role of neostriatal and mesostriatal or mesolimbic dopaminergic fibres in Parkinson's disease with and wtihout dementia: Prospects, concepts and facts. Japanese Journal of Psychopharmacology 10:15–34. [ARC]Google Scholar
Cools, A. R., Brachten, R., Heeren, D., Willemen, A. & Ellenbroek, B. (1990) Search after neurobiological profile of individual-specific features of Wistar rats. Brain Research Bulletin 24:49–69. [ARC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cools, A. R., Coolen, J. M. M., Smit, J. C. A. & Ellenbroek, B. A. (1984) The striato-nigro-collicular pathway and explosive running behaviour: Functional interaction between neostriatal dopamine and collicular GABA. European Journal of Pharmacology 100:71–77. [ARC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cools, A. R. & Jongen-Relo, A. L. (1991) Role of neostriatum and nucleus accumbens in stepping induced by apomorphine and dexamphetamine. Brain Research Bulletin 26:909–17. [ARC]Google Scholar
Cools, A. R., Scheenen, W., Eilam, D. & Golani, I. (1989) Evidence that apomorphine and (+)-amphetamine produce different types of circling in rats. Behavioural Brain Research 34:111–16. [aIG]Google Scholar
Cooper, S. J. & Dourish, C. T. (1990) An introduction to the concept of stereotypy and a historical perspective on the role of brain dopamine. In: The neurobiology of stereotyped behaviour, ed. Cooper, S. J. & Dourish, C. T.. Oxford Science Publications. [aIG]Google Scholar
Costall, B. & Naylor, R. J. (1973) The role of telencephalic dopaminergic systems in the mediation of apomorphine-stereotyped behavior. European Journal of Pharmacology 24:8–24. [aIG]Google Scholar
Creese, I. & Iversen, S. D. (1974) The role of forebrain dopamine systems in amphetamine-induced stereotypy in the adult rat following neonatal treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. Psychopharmacology 39:345–57. [aIG]Google Scholar
Creese, I. & Iversen, S. D. (1975) The pharmacological and anatomical substrates of the amphetamine response in the rat. Brain Research 83:419–36. [aIG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crutcher, M. D. & Delong, M. R. (1984) Single cell studies of the primate putamen. I. Functional organization. Experimental Brain Research 53:233–43. [aIG]Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1872) The expression of the emotions in man and animals. John Murray. [RDM, WMS]Google Scholar
Dawkins, M. S. (1989) The future of ethology: How many legs are we standing on? In: Perspectives in ethology, Vol. 8: Whither ethology? ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Klopfer, P. H.. Plenum Press. [ZF]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1991) Darwin triumphant: Darwinism as a universal truth. In: Man & beast revisited, ed. Robinson, M. H. & Tiger, L.. Smithsonian Institution Press. [MB]Google Scholar
Decker, D. J. (1967) Motility of the turtle embryo Chelydra serpentina. Science 57:952–54. [aIG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denny-Brown, D. (1962) The basal ganglia. Oxford University Press (Oxford). [aIG]Google Scholar
Divac, L., Rosvold, H. E. & Szwarcbart, M. K. (1967) Behavioral effects of selective ablation of the caudate nucleus. Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology 63:184–90. [aIG]Google Scholar
Dourish, C. T. (1987) Effects of drugs on spontaneous motor activity. In: Experimental psychopharmacology, ed. Greenshaw, A. J. & Dourish, C. T.. Humana Press. [aIG]Google Scholar
Dretske, F. (1988) Explaining behavior: Reasons in a world of causes. MIT Press. [MB]Google Scholar
Dwyer, P. D. (1984) Functionalism and structuralism: Two programs for evolutionary biologists. American Naturalist 124:745–50. [rIG, SMP]Google Scholar
Easter, S. S. Jr., Purves, D., Rakic, P. & Spitzer, N. C. (1985) The changing view of neural specificity. Science 230:507–11. [PHK]Google Scholar
Eaton, R. C. & Bombardieri, R. A. (1978) Behavioral functions of the Mauthner neuron. In: Neurobiology of the Mauthner cell, ed. Faber, D. S. & Korn, H.. Raven Press. [RCE]Google Scholar
Eaton, R. C., DiDomenico, R. & Nissanov, J. (1988) Flexible body dynamics of the goldfish C-start: Implications for reticulospinal command mechanisms. Journal of Neuroscience 8:2758–68. [RCE]Google Scholar
Eaton, R. C., DiDomenico, R. & Nissanov, J. (1991) Role of the Mauthner cell in sensorimotor integration by the brain stem escape network. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 37:272–85. [RCE]Google Scholar
Eaton, R. C. & Emberley, D. S. (1991) How stimulus direction determines the trajectory of the Mauthner-initiated escape response in a teleost fish. Journal of Experimental Biology (in press). [RCE]Google Scholar
Eaton, R. C., Laender, W. A. & Wieland, C. M. (1982) Alternative neural pathways initiate fast-start responses following lesions of the Mauthner neuron in goldfish. Journal of Comparative Physiology [A] 145:485–96. [RCE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eccles, J. C. (1982) The initiation of voluntary movements by the supplementary motor area. Archiv für Psychiatric und Nervenkrankheiten 231:423–41. [GG]Google Scholar
Edelman, G. M. (1987) Neural Darwinism: The theory of neuronal group selection. Basic Books. [rIG, JCF, PHK]Google Scholar
Edwards, J. L. (1977) The evolution of terrestrial locomotion. In: Major patterns in vertebrate evolution, ed. Hecht, M. K., Googy, P. C. & Hecht, B. M.. Plenum. [DE]Google Scholar
Edwards, J. L. (1985) Terrestrial locomotion without appendages. In: Functional vertebrate morphology, ed. Hildebrand, M., Bramble, D. M., Liem, K. E. & Wake, D. B.. Harvard University Press. [DE]Google Scholar
Eilam, D. (1988) Exploratory behavior in normal and amphetamine treated wild Norway rats (rattus norvegicus). Thesis submitted for the Ph.D. degree at the Department of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University. In Hebrew, with English summary. [arIG]Google Scholar
Eilam, D. & Golani, I. (1988) The ontogeny of exploratory behavior in the house rat (Rattus rattus): The mobility gradient. Developmental Psychobiology 21(7):679–710. [arIG, DE, CHMB, PHK]Google Scholar
Eilam, D. & Golani, I. (1989) Home base behavior of rats (Rattus norvegicus) exploring a novel environment. Behavioral Brain Research 34:199–211. [rIG]Google Scholar
Eilam, D. & Golani, I. (1990) Home base behavior in amphetamine-treated tame wild rats (Rattus norvegicus). Behavioral Brain Research 36:161–70. [rIG]Google Scholar
Eilam, D., Golani, I. & Szechtman, H. (1989) D-2 agonist quinpirole induces perseveration of routes and hyperactivity but no perseveration of movements. Brain Research 490:255–67. [aIG]Google Scholar
Eilam, D., Szechtman, H. & Spear, L. P. (submitted) The morphology of turning behavior is altered by the D-2 agonist quinpirole during the second postnatal week. Developmental Psychobiology. [aIG]Google Scholar
Einat, C. & Golani, I. (submitted) The organization of rat locomotor behavior in relation to the body-related plane of bilateral symmetry under apomorphine, amphetamine, and quinpirole. Behavioral Neuroscience. [aIG]Google Scholar
Eisenberg, J. F. (1981) The mammalian radiations. An analysis of trends in evolution, adaptation, and behavior. Universitiy of Chicago Press. [JAB]Google Scholar
Ekman, P. & Oster, H. (1979) Facial expressions of emotion. Annual Review of Psychology 30:527–54. [RDM]Google Scholar
Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V. & Ellsworth, P. (1972) The face of emotion. Pergamon Press. [RDM]Google Scholar
Ellinwood, E. H. Jr., & Escalante, O. D. (1972) Chronic methamphetamine intoxication in three species of experimental animals. In: Current concepts in amphetamine abuse, ed. Ellinwood, E. H. Jr., & Cohen, S.. U.S. Government Printing Office. [CHMB]Google Scholar
Ernst, A. M. (1967) Mode of action of apomorphine and dexamphetamine on gnawing compulsion in rats. Psychopharmacologia 10:316–23. [aIG]Google Scholar
Ernst, A. M. (1969) The role of biogenic amines in the extra-pyramidal system. Acta Physiologica et Pharmacologica Neerlandica 15:141–54. [aIG]Google Scholar
Eshkol, N. (1970) Notation of movement (BCL report 10.0). University of Illinois. [JGH]Google Scholar
Eshkol, N. (1971). The hand book. The Movement Notation Society, Israel. [JGH]Google Scholar
Eshkol, N. (1975) Right angled curves. The Movement Notation Society, Israel. [JGH]Google Scholar
Eshkol, N. (1978) Diminishing series. The Movement Notation Society, Israel. [JGH]Google Scholar
Eshkol, N. (1979) Rubáiyát. The Movement Notation Society, Israel. [rIG, JGH]Google Scholar
Eshkol, N. (1980) 50 lessons by Dr. Moshe Feldenkrais. The Movement Notation Society, Israel. [aIG, ZF, JGH]Google Scholar
Eshkol, N. (1988) The quest for T'ai Chi Chuan. The Movement Notation Society, Israel. [JGH]Google Scholar
Eshkol, N. (1990) Angles & angels. The Movement Notation Society, Israel. [rIG, JGH]Google Scholar
Eshkol, N. & Seidel, S. (1974) Debka. The Movement Notation Society, Israel. [JGH]Google Scholar
Eshkol, N. & Seidel, S. (1986) In the steps of the Hora. The Movement Notation Society, Israel. [JGH]Google Scholar
Eshkol, N., Seidel, S., Sapir, T. & Shoshani, M. (1971) The Yemenite dance. The Movement Notation Society, Israel. [JGH]Google Scholar
Eshkol, N. & Shoshani, M. (1979; 1982) Movement notations (Parts I & II). The Movement Notation Society, Israel. [rIG, JGH]Google Scholar
Eshkol, N. & Wachman, A. (1958) Movement notation. Weidenfeld & Nicholson. [arIG, JGH]Google Scholar
Fagen, R. (1981) Animal play behavior. Oxford University Press (Oxford). [aIG]Google Scholar
Falk, D. (1990) Brain evolution in Homo: The “radiator” theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13:333–82. [PHK]Google Scholar
Faulkes, Z., Paul, D. H. & Pellis, S. M. (1991) Digging by the sand crab Blepharipoda occidentalis. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 17:1245. [ZF]Google Scholar
Fentress, J. C. (1990) The categorization of behavior. In: Interpretation and explanation in the study of animal behavior. Vol. 1: Interpretation, intentionality, and communication, ed. Bekoff, M. & Jamieson, D.. Westview Press. [JCF]Google Scholar
Fentress, J. C. (1991) Analytical ethology and synthetic neuroscience. In: The development and integration of behaviour: Essays in honour of Robert Hinde, ed. Bateson, P. P. G.. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [JCF]Google Scholar
Fentress, J. C., Stanfield, B. B. & Cowan, W. M. (1981) Observations on the development of the striatum in mice and rats. Anatomy and Embryology 163:275–98. [JCF]Google Scholar
Fetcho, J. S. (1991) Spinal network of the Mauthner cell. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 37:298–316. [RCE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finley, J., Ireton, D., Schleidt, W. M. & Thompson, T. A. (1983). A new look at the features of mallard courtship displays. Animal Behaviour 31:348–54. [WMS]Google Scholar
Fisch, H. H., Frey, S. & Hirsbrunner, H.-P. (1983) Analysing nonverbal behavior in depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 92:307–18. [RDM]Google Scholar
Fischel, W. (1956) Haushunde. Handbuch der Zoologie 8:1–16. [aIG]Google Scholar
Fishman, J. A. (1960) A systematizaton of the Whorfian hypothesis. Behavioral Science 5:323–39. [aIG]Google Scholar
Foreman, M. B. (1991) The kinematics and neuroethology of the Mauthner initiated escape response. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder. [RCE]Google Scholar
Foreman, M. B. & Eaton, R. C. (1990) EMG and kinematic analysis of thestages of the Mauthner-initiated escape response. Neuroscience Abstracts 16:1328. [RCE]Google Scholar
Fox, M. W. (1971) Behavior of wolves, dogs, and related canids. Jonathan Cape. [aIG]Google Scholar
Fray, P. J., Sahakian, B. J., Robbins, T. W., Koob, G. F. & Iversen, S. D.(1980) An observational method for quantifying the behavioural effects of dopamine agonists: Contrasting the effects of d-amphetamine and apomorphine. Psychopharmacology 69:253–59. [aIG]Google Scholar
Frey, E. (1988) The carrying system of crocodilians — a biomechanical and phylogenetical analysis. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, Serie A (Biologie) 426:1–60. [DE]Google Scholar
Frey, S. & Bente, G. (1989) Mikroanalyse Medienvermittelter Informations prozesse zur Anwendung zeitreihen-basierten Notationsprinzipien auf die Untersuchung von Fernsehrachrichteri. Kölner Zietschrift für Soziologie, Sonderheft 30. [RDM]Google Scholar
Frey, S., Bente, G., Fuchs, A., Preiswerk, G., Glatt, A. & Imhof, P. (1987) Spontaneous motor activity in healthy volunteers after single doses of haloperidol. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, vol. 3. [RDM]Google Scholar
Frey, S., Hirsbrunner, H.-P., Bieri-Florin, A., Daw, W. & Crawford, R. (1983) A unified approach to the investigation of nonverbal and verbal behavior in communication research. In: Current issues in European social psychology, ed. Doise, W. & Moscovici, S.. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [rIG, RDM]Google Scholar
Frey, S., Hirsbrunner, H.-P., Pool, J. & Daw, W. (1981) Das Berner System zur Untersuchtung nonverbaler Interaktion: I. Die Erhebung des Rohdatenprotokolls. In: Methoden der Analyse von Face-to-face Situationen, ed. Winkler, P.. Metzler. [RDM]Google Scholar
Gallistel, C. R. (1990) The organization of learning. MIT Press. [IQW]Google Scholar
Gambaryan, P. P. (1974) How mammals run. John Wiley. [DE]Google Scholar
Ganor, I. & Golani, I. (1980) Coordination and integration in the hindleg stepcycle of the rat: Kinematic synergies. Brain Research 195:57–67. [rIG]Google Scholar
Gans, C. (1974) Biomechanics - an approach to vertebrate biology. Lippincott. [DE]Google Scholar
Gardiner, T. W., Iverson, D. A. & Rebec, G. V. (1988) Heterogeneous responses of neostriatal neurons to amphetamine in freely moving rats. Brain Research 463:268–74. [GVR]Google Scholar
Getting, P. A. (1989) Emerging principles governing the operation of neural networks. Annual Review of Neuroscience 12:185–204. [ZF]Google Scholar
Geyer, M. A., Russo, P. V., Segal, D. S. & Kuczenski, R. (1987) Effects of apomorphine and amphetamine on patterns of locomotor and investigatory behavior in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 28:393–99. [aIG, ML]Google Scholar
Glick, S. D., Jerussi, T. P. & Fleisher, L. N. (1976) Turning in circles: The neuropharmacology of rotation. Life Sciences 18:889–96. [aIG]Google Scholar
Golani, I. (1973) Non-metric analysis of behavioral interaction sequences in captive jackals (Canis aureus L.). Behaviour 44:89–112. [GWB]Google Scholar
Golani, I. (1976) Homeostatic motor processes in mammalian interactions: A choreography of display. In: Perspectives in Ethology, vol. 2, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Klopfer, P. F.. Plenum Press. [arIG]Google Scholar
Golani, I. (1981) The search for invariants is motor behavior. In: Behavioral development, ed. Immelman, K., Barlow, G. W., Petrinovich, L. & Main, M.. The Bielefeld Interdisciplinary Project. Cambridge University Press. [aIG]Google Scholar
Golani, I. (1986) Is the reduction of movement to a two-dimensional phenomenon justified? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9(4):607–08. [rIG]Google Scholar
Golani, I., Bronchti, G., Moualem, D. & Teitelbaum, P. (1981) “Warm up” along dimensions of movement in the ontogeny of exploration in rats and other infant mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 78(11):7226–29. [aIG, ZF]Google Scholar
Golani, I. & Fentress, J. C. (1985) Early ontogeny of face grooming in mice. Developmental Psychobiology 18(6):529–44. [aiG, JCF]Google Scholar
Golani, I. & Mendelssohn, H. (1971) Sequences of precopulatory behavior of the jackal (Canis aureus). Behaviour 28(1–2): 169–92. [aIG]Google Scholar
Golani, I. & Moran, G. (1983) A motility-immobility gradient in the behavior of the “inferior” wolf during “ritualized” fighting. In: Advances in the study of mammalian behavior, ed. J. F. Eisenberg & D. G. Kleiman. Special publication no. 7, American Society of Mammalogists. [arIG]Google Scholar
Golani, I., Wolgin, D. L. & Teitelbaum, P. (1979) A proposed natural geometry of recovery from akinesia in the lateral hypothalamic rat. Brain Research 164:237–67. [aIG, GG, SMP]Google Scholar
Goldberg, G. (1985) Supplementary motor area. Review and hypotheses. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:567–88. [GG]Google Scholar
Goldberg, G. (1987) From intent to action: Evolution and function of the premotor systems of the frontal lobe. In: The frontal lobes re-visited, ed. Perecman, E.. Erlbaum. [GG]Google Scholar
Goldman, A. I. (1970) A theory of action. Princeton University Press. [MB]Google Scholar
Gonseth, F. (1970) Le ŕeférentiel, universel obligé de la médiatisation. Dialectica, l'age d'homme. Lausanne. [rIG, RT]Google Scholar
Goodwin, B. C. (1988) Morphogenesis and heredity. In: Evolutionary processes and metaphors, ed. Ho, M. -W. & Fox, S. W., John Wiley. [rIG]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1991) this view of life: Of mice and mosquitoes. Natural history July: 12–20. [rIG, GG]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. & Lewontin, R. C. (1979) The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 8:205–58. [rIG]Google Scholar
Grant, E. C. & Mackintosh, J. H. (1963) A comparison of the social postures of some common laboratory rodents. Behaviour 21:256–59. [aIG]Google Scholar
Grillner, S. & Wallén, P. (1985) Central pattern generators for locomotion, with special reference to vertebrates. Annual Review of Neuroscience 8:233–61. [WAM]Google Scholar
Hall, W. G. (1979) The ontogeny of feeding in rats: I. Ingestive and behavioral responses to oral infusions. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 93:977–1000. [CHMB]Google Scholar
Hammerstein, P. & Parker, G. A. (1982) The asymmetric war of attrition. Journal of Theoretical Biology 96:647–82. [GWB]Google Scholar
Haracz, J. L., Tschanz, J. T., Greenberg, J. & Rebec, G. V. (1989) Amphetamine-induced excitations predominate in single neostriatal neurons showing motor-related activity. Brain Research 489:365–68. [GVR]Google Scholar
Haracz, J. L., Tschanz, J. T., Wang, Z., White, I. M. & Rebec, G. V. (in press) Effects of amphetamine, haloperidol, and clozapine on behavior and striatal single-unit activity in freely moving rats. Neuroscience. [GVR]Google Scholar
Hard, E. & Larsson, K. (1970) Effects of delaying intromissions on the male rat's mating behavior. Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology 70:413–16. [ML]Google Scholar
Harnad, S., ed. (1987) Categorical perception: The groundwork of cognition. Cambridge University Press. [JCF]Google Scholar
Harries, J. G. (1969) Shapes of movement. The Movement Notation Society, Israel. [JGH]Google Scholar
Harries, J. G. (1975) A proposed notation for visual fine art. In: Visual art, mathematics and computers, ed. Malina, F.. Pergamon Press. [JGH]Google Scholar
Harries, J. G. (1981) Personal computers and notated visual art. Leonardo 14:299–301. [JGH]Google Scholar
Harries, J. G. (1983) Language of shape and movement. The Movement Notation Society, Israel. [JGH]Google Scholar
Harries, J. G. (1986) Symmetry and notation: Regularity and symmetry in notated computer graphics, in: Symmetry, ed. Hargittai, I.. Pergamon Press. [JGH]Google Scholar
Harries, J. G. (1989) Symmetry in the movements of T'ai Chi Chuan. In: Symmetry 2, ed. Hargittai, I.. Pergmon Press. [JGH]Google Scholar
Harries, J. G. & Richmond, G. (1982) A language for movement. New Dance 22:14–17. [JGH]Google Scholar
Hasan, Z. & Stuart, D. G. (1988) Animal solutions to the problems of movement control: The role of proprioceptors. Annual Review of Neuroscience 11:199–223. [ZF]Google Scholar
Havkin, Z. & Fentress, J. C. (1985) The form of combative strategies in interactions among wolf pups (Canis lupus). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychohgie 68:177–200. [aIG, JCF, PL]Google Scholar
Heinroth, O. (1910) Beitrage zur Biologie, insbesondere Psychologie und Ethologie der Anatiden. Verh. 5, Internazionalen Ornithologen-Kongress, Berlin: 589–702. [aIG]Google Scholar
Henry, J. D. & Herrero, S. M. (1974) Social play in the American black bear: Its similarity to canid social play and an examination of its identifying characteristics. American Zoologist 14:371–89. [aIG]Google Scholar
Hinde, R. A. (1958) Alternative motor patterns in Chaffinch song. Animal Behaviour 6:211–18. [DT]Google Scholar
Hinde, R. A. (1966) Animal behaviour. A synthesis of ethology and comparative psychology. McGraw-Hill. [aIG, WTP]Google Scholar
Hinde, R. A. (1970) Animal behaviour: A synthesis of ethology and comparative psychology, 2nd ed.McGraw-Hill. [rIG, JCF]Google Scholar
Hinde, R. A. (1982) Ethology: Its nature and relations with other sciences. Oxford University Press (Oxford). [CA]Google Scholar
Hinton, H. E. & Dunn, A. M. S. (1967) Mongooses. University of California Press. [aIG]Google Scholar
Hirsbrunner, H.-P., Bieri-Florin, A. & Frey, S. (1981) Das Berner System zur Untersuchung nonverbaler Interaktion: II. Die Auswertung von Zeitreihen visuell-auditiver Information. In: Methoden der Analyse von face-to-face Situationen, ed. Winkler, P.. Metzler. [RDM]Google Scholar
Hirsbrunner, H.-P., Frey, S. & Crawford, R. (1987). Movement in human interaction: Description, parameter formation and analysis. In Nonverbal behavior and communication, 2nd ed., ed. Siegman, A. W. & Feldstein, S.. Erlbaum. [RDM]Google Scholar
Ho, M-W. & Fox, S. W. (1988) Evolutionary processes and metaphors. John Wiley. [PHK]Google Scholar
Hollenbeck, L. (1971) The dynamic of canine gait: A study of motion. L. Hollenbeck. [MB]Google Scholar
Hollerbach, J. M. (1981) An oscillation theory of handwriting. Biological Cybernetics 39:139–56. [DN]Google Scholar
Hooper, S. & Moulins, M. (1989) Switching of a neuron from one network to another by sensory-induced changes in membrane properties. Science 244:1587–89. [PHK]Google Scholar
Hughes, A. E. W. & Prestige, M. C. (1967) Development of behavior in the hindlimb of Xenopus laevis. Journal of Zoology 152:347–59. [DE]Google Scholar
Hultsch, H. (1980) Beziehungen zwischen Struktur, zeitlicher Variabilität und sozialem Einsatz des Gesangs der Nachtigall (Luscinia megarhynchos). Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Biology, Freie Universität, Berlin. [DT]Google Scholar
Hultsch, H. (1989) Ontogeny of song patterns and their performance mode in nightingales. In: Neural mechanisms of behaviour, ed. Erber, J., Pflüger, H. J., Menzel, R. & Todt, D.. Thieme. [DT]Google Scholar
Hultsch, H. (1991) Early experience can modify singing styles: Evidence from experiments with nightingales. Animal Behaviour 42:750–57. [DT]Google Scholar
Hultsch, H. & Todt, D. (1982) Temporal performance roles during vocal interactions in nightingales (Luscinia megarhynchos). Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 11:253–60. [DT]Google Scholar
Hultsch, H. & Todt, D. (1989) Properties of song memorization as evidence for package formation. Journal of Comparative Physiology 165:197–220. [DT]Google Scholar
Huntingford, F. (1984) The study of animal behaviour. Chapman & Hall. [aIG]Google Scholar
Hutchinson-Guest, A. (1970) Labanotation or kinetography laban: The system of analyzing and recording movement. Theatre Arts Book. [MB]Google Scholar
Hutchinson-Guest, A. (1984) Dance notation: The process of recording movement on paper. Dance Horizons. [MB]Google Scholar
Huxley, J. S. (1914) The courtship of the Great Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus); with an addition to the theory of sexual selection. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London: 491–562. [WMS]Google Scholar
Izard, C. E. (1971) The face of emotion. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [RDM]Google Scholar
Jacobs, W. J., Blackburn, J. R., Buttrick, M., Harpur, T. J., Kennedy, D., Mana, M. J., MacDonald, M. A., McPherson, L. M., Paul, D. & Pfaus, J. G. (1988) Observations. Psychobiology 16:3–19. [ZF]Google Scholar
Johnsgard, P. A. (1965) Handbook of waterfowl behavior. Comstock Publishing. [SMP]Google Scholar
Kebabian, J. W. & Caine, D. B. (1979) Multiple receptors for dopamine. Nature 277:93–96. [aIG]Google Scholar
Kehne, J. H., Sant, W. W. & Sorenson, C. A. (1981) The effects of radio-frequency lesions of the nucleus accumbens on d-amphetamine-induced locomotor and rearing behavior in rats. Psychopharmacology 75:363–67. [aIG]Google Scholar
Kelly, P. H. (1977) Drug induced motor behavior. In: Handbook of psychopharmacology, ed. Iversen, L. L., Iversen, S. D. & Snyder, S. H.. Plenum. [aIG]Google Scholar
Kelly, P. & Iversen, S. D. (1976) Selective 60HDA-induced destruction of mesolimbic dopamine neurons: Abolition of psychostimulant-induced locomotor activities in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 40:45–56. [aIG]Google Scholar
Kelly, P., Seviour, P. & Iversen, S. D. (1975) Amphetamine and apomorphine responses in the rat following 6-OHDA lesions of the nucleus accumbens and corpus striatum. Brain Research 94:507–22. [aIG, ARC]Google Scholar
Kelly, T. M. & Chapple, W. D. (1990) Kinematic analysis of the defense response in crayfish. Journal of Neurophysiology 64:64–76. [ZF]Google Scholar
Kelso, J. A. S. & Clark, J., eds. (1982) The development of movement control and coordination. John Wiley. [DN]Google Scholar
Kirkland, G. & Lawrence, G. (1990) The shape of love. Doubleday. [RF]Google Scholar
Klopfer, P. H. (1973) Behavioral aspects of ecology. Prentice Hall. [PHK]Google Scholar
Klopfer, P. H. & Budnitz, N. (1990) Fixed action patterns and neural Darwinism. Journal of Ornithology 131:97–99. [PHK]Google Scholar
Kokkinidis, L. & Anisman, H. (1979) Circling behavior following systemic administration: Potential noradrenergic and dopaminergic involvement. Psychopharmacology 64:45–54. [aIG]Google Scholar
Kokkinidis, L. & Anisman, H. (1980) Amphetamine models of paranoid schizophrenia: An overview and elaboration of animal experimentation. Psychological Bulletin 88:551–79. [CHMB]Google Scholar
Kornhuber, H. H. (1984) Attention, readiness for action, and the stages of voluntary decision — some electrophysiological correlates in man. Experimental Brain Research (Supplement) 9:420–29. [GG]Google Scholar
Krasne, F. B. & Wine, J. J. (1987) Evasion responses of the crayfish. In: Aims and methods of neuroethology, ed. Guthrie, D. M.. Manchester University Press. [ZF]Google Scholar
Kroodsma, D. E. & Miller, E. H. (1982) Acoustic communication in birds, vol. 2. Academic Press. [DT]Google Scholar
Kuczenski, R. & Segal, D. S. (1988) Psychomotor stimulant-induced sensitization: Behavioral and neurochemical correlates. In: Sensitization in the nervous system, ed. Kalivas, P. & Barnes, T.. Telford. [aIG]Google Scholar
Kuczenski, R. & Segal, D. S. (1989) Concomitant characterization of behavioral and striatal neurotransmitter response to amphetamine using in vivo microdialysis. Journal of Neuroscience 9(5):2051–65. [aIG]Google Scholar
Kugler, P. N. & Turvey, M. T. (1987) Information, natural law, and the self-assembly of rhythmic movement. Erlbaum. [GG]Google Scholar
Kupfermann, I. & Weiss, K. (1978) The command neuron concept. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:3–39. [RCE]Google Scholar
Lanzetta, J. T., Sullivan, D. G., Masters, R. D. & McHugo, G. J. (1985) Emotional and cognitive responses to televised images of political leaders. In: Mass media and political thought, ed. Kraus, S. & Perloff, R.. Sage. [RDM]Google Scholar
Larimer, J. L., Eggleston, A. C., Masukawa, L. M. & Kennedy, D. (1971) The different connections and motor outputs of lateral and medial giant fibres in the crayfish. Journal of Experimental Biology 54:391–402. [ZF]Google Scholar
Lashley, K. S. (1951) The problem of serial order in behavior. In: Cerebral mechanisms in behavior, ed. Jeffries, L. A.. John Wiley. [JCF]Google Scholar
Lehrman, D. S. (1964) Control of behavior cycles in reproduction. In: Social behavior and organization among vertebrates, ed. Etkin, W.. University of Chicago Press. [aIG]Google Scholar
Lenneberg, E. H. (1953) Cognition in ethnolinguistics. Language 29:463–71. [aIG]Google Scholar
Lenneberg, E. H. (1967) Biological foundations of language. John Wiley. [aIG]Google Scholar
Leyhausen, P. (1979) Cat behaviour. Garland. [arIG, PL]Google Scholar
Lindsey, C. C. (1978) Form, function, and locomotory habits in fish. In: Fish physiology, vol. 7, ed. Hoar, W. & Randall, D. L.. Academic Press. [DE]Google Scholar
Lochhead, J. H. (1961) Locomotion. In: Physiology of Crustacea, Vol. II: Sense organs, integration, and behavior, ed. Waterman, T. H.. Academic Press. [ZF]Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. (1937) Über die Bildung des Instinktbegriffes. Naturwissenschaften 25:289–331. [aIG, WMS]Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. (1941) Vergleichende Bewegungsstudien an Anatiden. Journal für Ornithologie 89 (sonderheft, 19–29). [rIG, GWB]Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. (1943) Die Angeborenen Formen moglicher Erfahrung. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 5:235–409. [rIG]Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. (1959) Gestalt perception as a source of scientific knowledge. In: Studies in animal and human behavior, vol. 2. (1971) Harvard University Press. [aIG, WMS]Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. (1970; 1971) Studies in animal and human behavior (two volumes). Methuen. [rIG]Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. (1974) Analogy as a source of knowledge. Science 185:229–34. [PHK]Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. (1981) The foundations of ethology. Springer. [arIG]Google Scholar
Lyon, M. (1959) The dog in action: A study of anatomy and locomotion as applying to all breeds. Howell Book House, Inc. [MB]Google Scholar
Lyon, M. & Lyon, N. (1990) Response latency structure in schizophrenia as related to DA overstimulation theory. Abstracts: Society for Neuroscience 16:1351. [ML]Google Scholar
Lyon, M. & Magnusson, M. S. (1982) Central stimulant drugs and the learning of abnormal behavioral sequences. Behavioral models and the analysis of drug action, Proceedings of the 27th OHOLO Conference, Zichron Ya'acov, Israel, March 28–31, ed. M. Y. Spiegelstein & A. Levy. Elsevier. [ML]Google Scholar
Lyon, M. & Robbins, T. (1975) The action of central nervous system stimulant drugs: A general theory concerning amphetamine effects. In: Current developments in psychopharmacology, ed. Essman, W. & Valzelli, L.. Spectrum Publications. [arIG, ML]Google Scholar
Macmillan, D. L. (1975) A physiological analysis of walking in the American lobster (Homarus americanus). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 270:1–59. [ZF]Google Scholar
Magnusson, M. S. (1988). Le temps et les patterns syntaxiques du comportement humain: Modèle, methode et le programme “THEME.” In: Revue des conditions de travail, Edition Octares. [ML]Google Scholar
Magnusson, M. S. (1989) Structure syntaxiques et rythmes acomportementaux sur la detection de rythmes caches. Sciences et Techniques de l'Animal de Laboratoire 14(2): 1–5. [ML]Google Scholar
Marler, P. & Peters, S. (1982) Subsong and plastic song: Their role in the vocal learning process. In: Acoustic communication in birds, vol. 2, ed. Kroodsma, D. E. & Miller, E. H.. Academic Press. [DT]Google Scholar
Martin, P. & Bateson, P. (1986) Measuring behaviour. An introductory guide. Cambridge University Press. [aIG]Google Scholar
Masters, R. D. (1989) The nature of politics. Yale Universisty Press. [RDM]Google Scholar
Masters, R. D. & Carlotti, S. J., Jr. (1988) The gender gap revisited. Paper presented at International Political Science Association, Washington, D.C., September 1. [RDM]Google Scholar
Masters, R. D., Frey, S. & Bente, G. (1991) Dominance and attention: Images of leaders in German, French, and American tv news. Polity 22:373–94. [RDM]Google Scholar
Masters, R. D. & Sullivan, D. G. (1989) Nonverbal displays and political leadership in France. Behavioural Processes 19:1–30. [RDM]Google Scholar
Masters, R. D., Sullivan, D. G., Feola, A. & McHugo, G. J. (1987) Television coverage of candidates' display behavior during the 1984 Democratic primaries. International Political Science Review 8:121–30. [RDM]Google Scholar
Masters, R. D., Sullivan, D. G., Lanzetta, J. T. & McHugo, G. J. (1986) The facial displays of leaders: Toward an ethology of human politics. Journal of Social and Biological Structures 9:319–43. [RDM]Google Scholar
McHugo, G. J., Lanzetta, J. T. & Bush, L. K. (1991) The effect of attitudes on emotional reactions to expressive displays of political leaders. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 15:19–41. [RDM]Google Scholar
McHugo, G. J., Lanzetta, J. T., Sullivan, D. G., Masters, R. D. & Englis, B. G. (1985) Emotional reactions to a political leader's expressive G. (1985) Emotional reactions to a political leader's expressive displays. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49:1512–23. [RDM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer-Holzapel, M. (1956a) Uber die Bereitschaft zu Spiel- und Instinkthandlungen. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 13:442–62. [alG]Google Scholar
Meyer-Holzapel, M. (1956b) Das Spiel bei Saugtieren. Handbuch der Zoologie 8(10):1–36. [alG]Google Scholar
Mishkin, M. & Manning, F. J. (1978) Non-spatial memory after selective prefrontal lesions in monkeys. Brain Research 143:313–23. [alG]Google Scholar
Mittenthal, J. E. & Wine, J. J. (1973) Connectivity patterns of crayfish giant interneurons; Visualization of synaptic regions with cobalt dye. Science 179:182–84. [ZF]Google Scholar
Molloy, A. G. & Waddington, J. L. (1985) Mechanism of paradoxical blockade of D-2 agonist-induced sterotypy by the enantiomers of the D-1 antagonist SK&F 83566. British Journal of Pharmacology 85:242. [alG]Google Scholar
Montagner, H., Magnusson, M., Casagrande, C., Restoin, A., Bel, J.-P., Nguyen, M., Hoang, P., Ruiz, V., Delcourt, S., Gauffier, G. & Epoulet, B. (1990) Une nouvelle methode pur l'étude des organisateurs de comportement et des systèmes d'interaction du jeune enfant. Psychiatrie de l'Enfants 33(2):391–456. [ML]Google Scholar
Moore, D. E. & Kelly, P. H. (1978) Biochemical pharmacology of mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic neurons. In: Psychopharmacology: A generation of progress, ed. Lipton, M. A., DiMascio, A. & Killam, K. F.. Raven. [alG]Google Scholar
Moran, G., Fentress, J. C. & Golani, I. (1981) A description of relational patterns of movement during “ritualized fighting” in wolves. Animal Behavior 29:1146–65. [alG]Google Scholar
Moynihan, M. (1970) Control, suppression, decay, disappearance and replacement of displays. Journal of Theoretical Biology 29:85–112. [rIG, GWB]Google Scholar
Mumford, L., Teixeira, A. R. & Kumar, A. (1979) Sources of variation in locomotor activity and stereotypy in rats treated with d-amphetamine. Psychopharmacology 62:241–45. [CHMB]Google Scholar
Neafsey, E. J., Hull, C. D. & Buchwald, N. A. (1978) Preparation for movement in the cat: Unit activity in the cerebral cortex. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 44:714–23. [rIG]Google Scholar
Nelson, P. G., Yu, C. & Neale, E. A. (1989) Synaptic connections in vitro: Modulation of number and efficacy by electrical activity during development. Science 744:585–87. [PHK]Google Scholar
Newhouse, S., Ruelle, D. & Takens, F. (1978) Occurrences of strange axiom A attractors near quasi-periodic flows on Tm, m < 3. Communications in Mathematics and Physics 64:135. [RT]Google Scholar
Newtson, D. (1990) Alternatives to representation or alternative representations: Comments on the ecological approach. Contemporary Social Psychology 14:163–74. [DN]Google Scholar
Newtson, D. (1992) The dynamics of action and interaction. In: Applications of dynamical systems theory to human development, ed. Smith, L. & Thelen, E.. MIT Press. [DN]Google Scholar
Newtson, D., Engquist, G. & Bois, J. (1977) The objective basis of behavior units. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35:847–62. [DN]Google Scholar
Newtson, D., Hairfield, J. &Bloomingdale, J. & Cutino, S. (1987). The structure of action and interaction. Social Cognition 5:191–237. [DN]Google Scholar
Nissanov, J. & Eaton, R. C. (1989) Reticulospinal control of rapid escape turning maneuvers in fishes. American Zoologist 29:103–21. [alG]Google Scholar
Nottebohm, F. (1991) Reassessing the mechanisms and origins of vocal learning in birds. Trends in Neurosdence 14(5):206–11. [rIG]Google Scholar
Ohm, D. (1959) Vergleichende Beobachtungen am Balzverhalten von Aequidens (Cichlidae). Wissenschaftliclie Zeitschrift der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Mathematisch-Naturwissen-Schaftliche Reihe 8:357–404. [GWB]Google Scholar
Orgogozo, J. M. & Larsen, B. (1979) Activation of the supplementary motor area during movement in man suggests it works as a supramotor area. Science 206:847–50. [GG]Google Scholar
Paul, D. H. (1981a) Homologies between body movments and muscular contractions in the locomotion of two decapods of different families. Journal of Experimental Biology 94:159–68. [ZF]Google Scholar
Paul, D. H. (1981b) Homologies between neuromuscular systems serving different functions in two decapods of different families. Journal of Experimental Biology 94:169–87. [ZF]Google Scholar
Paul, D. H. (1989) A neurophylogenist's view of decapod Crustacea. Bulletin of Marine Science 45:487–504. [ZF]Google Scholar
Paul, D. H. (1991) Pedigrees of neurobehavioral circuits: Tracing the evolution of novel behaviors by comparing motor patterns, muscles, and neurons in members of related taxa. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 38:226–39. [ZF]Google Scholar
Paulus, M. P. & Geyer, M. A. (1991) Temporal and spatial scaling hypothesis for the behavioral effects of psychostimulants. Psychopharmacology 104:6–10. [ML]Google Scholar
Peat, F. D. (1988) Synchronicity. The bridge between matter and mind. Bantam. [GG]Google Scholar
Pedersen, P. E. & Blass, E. M. (1981) Olfactory control over suckling in albino rats. In: Development of perception: Psychobiological perspectives, ed. Aslin, R. N., Alberts, J. R. & Peterson, M. R.. Academic Press. [CHMB]Google Scholar
Pellionisz, A. & Llinas, R. (1979) Brain modelling by tensor network theory and computer simulation. The cerebellum: Distributed processor for predictive coordination. Neurosdence 4:323–48. [rIG]Google Scholar
Pellionisz, A. & Llinas, R. (1980) Tensorial approach to the geometry of brain function: Cerebellar coordination via a metric tensor. Neurosdence 5:1125–36. [rIG]Google Scholar
Pellis, S. M. (1982) An analysis of courtship and mating in the Cape Barren goose Cereopsis novaehollandiae Latham based on Eshkol-Wachman movement notation. Bird Behaviour 4:30–41. [SMP]Google Scholar
Pellis, S. M. (1983) Development of head and foot coordination in the Australian Magpie Gymnorhina tibicen, and the function of play. Bird Behaviour 4:57–62. [ZF]Google Scholar
Pellis, S. M. (1989) Fighting: The problem of selecting appropriate behavior patterns. In: Ethoexperimental approaches to the study of behavior, ed. Blanchard, R. J., Brain, P. F., Blanchard, D. C. & Parmigiani, S.. Kluwer Academic Publishers. [alG, RF, SMP]Google Scholar
Pellis, S. M. & Pellis, V. C. (1991) An analysis of the targets and tactics of conspecific attack and predatory attack in northern grasshopper mice Onychomys leucogaster. Aggressive Behavior, in press. [SMP]Google Scholar
Penfield, W. & Welch, K. (1951) The supplementary motor area of the cerebral cortex: A chemical and experimental study. American Medical Association Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 66:289–317. [GG]Google Scholar
Peterson, B. W. (1984) The reticulospinal system and its role in the control of movement. In: Brain stem control of spinal cord function, ed. Barnes, C. D.. Academic Press. [alG]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1967) Language and thought from the genetic point of view. In: Psychological studies, ed. Elkind, D.. Random House. [alG]Google Scholar
Pijnenburg, A. J. J., Honig, W. M. M. & van Rossum, J. M. (1975) Inhibition of d-amphetamine-induced locomotor activity by injection of haloperidol into the nucleus accumbens of the rat. Psychopharmacology 41:87–95. [alG]Google Scholar
Pijnenburg, A. J. J., Honig, W. M. M., van der Heyden, J. A. M. & van Rossum, J. M. (1976) Effects of chemical stimulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system upon locomotor activity. European Journal of Pharmacology 35:45–58. [ARC]Google Scholar
Plotkin, H. C. (1988) The role of behavior in evolution. MIT Press. [PHK]Google Scholar
Pope, S. G., Dean, P. & Redgrave, P. (1980) Dissociation of d-amphetamine-induced locomotor activity and stereotyped behavior by lesions of the superior colliculus. Psychopharmacology 70:297–302. [CHMB]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. (1978) Chronometric exploration of mind. Erlbaum. [DT]Google Scholar
Powers, W. T. (1973) Behavior: The control of perception. Aldine. [arIG]Google Scholar
Prechtl, H. & Schleidt, W. M. (1950) Auslosende und Steurnde Mechanismen des Saugactes. I. Mitteilung. Zeitschrift fur Vergleichende Physiologie 32:257–62. [alG]Google Scholar
Prechtl, H. & Schleidt, W. M. (1951) Auslosende und Steurnde Mechanismen des Saugactes. II. Mitteilung. Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Psysiologie 33:53–62. [alG]Google Scholar
Pugh, M. T., O'Boyle, K. M., Molloy, A. G. & Waddington, J. L. (1985) Effects of the putative D-1 antagonist SCH 23390 on stereotyped behaviour induced by the D-2 antagonist RU 24213. Psychopharmacology 87:308–12. [alG]Google Scholar
Puzis, O. (1984) Social play in the Arabian babbler (Turdoides squamiceps). Thesis submitted toward M.Sc. degree at the Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University. In Hebrew, with English summary. [alG]Google Scholar
Rebec, G. V. (1987) Electrophysiological pharmacology of amphetamine. In: Neurobiology of drug abuse, ed. Marwah, J.. S. Karger AG. [GVR]Google Scholar
Rebec, G. V. (1991) Changes in brain and behavior produced by amphetamine: A perspective based on microdialysis, voltammetry, and single-unit electrophysiology in freely moving animals. In: Biochemistry and physiology of substance abuse, vol. III, ed. Watson, R. R.. CRC Press. [GVR]Google Scholar
Rebec, G. V. (1992) Neuropharmacology of amphetamine: Changes in the activity of striatal neurons during behavior. In: Biochemistry and physiology of substance abuse, vol. IV, ed. Watson, R. R. (in press). CRC Press. [GVR]Google Scholar
Rebec, G. V. & Bashore, T. R. (1984) Critical issues in assessing the behavioral effects of amphetamine. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 8:153–59. [alG, GVR]Google Scholar
Rebec, G. V., Haracz, J. L., Tschanz, J. T., Wang, Z. & White, I. (1991) Responses of motor- and nonmotor-related neostriatal neurons to amphetamine and neuroleptic drugs. In: Basal ganglia III, advances in behavioral biology, vol. 39, ed. Bernardi, G.. Plenum. [GVR]Google Scholar
Reichert, H., Wine, J. J. & Hagiwara, G. (1981) Crayfish escape behavior: Neurobehavioral analysis of phasic extension reveals dual systems for motor control. Journal of Comparative Physiology 142:281–94. [ZF]Google Scholar
Rewcastle, S. C. (1981) Stance and gait in tetrapods: An evolutionary scenario. Symposium of the Zoological Society London 48:239–67. [DE]Google Scholar
Robbins, T. W., Mittelman, G., O'Brien, J. & Winn, P. (1990) The neuropsychological significance of stereotypy induced by stimulant drugs. In: The neurobiotogy of stereotyped behaviour, ed. Cooper, S. J. & Dourish, C. T.. Oxford Science Publications. [arIG, ML]Google Scholar
Robinson, S. R. & Smotherman, W. P. (1987) Environmental determinants of behaviour in the rat fetus. II. The emergence of synchronous movement. Animal Behavior 35:1652–62. [CHMB]Google Scholar
Rolls, E. T. & Williams, G. V. (1987) Sensory and movement related neuronal activity in different regions of the primate striatum. In: Basal ganglia and behavior: Sensory aspects and motor functioning, ed. Schneider, J. S. & Lidsky, T. I.. Hans Huber. [alG]Google Scholar
Romer, A. (1922) The locomotor apparatus of certain primitive and mammal-like reptiles. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 46:517–606. [DE]Google Scholar
Romer, A. S. (1976) Vertebrate paleontology. University of Chicago Press. [RCE]Google Scholar
Ryan, L. J., Young, S. J., Segal, D. S. & Groves, P. M. (1989) Antidromically identified striatonigral projection neurons in the chronically implanted behaving rat: Relations of cell firing to amphetamine-induced behaviors. Behavior Neuroscience 103:3–14. [GVR]Google Scholar
Sacks, O. W. (1982) Awakenings. Pan Books. [rIG]Google Scholar
Salzman, E. & Kelso, J. A. S. (1987) Skilled actions: A task-dynamic approach. Psychological Review 94:84–106. [DN]Google Scholar
Sandeman, D. C. & Atwood, H. L., eds. (1982) The biology of Crustacea, vol. 4: Neural integration and behavior. Academic Press. [ZF]Google Scholar
Sapir, T. (1987) Hanukkah notebook, ed. N. Eshkol. The Movement Notation Society, Israel. [JGH]Google Scholar
Scheel-Krüger, J. (1983) The GABA receptor and animal behavior. In: The GABA-receptors, ed. Enna, S. J.. Humana Press. [alG]Google Scholar
Scheel-Krüger, J. (1986) Dopamine-GABA interactions: Evidence that GABA transmits, modulates and mediates dopaminergic functions in the basal ganglia and the limbic system. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Supplement 107/73:9–54. [ARC]Google Scholar
Schenkel, R. (1948) Ausdrucksstudien an wolfen. Behaviour 1:6–129. [alG]Google Scholar
Schenkel, R. (1967) Submission: Its features and function in the wolf and dog. American Zoologist 7:319–29. [arIG]Google Scholar
Schiorring, E. (1971) Amphetamine induced selective stimulation of certain behavior items with concurrent inhibition of others in an open-field test with rats. Behaviour 39:1–17. [alG]Google Scholar
Schleidt, W. M. (1974) How “fixed” is the fixed action pattern? Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 36:184–211. [rIG, WMS]Google Scholar
Schleidt, W. M. (1982) Stereotyped feature variables are essential constituents of behavior patterns. Behaviour 79:230–38. [WMS]Google Scholar
Schleidt, W. M. & Crawley, J. N. (1980) Patterns in the behavior of organisms. Journal of Social and Biological Structures 3:1–15. [rIG, WMS]Google Scholar
Schleidt, W. M., Yakalis, G., Donnelly, M. & McGarry, J. (1984) A proposal for a standard ethogram, exemplified by an ethogram of the bluebreasted quail (Coturnix chinensis). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 64:193–220. [rIG, WMS]Google Scholar
Schmidt, W. (1983) Involvement of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the control of goal-directed movements. Psychopharmacology 80:360–64. [ML]Google Scholar
Schnitzlein, H. N. & Faucette, J. R. (1969) General morphology of the fish cerebellum. In: Neurobiology of cerebellar evolution and development, ed. Llinas, R.. American Medical Association/Education & Research Foundation. [WAM]Google Scholar
Schoner, G. & Kelso, J. (1988) Dynamic pattern generation in behavioral and neural systems. Science March 25:1513–20. [DN]Google Scholar
Schrameck, J. E. (1970) Crayfish swimming: Alternating motor output and giant fiber activity. Science 169:698–700. [ZF]Google Scholar
Schuster, H. G. (1989) Deterministic chaos. An introduction, 2nd ed. (revised). VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. [GG]Google Scholar
Sessions, G., Meyerhoff, J., Kant, G. J. & Koob, G. F. (1980) Effects of lesions of the ventral medial tegmentum on locomotor activity, biogenic amines and response to amphetamine in rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 12:603–08. [alG]Google Scholar
Shik, M. L. & Orlovsky, G. N. (1976) Neurophysiology of locomotor automatism. Physiological Reviews 56:465–501. [WAM]Google Scholar
Sillar, K. T. & Heitler, W. J. (1985) The neural basis of escape swimming behaviour in the squat lobster Galathea strigosa I. Absence of cord giant axons and anatomy of motor neurons involved in swimming. Journal of Experimental Biology 117:251–69. [ZF]Google Scholar
Skarda, C. A. & Freeman, W. J. (1987) How brains make chaos in order to make sense of the world. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10:161–95. [DN]Google Scholar
Skarda, C. A. & Freeman, W. J. (1990) Chaos and the new science of the brain. Concepts in Neuroscience 1:275–85. [GG]Google Scholar
Slater, P. J. B. (1976) Data collection. In: Quantitative ethology, ed. Colgan, P.. John Wiley. [alG]Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1975) Simplicity. Oxford University Press. [MB]Google Scholar
Sparks, D. L. & Mays, L. E. (1990) Signal transformations required for the generation of saccadic eye movements. Annual Review of Neuroscience 13:309–36. [WAM]Google Scholar
Staton, D. M. & Solomon, P. (1984) Microinjections of d-amphetamine into the nucleus accumbens and caudate-putamen of the rat. Physiological Psychology 12:159–62. [alG]Google Scholar
Steels, L. (1991) Towards a theory of emergent functionality. In: From animals to animats. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive behavior, ed. Meyer, J. A. & Wilson, S. W.. MIT Press. [rIG]Google Scholar
Stern, J. M. & Johnson, S. K. (1990) Ventral somatosensory determinants of nursing behavior in Norway rats. I. Effects of variations in the quality and quantity of pup stimuli. Physiology ir Behavior 47:993–1011. [CHMB]Google Scholar
Sullivan, D. G. & Masters, R. D. (1988) Happy warriors: Leaders' facial displays, viewers' emotions, and political support. American Journal of Political Science 32:345–68. [RDM]Google Scholar
Sullivan, D. G. & Masters, R. D. (in press) Nonverbal behavior, emotions, and democratic leadership. In: Reconsidering the Democratic public, ed. G. Marcus & J. Sullivan. [RBM]Google Scholar
Swerdlow, N. R. & Koob, G. F. (1987) Dopamine, schizophrenia, mania, and depression: Toward a unified hypothesis of cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic function. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10(2): 197–245. [alG]Google Scholar
Swerdlow, N. R., Vaccarino, F. J., Amalric, M. & Koob, G. F. (1986) The neural substrates for the motor-activating properties of psychostimulants: A review of recent findings. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 25:233–48. [alG]Google Scholar
Symons, D. (1978). Play and aggression: A study of rhesus monkeys. Columbia University Press. [alG]Google Scholar
Szechtman, H., Ornstein, K., Teitelbaum, P. & Golani, I. (1982) Snout-contact fixation, climbing and gnawing during apomorphine stereotypy in rats from two substrains. European Journal of Pharmacology 80:385–92. [CHMB]Google Scholar
Szechtman, H., Ornstein, K., Teitelbaum, P. & Golani, I. (1985) The morphogenesis of stereotyped behavior induced by the dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine in the laboratory rat. Neuroscience 14(3):783–98. [alG]Google Scholar
Teitelbaum, P. & Pellis, S. M. (in press) Towards a synthetic physiological psychology. Psychological Science, [rIG]Google Scholar
Terry, L. M. & Johanson, I. B. (1987) Olfactory influences on the ingestive behavior of infant rats. Developmental Psychobiology 20:313–52. [CHMB]Google Scholar
Thimm, F. (1980) The function of feedback mechanism in bird song. Acta XVII Congressus International Ornithologici, Berlin: 677–81. [DT]Google Scholar
Thomas, K. V. & Handley, S. L. (1978) On the mechanism of amphetamine-induced behavioral changes in the mouse. I. An observational analysis of dexamphetamine. Arzeinmittel-forschung 28:827–33. [alG]Google Scholar
Thompson, D. W. (1942) On growth and form, vols. I, II. Cambridge University Press. [rIG]Google Scholar
Tinbergen, N. (1951) The study of instinct. Clarendon Press. [alG, WMS]Google Scholar
Tinbergen, N. (1959) Comparative studies of the behavior of gulls (Laridae) - a progress report. Behaviour 15:1–70. [alG]Google Scholar
Todt, D. (1968) Zur Steuerung unregelmässiger Verhaltensbläufe. In: Kybernetik, ed. Mittelstaedt, H.. Oldenbourg. [DT]Google Scholar
Todt, D. (1975) Short term inhibition of outputs occurring in the vocal behaviour of blackbirds. Journal of Comparative Physiology 98:289–306. [DT]Google Scholar
Todt, D. (1986) Hinweis-Charakter und Mittler-Funktion von Verhalten. Zeitschrift für Semiotik 8:183–230. [DT]Google Scholar
Todt, D. (1988) Serial calling as a mediator of interaction processes. In: Primate vocal communication, ed. Todt, D., Goedeking, P. & Symmes, D.. Springer. [DT]Google Scholar
Todt, D. & Fiebelkorn, A. (1979) Display, timing and function of wing movements accompanying duets of Cichladusa guttata. Behaviour 25:42–58. [DT]Google Scholar
Todt, D., Hammerschmidt, K. & Hultsch, H. (1991) The behaviour of Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). Primate Report, in press. [DT]Google Scholar
Todt, D. & Hultsch, H. (1980) Functional aspects of sequence and hierarchy in bird song. Acta XVII Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici, Berlin: 663:70. [DT]Google Scholar
Todt, D. & Wolffgramm, J. (1975) Überprüfung von Steuerungssystemen zur Strophenanwahl der Amsel durch digitale Simulierung. Biological Cybernetics 17:109–27. [DT]Google Scholar
Tracy, H. C. (1926) The development of motility and behavior in the toadfish. Journal of Comparative Neurology 40:253–369. [alG]Google Scholar
Tschanz, J. T., Haracz, J. L., Griffith, K. E. & Rebee, G. V. (1991) Bilateral cortical ablations attenuate amphetamine-induced excitations of neostriatal motor-related neurons in freely moving rats. Neuroscience Letters. [GVR]Google Scholar
van der Koy, D., Fishell, G., Krushel, L. A. & Johnston, J. G. (1987) The development of striatal compartments: From proliferation to patches. In: The basal ganglia II: Structure and function - current concepts, ed. Carpenter, M. B. & Jayaraman, A.. Plenum. [JCF]Google Scholar
Vanderwolf, C. H., Bland, B. H. & Whishaw, I. Q. (1973) Diencephalic, hippocampal, and neocortical mechanisms in voluntary movement. In: Efferent organization and the integration of behavior, ed. Maser, J. D.. Academic Press. [IQW]Google Scholar
van Hooff, J. A. R. M. (1969) The facial displays of Catyrrhine monkeys and apes. In: Primate ethology, ed. Morris, D.. Doubleday Anchor. [RDM]Google Scholar
Van Leeuwen, J. L. (1991) Muscle function in locomotion. In: Mechanics of animal locomotion, ed. McN, R.. Alexander. Springer-Verlag. [ZF]Google Scholar
Viallet, F., Massion, J., Massarino, R. & Khalil, R. (1990) Coordination between posture and movement in Parkinsonism and SMA lesion. In: From neuron to action, ed. Deecke, L., Eccles, J. C. & Mountcastle, V. B.. Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Villablanca, R. J., Marcus, H. J. & Olmstead, C. E. (1976) Effects of caudate nuclei or frontal cortical ablations in cats. I. Neurology and gross behavior. Experimental Neurology 52:389–420. [alG]Google Scholar
von Uexkull, J. (1934) Streifzuge durch die Umwelten von Tieren und Menschen. Springer. (Translated in Instinctive behavior (1957), ed. C. H. Schiller, Methuen. [rIG]Google Scholar
Vygotsky, L. S. (1965) Thought and language. M.I.T. Press. [alG]Google Scholar
Waddington, C. H. (1939) The strategy of the genes. Unwin. [RT]Google Scholar
Waddington, C. H. (1966) Principles of development and differentiation. Macmillan. [PHK]Google Scholar
Waddington, J. L., Molloy, A. G., O'Boyle, K. M. & Pugh, M. T. (1990) Aspects of stereotyped and non-stereotyped behaviour in relation to dopamine receptor subtypes. In: Neurobiology of stereotyped behaviour, ed. Cooper, S. J. & Dourish, C. T.. Oxford Science Publications. [alG]Google Scholar
Warnecke, A. M. (1991) The personalization of politics: An analysis of emotion, cognition, and nonverbal cues. Senior Fellowship Thesis. Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH. [RDM]Google Scholar
Wassersug, R. J. (1989) Locomotion in amphibian larvae. American Zoologist 29:65–84. [arIG]Google Scholar
Webb, G. J. W. & Gans, C. (1982) Galloping in Crocodylus johnstoni - a reflection of terrestrial activity? Records Australian Museum 34(14):607–18, Sydney. [DE]Google Scholar
Webb, P. W. (1978) Fast start performance and body form in seven species of teleost fish. Journal of Experimental Biology 74:211–26. [alG, RGB]Google Scholar
Webb, P. W. (1982) Locomotor patterns in evolution of actinopterygian evolution. American Zoologist 22:329–42. [DE]Google Scholar
Webb, P. W. (1984) Body form, locomotion and foraging in aquatic vertebrates. American Zoologist 24:107–20. [DE]Google Scholar
Webb, P. W. (1988) Simple physical principles and vertebrate aquatic locomotion. American Zoologist 28:709–25. [RCE]Google Scholar
Webb, P. W. & Weihs, D. (1986) Functional locornotor morphology of early life history stages of fishes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 115:115–27. [DE]Google Scholar
Wegener, S. (1986) Dopaminerge kontrolle des eintrageverhaltens bei laktierenden hausmausen (mus musculus). Biologisches Institut der Universitat Stuttgart, Abteilung Tierphysiologie, Diplomarbeit. [ML]Google Scholar
Weihs, D. (1973) The mechanism of rapid starting of slender fish. Biorheology 10:343–50. [aiG]Google Scholar
Welker, W. I. (1971) Ontogeny of play and exploratory behaviors: A definition of problems and a search for new conceptual solutions. In: The ontogeny of vertebrate behavior, ed. Moltz, H.. Academic Press. [alG]Google Scholar
West, M. O., Carelli, R. M., Pomerantz, M., Cohen, S. M., Gardner, J. P., Chapin, J. K. & Woodward, D. J. (1990) A region in the dorsolateral striatunl of the rat exhibiting single-unit correlations with specific locomotor limb movements. Journal of Neurophysiology 64:1233–46. [GVR]Google Scholar
West, M. O., Michael, A. J., Knowles, S. E., Chapin, J. K. & Woodward, D. J. (1987) Striatal unit activity and the linkage between sensory and motor events. In: Basal ganglia and behavior: Sensory aspects of motor functioning, ed. Schneider, J. S. & Lidsky, T. I.. Hans Huber. [GVR]Google Scholar
Whishaw, I. Q. (1988) Food wrenching and dodging: Use of action patterns for the analysis of sensorimotor and social behavior in the rat. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 24:169–78. [IQW]Google Scholar
Whishaw, I. Q. & Gorney, B. P. (1991) Postprandial scanning by the rat (Rattus norvegicus): The importance of eating time and an application of “warm-up” movements. Journal of Comparative Psychology 105:39–44. [IQW]Google Scholar
Whishaw, I. Q., Gorney, B. P. & Dringenberg, H. C. (1991) The defensive strategies of foraging rats: A review and synthesis. Psychological Record 41:185–205. [IQW]Google Scholar
Whishaw, I. Q., Oddie, S. D., McNamara, R. K., Harris, T. L. & Perry, B. S. (1990) Psychophysical methods for the study of sensory-motor behavior using a food-carrying (hoarding) task in rodents. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 32:123–33. [IQW]Google Scholar
Whishaw, I. Q. & Pellis, S. M. (1990) The structure of skilled forelimb reaching in the rat: A proximally driven movement with a single distal rotatory component. Behavioural Brain Research 41:45–59. [SMP]Google Scholar
Whishaw, I. Q., Pellis, S. M., Gorny, B. P. & Pellis, V. C. (1991) The impairments in reaching and the movements of compensation in rats with motor cortex lesions: An endpoint, videorecording, and movement notation analysis. Behavioural Brain Research 42:77–91. [SMP]Google Scholar
Whitman, C. O. (1919) The behavior of pigeons. Publication of the Carnegie Institute 257:1–161. [alG]Google Scholar
Whorf, B. L. (1956) Language, thought and reality ed. Carroll, J. B.. Technology Press of M.I.T. and John Wiley. [alG]Google Scholar
Wiersma, C. A. G. (1947) Giant fibre system of the crayfish. A contribution to comparative physiology of synapse. Journal of Neurophysiology 10:23–38. [ZF]Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. (1972) Animal communication. Scientific American 227(2):53–60. [GWB]Google Scholar
Wilson, L. J. & Paul, D. H. (1987) Tailflipping of Munida quadraspina (Galatheidae): Conservation of behavior and underlying musculature with loss of anterior contralateral flexor motoneurons and motor giant. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 161:881–90. [ZF]Google Scholar
Wilson, S. & Kleiman, D. (1974) Eliciting play: A comparative study. American Zoologist 14:341–70. [aIG]Google Scholar
Wine, J. J. (1984) The structural basis of an innate behavioural pattern. Journal of Experimental Biology 112:283–319. [ZF]Google Scholar
Wolffgramm, J. (1980) The role of periodicities in avian vocal communication. Acta XVII Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici, Berlin: 671–76. [DT]Google Scholar
Wylie, L. (1977) Beaux gestes: A guide to French body talk. Undergraduate Press. [RDM]Google Scholar
Yanai, Z. (1974) Notation for the liberation of movement. Ariel 37:114–30. [JGH]Google Scholar
Yaniv, Y. & Golani, I. (1987) Superiority and inferiority: A morphological analysis of free and stimulus bound behaviour in honey badger (Mellivora capensis) interactions. Ethology 74:89–116. [arlG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar