Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T23:24:40.002Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Is spatial language a special case?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Dan I. Slobin
Dan I. Slobin
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 Electronic mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 16 , Issue 2 , June 1993 , pp. 249 - 251
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, S. & Keenan, E. (1985) Deixis. In: Language typology and syntactic description, ed. Shopen, T.. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [aBL]Google Scholar
Angeli, S. J., Murray, E. A. & Mishkin, M. (1988) The hippocampus and place memory in rhesus monkeys. Society of Neuroscience Abstracts 14:232. [aBL]Google Scholar
Au, T. K. & Markman, E. M. (1987) Acquiring word meanings via linguistic contrast. Cognitive Development 2:217–36. [aBL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bavin, E. (1990) Locative terms and Warlpiri acquisition. Journal of Child Language 17:43–66. [aBL]Google Scholar
Beck, B. B. (1980) Animal tool behavior: The use and manufacture of tools by animals. Garland STPM Press. [MCC]Google Scholar
Bennett, D. (1975) Spatial and temporal uses of English prepositions: An essay in stratificational semantics. Longman Press. [aBL]Google Scholar
Biederman, I. (1987) Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding. Psychological Review 94(a):115–47. [aBL, MCC, MJT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biederman, I. & Cooper, E. E. (1991) Priming contour-deleted images: Evidence for intermediate representations in visual object recognition. Cognitive Psychology 23(3);393–419. [MJT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Binford, O. B. (1971) Visual perception by computer. Presented at IEEE Systems, Science, and Cybernetics Conference, Miami, FL. [aBL]Google Scholar
Bornstein, M. (1985) Color-name versus shape-name learning in young children. Journal of Child Language 12:387–93. [aBL]Google Scholar
Bowerman, M. (1989) Learning a semantic system: What role do cognitive predispositions play? In; The teachability of language, ed. Rice, M. L. & Schiefenbusch, R. C.. Brooks. [aBL]Google Scholar
Bowerman, M. (1991) The origins of children's spatial semantic categories: Cognitive vs. linguistic determinants. In: Rethinking linguistic relativity, ed. Gumperz, J. J. & Levinson, S. C.. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [aBL]Google Scholar
Braunstein, M. L., Saidpour, A. & Hoffman, D. (1992) Interpolation in structure from motion. Perception & Psychophysics 51(2):105–17. [DDH]Google Scholar
Bridgeman, B. (1981) Cognitive factors in subjective stabilization of the visual world. Acta Psychologica 48:111–21. [BB]Google Scholar
Bridgeman, B. (1986) Multiple sources of outflow in processing spatial information. Acta Psychologica 63:35–48. [BB]Google Scholar
Bridgeman, B. (1991) Complementary cognitive and motor image processing. In: Presbyopia research: From molecular biology to visual adaptation, ed. Obrecht, G. & Stark, L.. Plenum Press. [BB]Google Scholar
Bridgeman, B., Kirch, M. & Sperling, A. (1981) Segregation of cognitive and motor aspects of visual function using induced motion. Perception & Psychophysics 29:336–42. [BB]Google Scholar
Bridgeman, B., Lewis, S., Heit, G. & Nagle, M. (1979) Relationship between cognitive and motor-oriented systems of visual position perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 5:692–700. [BB]Google Scholar
Bridgeman, B. & Stark, L. (1979) Omnidirectional increase in threshold for image shifts during saccadic eye movements. Perception & Psychophysics 25:241–43. [BB]Google Scholar
Brugman, C. (1981) Story of over. Indiana University Linguistics Club. [aBL]Google Scholar
Bryant, D. J. & Tversky, B. (1991) Locating objects from memory or from sight. Paper presented at the 32nd annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, San Francisco, CA. [DJB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryant, D. J., Tversky, B. & Franklin, N. (1992) Internal and external spatial frameworks for representing described scenes. Journal of Memory and Language 31:74–98. [DJB]Google Scholar
Bulthoff, H. H. & Edelman, S. (1992) Psychophysical support for a twodimensional view interpolation theory of object recognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 89:60–64. [MJT]Google Scholar
Carey, S. (1985) Conceptual change in childhood. Bradfood Books/MIT Press. [aBL]Google Scholar
Chwistek, L. (1960) Wielość rzeczywistości w sztuce. Warsaw: Czytelnik. [JBD]Google Scholar
Cienki, A. (1988) Spatial cognition and the semantics of prepositions in English, Polish, and Russian. Ph.D. dissertation, Brown University. [aBL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, E. V. & Clark, H. H. (1979) When nouns surface as verbs. Language 55:767–811. [BT]Google Scholar
Clark, H. (1973) Space, time, semantics, and the child. In: Cognitive development and the acquisition of language, ed. Moore, T.. Academic Press. [aBL]Google Scholar
Conley, G. (1985) Theories of pictorial representation: Goodman's realism and the similarity theory. Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Philosophy, University of Minnesota. [JBD]Google Scholar
Cooper, L. (1989) Mental models of the structure of visual objects. In: Object perception: Structure and process, ed. Shepp, B. & Ballesteros, S.. Erlbaum. [aBL]Google Scholar
Cooper, L. (1992) Probing the nature of the mental representation of visual objects. Seminar on Cognitive Neuroscience, session IV: Memory. American Association for the Advancement of Science. [aBL]Google Scholar
Corballis, M. C. (1991) The lopsided ape: Evolution of the generative mind. Oxford University Press. [MCC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corballis, M. C. (1992) On the evolution of language and generativity. Cognition 44:197–226. [MCC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coucelis, H., Golledge, R. G., Gale, N. & Tobler, W. (1987) Exploring the anchor-point hypothesis of spatial cognition. Journal of Environmental Psychology 7:99–122. [aBL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeLoache, J. S. (1987) Rapid changes in the symbolic functioning of very young children. Science 238:1556–57. [aBL]Google Scholar
DeLoache, J. S., Strauss, M. & Maynard, J. (1979) Picture perception in infancy. Infant Behavior and Development 2:77–89. [aBL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deregowsld, J. B. (1978) On examining Fortes data: Some implications of drawings made by children who have never drawn before. Perception 7:479–84. [JBD]Google Scholar
Deregowsld, J. B. (1980) Illusions, patterns and pictures. Academic Press. [JBD]Google Scholar
Deregowsld, J. B. (1990a) Intercultural search for the origins of perspective. In: Contemporary issues in cross-cultural psychology, ed. Bleichdrodt, N. & Drenth, P. J. D.. Swets & Zeitlinger. [JBD]Google Scholar
Deregowsld, J. B. (1990b) On two distinct and quintessential kinds of pictorial representation. In: Ecological perception research, visual communication and aesthetics, ed. Landwehr, K.. Springer-Verlag. [JBD]Google Scholar
Deregowsld, J. B. (1990c) Traffic signs as embodiments of characteristic views. Zeichen (Theorie) in der Praxis. Paper presented at the Biennial Congress of the German Semiotic Association, Passau. [JBD]Google Scholar
Deregowski, J. B., Muldrow, E. S. & Muldrow, W. F. (1972) Pictorial recognition in a remote Ethiopian population. Perception 1:417–25. [JBD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downs, R. M. & Stea, D. (1973). Image and environment. Aldine. [aBL]Google Scholar
Duncan, J. (1989) Boundary conditions on parallel processing in human vision. Perception 18:457–69. [JMW]Google Scholar
Duncker, K. (1929) Uber induzierte Bewegung. Psychologische Forschung 12:180–259. (Translated and condensed in Ellis, W. [1950] Source book of Gestalt psychology. Humanities Press.) [aBL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dziurawiec, S. & Deregowski, J. B. (1992) Twisted perspective in young children's drawings. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 10:35–49. [JBD]Google Scholar
Easton, R. D. & Bentzen, B. L. (1987) Memory for verbally presented routes: A comparison of strategies used by blind and sighted people. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness 81:100–105. [DJB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engelson, S. P. & McDermott, D. V. (1992) Passive robot map building with exploration scripts. YALEU/DCS/TR-898, Department of Computer Science, Yale University. [MJT]Google Scholar
Farah, M. J. (1991) Patterns of co-occurrence among the associative agnosias. Cognitive Neuropsychology 8:1–19. [MCC]Google Scholar
Farah, M. J., Hammond, K., Levine, D. & Calvanio, R. (1988) Visual and spatial mental imagery: Dissociable systems of representation. Cognitive Psychology 20:439–62. [aBL, BB]Google Scholar
Farah, M. J. & McClelland, J. L. (1991) A computational model of semantic memory impairment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 120:339–57. [MCC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, J. (1991) Perceptual simplicity and modes of structural generation. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society,Chicago, IL, August. [JF]Google Scholar
Feldman, J. (1992) Constructing perceptual categories. Proceedings of the I.E.E.E. Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,Champaign, IL, June. [JF]Google Scholar
Fillmore, C. (1975) Santa Cruz lectures on deixis, 1971. Indiana University Linguistics Club. [arBL]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1980) Reply to Putnam. In: Language and learning: The debate between Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky, ed. Piatelli-Palmerini, M.. Harvard University Press. [rBL]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1983) Modularity of mind. MIT Press. [aBL]Google Scholar
Fortes, M. (1940) Children's drawings among the Tallensi. Africa 13:293–95. [JBD]Google Scholar
Fortes, M. (1981) Tallensi children's drawings. In: Universals of human thought, ed. Lloyd, B. & Gay, J.. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [JBD]Google Scholar
Foster, D. H. & Ward, P. A. (1991) Asymmetries in oriented-line detection indicate two orthogonal filters in early vision. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 243:75–81. [JMW]Google ScholarPubMed
Franklin, N. & Tversky, B. (1990) Searching imagined environments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 119:63–76. [DJB]Google Scholar
Fussell, S. R. & Krauss, R. M. (1989) The effects of intended audience on message production and comprehension: Reference in a common ground framework. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 25:203–19. [aBL]Google Scholar
Gallistel, C. R. (1990) The organization of learning. MIT Press. [aBL, DJB]Google Scholar
Gibson, E. (1969) Principles of perceptual learning and development. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [aBL]Google Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1966) The senses considered as perceptual systems. Houghton Mifilin. [SDM]Google Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1979) The ecological approach to visual perception. Houghton Mifflin. [JW]Google Scholar
Glenberg, A. M., Meyer, M. & Lindem, K. (1987) Mental models contribute to foregrounding during text comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language 26:69–83. [DJB]Google Scholar
Goodale, M. A. & Milner, A. D. (1992) Separate visual pathways for perception and action. Trends in Neuroscience 15(1):20–25. [DI]Google Scholar
Grabowecky, M. & Khurana, B. (1990) Features were meant to be integrated. Investigative Ophthalmology and Vision Science 31:105. [JMW]Google Scholar
Greenfield, P. M. (1991) Language, tools and brain: The ontogeny and phylogeny of hierarchically organized sequential behavior. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:531–95. [MCC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenfield, P. M., Reich, L. C. & Olver, R. R. (1987) On culture and equivalence: II. In: Studies in cognitive growth, ed. Bruner, J. S., Olver, R. R. & Greenfield, P. M.. Wiley. [JBD]Google Scholar
Greeno, J. G. (1992) The situation in cognitive theory. Paper presented to the American Psychological Society, San Diego, CA, June. [SDM]Google Scholar
Greeno, J. G. & Moore, J. L. (in press) Situativity and symbols: Response to Vera and Simon. Cognitive Science. [SDM]Google Scholar
Greeno, J. G., Smith, D. R. & Moore, J. L. (in press) Transfer of situated learning. In: Transfer on trial, ed. Detterman, D. & Sternberg, R.. Ablex. [SDM]Google Scholar
Grice, H. P. (1975) Logic and conversation. In: Syntax and semantics, vol. 3: Speech acts, ed. Cole, P. & Morgan, J. L.. Seminar Press. [PBH]Google Scholar
Gruber, J. (1976) Lexical structures in syntax and semantics. North-Holland. [aBL]Google Scholar
Hawkins, B. W. (1984) The semantics of English spatial prepositions. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Linguistics, University of California at San Diego. [aBL]Google Scholar
Heibeck, T. H. & Markman, E. M. (1987) Word learning in children: An examination of fast mapping. Child Development 58:1021–34. [aBL]Google Scholar
Hein, A. & Jeannerod, M. (1983) Spatially oriented behavior. Springer-Verlag. [aBL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Held, R. (1968) Dissociation of visual functions by deprivation and rearrangement. Psychologische Forschung 31:338–48. [DI]Google Scholar
Herskovits, A. (1986) Language and spatial cognition: An interdisciplinary study of the prepositions in English. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [arBL]Google Scholar
Hinton, G. E., McClelland, J. L. & Rumelhart, D. E. (1986) Distributed representations. In: Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition, vol. 1, ed. Rumelhart, D. E., McClelland, J. L. & the PDP Research Group. Bradford Books/MIT Press. [PBH]Google Scholar
Hintzman, D. L., O'Dell, C. S. & Arndt, D. R. (1981) Orientation in cognitive maps. Cognitive Psychology 13:149–206. [DJB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirtle, S. & Jonides, J. (1985) Evidence of hierarchies in cognitive maps. Memory and Cognition 13:208–17. [aBL]Google Scholar
Hochberg, J. & Brooks, V. (1962) Pictorial recognition as an unlearned ability: A study of one child's performance. American Journal of Psychology 75:624–28. [aBL]Google Scholar
Hochberg, J. & Cellman, L. (1975) The effect of landmark features on mental rotation times. Memory and Cognition 5:23–26. [aBL]Google Scholar
Hoffman, D. & Richards, W. (1984) Parts of recognition. Cognition 18:65–96. [aBL]Google Scholar
Hooper, K. (1978) Perceptual aspects of architecture. In: Handbook of perception, vol. 10, ed. Carterette, E. C. & Friedman, M. P.. Academic Press. [aBL]Google Scholar
Huttenlocher, J. & Strauss, S. (1968) Comprehension and a statement's relation to the situation it describes. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 7:300–304. [aBL]Google Scholar
Ingle, D. (1967) Two visual mechanisms underlying the behavior offish. Psychologische Forschung 31:44–51. [DI]Google Scholar
Ingle, D., Schneider, G., Trevarthen, C. & Held, R. (1967) Locating and identifying: Two modes of visual processing: A symposium. Psychologische Forschung 31:42–43. [aBL, DI]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackendoff, R. (1973) The base rules for prepositional phrases. In: A festschrift for Morris Halle, ed. Anderson, S. & Kiparsky, P.. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. [aBL]Google Scholar
Jackendoff, R. (1976) Toward an explanatory semantic representation. Linguistic Inquiry 7:89–150. [aBL]Google Scholar
Jackendoff, R. (1983) Semantics and cognition. MIT Press. [arBL]Google Scholar
Jackendoff, R. (1987a) On beyond zebra: The relation of linguistic and visual information. Cognition 26:89–114. [aBL, SDM]Google Scholar
Jackendoff, R. (1987b) Consciousness and the computational mind. MIT Press. [arBL]Google Scholar
Jackendoff, R. (1990) Semantic structures. MIT Press. [arBL]Google Scholar
Jackendoff, R. (1992) Languages of the mind. Bradford Books/MIT Press. [rBL]Google Scholar
Jackendoff, R. & Landau, B. (1991) Spatial language and spatial cognition. In: Bridges between psychology and linguistics: A Swarthmore Festschrift for Lila Gleitman, ed. Napoli, D. J. & Kegl, J.. Erlbaum. [aBL]Google Scholar
Jay, M. F. & Sparks, D. L. (1987) Sensorimotor integration in the primate superior colliculus, II: Coordinates of auditory signals. Journal of Neurophysiology 57:35–55. [MJT]Google Scholar
Jepson, A. & Richards, W. (1992) What makes a good feature? In: Spatial vision in humans and robots, ed. Harris, L. & Jenkins, M.. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [JF]Google Scholar
Johansson, G. (1973) Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis. Perceptual Pschycophysics 14:201–11. [DI]Google Scholar
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983) Mental models: Towards a cognitive science of language, inference, and consciousness. Harvard University Press. [DJB]Google Scholar
Johnston, J. (1984) Acquisition of locative meanings: Behind and in front of. Journal of Child Language 11:407–22. [aBL]Google Scholar
Jolicoeur, P. (1985) The time to name disoriented natural objects. Memory & Cognition 13:289–303. [MJT]Google Scholar
Jones, S., Smith, L. & Landau, B. (1991) Object properties and knowledge in early lexical learning. Child Development 62:499–516. [aBL]Google Scholar
Keil, F. (1989) Concepts, kinds, and conceptual development. MIT Press. [aBL]Google Scholar
Kendall, D. (1989) A survey of the statistical theory of shape. Statistical Science 4:87–120. [JF]Google Scholar
Koenderink, J. J. (1987) An internal representation for solid shape based on the topological properties of the apparent contour. In: Image understanding 1985–86, ed. Richards, W. & Ullman, S.. Ablex. [MJT]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. (1990) Components of high-level vision: A cognitive neuroscience analysis and accounts of neurological syndromes. Cognition 34:203–77. [arBL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M., Chabris, C. F., Marsolek, C. J. & Koenig, O. (1992) Categorical versus coordinate spatial representations: Computational analysis and computer simulations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 18:562–77. [HDB]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. & Koenig, O. (1992) Wet mind. The Free Press. [HDB]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M., Koenig, O., Barrett, A., Cave, C. B., Tang, J. & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1989) Evidence for two types of spatial representations: Hemispheric specialization for categorical and coordinate relations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 15:723–35. [HDB, MCC]Google ScholarPubMed
Kriegman, D. J. & Ponce, J. (1990) Computing exact aspect graphs of curved objects: Solids of revolution. International Journal of Computer Vision 5(21):119–35. [MJT]Google Scholar
Kuipers, B. (1978) Modeling spatial knowledge. Cognitive Science 2:129–53. [aBL]Google Scholar
Lakoff, G. (1987) Women, fire, and dangerous things. University of Chicago Press. [aBL]Google Scholar
Lakoff, G. & Turner, M. (1980) Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago Press. [aBL]Google Scholar
Landau, B. (1986) Early map use as an unlearned ability. Cognition 22:201–23. [aBL]Google Scholar
Landau, B. (1991) Spatial knowledge of objects in the young blind child. Cognition 38:145–78. [aBL]Google Scholar
Landau, B. (1993) Object, word and name in first language learning. In: Special issue on the lexicon, ed. L. R. Gleitman & B. Landau. Lingua (in press). [aBL]Google Scholar
Landau, B. & Gleitman, L. R. (1985) Language and experience: Evidence from the blind child. Harvard University Press. [aBL]Google Scholar
Landau, B., Jones, S. & Smith, L. (1992) Syntactic context and object properties in early lexical learning. Journal of Memory and Language (in press). [aBL]Google Scholar
Landau, B., Smith, L. & Jones, S. (1988) The importance of shape in early lexical learning. Cognitive Development 3:299–321. [aBL]Google Scholar
Landau, B., Spelke, E. & Gleitman, H. (1984) Spatial knowledge in a young blind child. Cognition 16:225–60. [aBL]Google Scholar
Landau, B. & Stecker, D. (1990) Objects and places: Syntactic and geometric representations in early lexical learning. Cognitive Development 5:287–312. [arBL, ADF]Google Scholar
Landau, B., Stecker, D. & Lederer, A. (forthcoming) Asymmetry in children's and adults' judgements of near. [aBL]Google Scholar
Lederman, S. & Klatzky, R. (1987) Hand movements: A window into haptic object recognition. Cognitive Psychology 19:342–68. [aBL]Google Scholar
Levelt, W. (1983) Some perceived limitations on talking about space. Unpublished manuscript, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen. [aBL]Google Scholar
Levelt, W. (1984) Some perceptual limitations on talking about space. In: Limits in perception, ed. van Doorn, A. J., van de Grind, W. A. & Koenderink, J. J.. Utrecht: Coronet Books. [DJB]Google Scholar
Levine, D., Warach, J. & Farah, M. (1985) Two visual systems in mental imagery: Dissociation of “what” and “where” in imagery disorders due to bilateral posterior cerebral lesions. Neurology 35:1010–18. [aBL]Google Scholar
Levinson, S. C. (1991) Relativity in spatial conception and description. Working paper no. 1, Cognitive Anthropology Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen. [DIS]Google Scholar
Levinson, S. C. (1992) Vision, shape, and linguistic description: Tzeltal body-part terminology and object description. Paper delivered to the Workshop on Spatial Description in Mayan Languages. Nijmegen. [rBL]Google Scholar
Levinson, S. C. (in press) Relativity in spatial conception and description. In: Rethinking linguistic relativity, ed. J. J. Gumperz & S. C. Levinson. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [BT]Google Scholar
Leyton, M. (1989) Inferring causal history from shape. Cognitive Science 13:357–89. [aBL]Google Scholar
Leyton, M. (1992) Symmetry, causality, mind. MIT Press. [aBL, JF]Google Scholar
Livingstone, M. & Hubel, D. (1989) Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: Anatomy, physiology, and perception. Science 240:740–49. [aBL]Google Scholar
Logan, G. D. (1991) Linguistic and conceptual control of visual spatial attention. Paper presented at the 32nd annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, San Francisco, CA. [DJB]Google Scholar
Lowe, D. (1985) Perceptual organization and visual recognition. Kluwer. [aBL]Google Scholar
Lynch, K. (1960). The image of the city. MIT Press. [aBL]Google Scholar
Marr, D. (1982) Vision. Freeman. [arBL, MCC, JBD, JF, SDM, JW]Google Scholar
Marr, D. & Nishihara, H. (1978) Representation and recognition of the spatial organization of three-dimensional shapes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 200:269–94. [aBL, MJT]Google Scholar
Marr, D. & Vaina, L. (1982) Representation and recognition of the movements of shapes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 214:501–24. [aBL]Google Scholar
Marsolek, C. J. (1992) Abstract-visual-form representations in the left cerebral hemisphere. (Submitted.) [HDB]Google Scholar
Marsolek, C. J., Kosslyn, S. M. & Squire, L. R. (1992) Form-specific visual priming in the right cerebral hemisphere. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 18:492–508. [HDB]Google Scholar
Miller, G. A. (1956) The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review 63:81–97 [MCC]Google Scholar
Miller, G. & Johnson-Laird, P. (1976) Language and Perception. Harvard University Press. [aBL]Google Scholar
Milner, A. D. & Goodale, M. A. (1992) Visual pathways to perception and action. In: The visually responsive neuron, ed. Hicks, T. P., Molotchinkoff, S. & Ono, T.. Elsevier. [DI]Google Scholar
Moore, G. T. (1976) Theory and research on the development of environmental knowing. In: Environmental knowing, ed. Moore, G. T. & Colledge, R. G.. Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross. [SDM]Google Scholar
Moraglia, G. (1989) Display organization and the detection of horizontal line segments. Perception & Psychophysics 45:265–72. [JMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morrow, D. G., Greenspan, S. L. & Bower, G. H. (1987) Accessibility and situation models in narrative comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language 26:165–87. [ DJB]Google Scholar
Murphy, G. & Medin, D. (1985) The role of theories in conceptual coherence. Psychological Review 92:289–316. [aBL]Google Scholar
Neisser, U. (1989) Direct perception and recognition as distinct perceptual systems. Paper presented to the Cognitive Science Society, Ann Arbor, MI, August. [SDM]Google Scholar
Neisser, U. (1992) Distinct systems for “where” and “what”: Reconciling the ecological and representational views of perception. Paper presented to the American Psychological Society, San Diego, CA, June. [SDM]Google Scholar
Newport, E. (1988) Constraints on language learning and their role in language acquisition: Studies of the acquisition of American Sign Language. Language Sciences 10(1):147–61. [aBL]Google Scholar
Oakhill, J. V. & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1984) Representation of spatial descriptions in working memory. Current Psychological Research & Reviews 3:52–62. [DJB]Google Scholar
O'Keefe, J. & Nadel, L. (1978) the hippocampus as a cognitive map. Oxford University Press (Oxford). [aBL]Google Scholar
Olson, D. & Bialystok, E. (1983) Spatial cognition: The structure and development of the mental representation of spatial relations. Erlbaum. [aBL, DRO]Google Scholar
Oppenheimer, F. (1934) Optische Versuche über Ruhe und Bewegung. Psychologische Forschung 20:1–46. [aBL]Google Scholar
Pager, H. (1972) Ndedema. International Book Services. [JBD]Google Scholar
Paillard, J. (1987) Cognitive versus sensorimotor encoding of spatial information. In: Cognitive processes and sfiatial orientation in animal and man, ed. Ellen, P. & Thinus-Blane, C.. Martinus Nijhoff. [BB] ed. (1991) Brain and space. Oxford University Press. [MJT]Google Scholar
Parker, D. M. & Deregowski, J. B. (1990) Perception and artistic style. North Holland. [JBD]Google Scholar
Parsons, L. H. (1987) Imagined spatial transformations of one's hands and feet. Cognitive Psychology 19(2):178–241. [aBL]Google Scholar
Pelisson, D., Prablanc, C., Goodale, M. & Jeannerod, M. (1986) Visual control of reaching movements without vision of the limb. II. Evidence for fast nonconscious process correcting the trajectory of the hand to the final position of a double-step stimulus. Experimental Brain Research 62:303–11. [BB]Google Scholar
Pinker, S. (1989) Learnability and cognition: The acquisition of argument structure. MIT Press. [aBL]Google Scholar
Pinker, S. & Bloom, P. (1990) Natural language and natural selection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13(4):707–84. [aBL]Google Scholar
Pinxten, R., van Dooren, I. & Harvey, K. (1983) The anthropology of space: Explorations into natural philosophy and semantics of the Navajo. University of Pennsylvania Press. [aBL]Google Scholar
Retz-Schmidt, G. (1988) Various views on spatial prepositions. Al Magazine 9:95–105. [DJB]Google Scholar
Rieser, J. J. & Heiman, M. (1982) Spatial self-reference systems and shortest route behavior in toddlers. Child Development 53(2):524–33. [aBL]Google Scholar
Rosch, E. (1975) Cognitive reference points. Cognitive Psychology 7(4):532–47. [aBL]Google Scholar
Rosch, E., Mervis, C. B., Gray, W. D., Johnson, D. M. & Boyes-Braem, P. (1976) Basic objects in natural categories. Cognitive Psychology 8:382–439. [aBL]Google Scholar
Rueckl, J., Cave, K. & Kosslyn, S. (1988) Why are “what” and “where” processed by separate cortical visual systems? A computational investigation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1(2):171–86. [aBL, JF]Google Scholar
Sadalla, E., Burroughs, W. J. & Staplin, L. J. (1980) Reference points in spatial cognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 6(5):516–28. [aBL]Google Scholar
Schneider, C. E. (1967) Contrasting visual functions of tectum and cortex in the golden hamster. Psychologische Forschung 31:52–62. [DI]Google Scholar
Schneider, C. E. (1969) Two visual systems. Science 163:895–902. [aBL, BB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seibert, M. & Waxman, A. M. (1992) Adaptive 3-D object recognition from multiple views. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 14(2):107–24. [MJT]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. (1984) Ecological constraints on internal representation: Resonant kinematics of perceiving, imagining, thinking, and dreaming. Psychological Review 91:417–47. [SDM]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. & Cooper, L. (1982) Mental images and their transformations. MIT Press. [aBL]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. & Hurwitz, S. (1984) Upward direction, mental rotation, and discrimination of left and right turns in maps. Cognition 18:161–93. [DJB]Google Scholar
Smith, L., Jones, S. & Landau, B. (1992) Count nouns, adjectives, and perceptual properties in novel word interpretations. Developmental Psychology 28(2):273–86. [aBL]Google Scholar
Stephens, A. & Coup, P. (1978) Distortions in judged spatial relations. Cognitive Psychology 10:422–37. [aBL]Google Scholar
Stiles-Davis, J., Kritchevsky, M. & Bellugi, U. eds. (1988) Spatial cognition: Brain bases and development. Erlbaum. [aBL]Google Scholar
Supalla, T. (1990) Structure and acquisition of verbs in motion and location in A.S.L. Bradford Books/MIT Press. [aBL]Google Scholar
Talmy, L. (1975) Semantics and syntax of motion. In: Syntax and semantics, vol. 4, ed. Kimball, J.. Academic Press. [DIS]Google Scholar
Talmy, L. (1978) The relation of grammar to cognition. In: Proceedings of TINLAP-2: Theoretical issues in natural language processing, ed. Waltz, D.. University of Illinois Press. [aBL]Google Scholar
Talmy, L. (1980) Lexicalization patterns: Semantic structure in lexical forms. In: Language typology and syntactic description, vol. 3, ed. Shopen, T.. Cambridge University Press. [rBL]Google Scholar
Talmy, L. (1983) How language structures space. In: Spatial orientation: Theory, research, and application, ed. Pick, H. & Acredolo, L.. Plenum Press. [aBL]Google Scholar
Talmy, L. (1985) Lexicalization patterns: Semantic structure in lexical forms. In: Language typology and syntactic description. Vol. 3: Grammatical categories and the lexicon, ed. Shopen, T.. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge) [aBL]Google Scholar
Tarr, M. J. (1989) Orientation dependence in three-dimensional object recognition. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT. [MJT]Google Scholar
Tarr, M. J. & Black, M. J. (1991) A computational and evolutionary perspective on the role of representation in vision. YALEU/DCS/RR-899. Department of Computer Science, Yale University. [MJT]Google Scholar
Tarr, M. J. & Pinker, S. (1989) Mental rotation and orientation-dependence in shape recognition. Cognitive Psychology 21(28):233–82. [aBL, MJT]Google Scholar
Tarr, M. J. & Pinker, S. (1990) When does human object recognition use a viewer-centered reference frame? Psychological Science 1(42):253–56. [MJT]Google Scholar
Taylor, H. A. & Tversky, B. (1992) Spatial mental models derived from survey and route descriptions. Journal of Memory and Language 31:261–92. [DJB]Google Scholar
Thompson, D. (1961) On growth and form. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [aBL]Google Scholar
Treisman, A. (1986) Properties, parts, and objects. In: Handbook of human perception and performance, ed. Boff, K. R., Kaufmann, L. & Thomas, J. P.. Wiley. [JMW]Google Scholar
Treisman, A. (1988) Features and objects: The 14th Bartlett memorial lecture. Quarterly journal of Experimental Psychology 40A:201–37. [JMW]Google Scholar
Trevarthen, C. B. (1968) Two mechanisms of vision in primates. Psychologische Forschung 31:299–337. [DI]Google Scholar
Tversky, B. & Hemenway, K. (1984). Objects, parts, and categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 113:169–93. [BT]Google Scholar
Ullman, S. & Basri, R. (1991) Recognition by linear combinations of models. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 13(10):992–1006. [MJT]Google Scholar
Ungerleider, L. G. & Mishkin, M. (1982) Two cortical visual systems. In: Analysis of visual behavior, ed. Ingle, D. J., Goodale, M. A. & Mansfield, R. J. W.. MIT Press. [aBL, BB]Google Scholar
Vandeloise, C. (1986) L'espace en français. Editions du Seuil. (English translation: Spatial prepositions. University of Chicago Press, 1991.) [arBL]Google Scholar
Van Essen, D., Anderson, C. & Felleman, D. (1992) Information processing in the primate visual system: An integrated systems perspective. Science 255:419–23. [aBL]Google Scholar
von Hofsten, C. (1980) Predictive reaching for moving objects by human infants. Journal of Educational and Child Psychology 30:369–82. [aBL]Google ScholarPubMed
Warrington, E. K. & McCarthy, R. (1987) Categories of knowledge: Further fractionation and an attempted integration. Brain 110:1273–96. [MCC]Google Scholar
Warrington, E. K. & Shallice, T. (1984) Category-specific semantic impairments. Brain 107:829–54. [MCC]Google Scholar
White, R. (1989) Visual thinking in the ice age. Scientific American 261(1):92–99. [MJT]Google Scholar
Williams, P. (1991) Children's and adults' understanding of across. Undergraduate honors thesis, Department of Psychology, Columbia University. [aBL]Google Scholar
Wolfe, J. M. (1992) The parallel guidance of visual attention. Current Directions in Psychological Science 1(4): 125–28. [JMW]Google Scholar
Wolfe, J. M. & Friedman-Hill, S. R. (1992) Part-whole relationships in visual search, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 33:1356. [JMW]Google Scholar
Wolfe, J. M., Friedman-Hill, S. R., Stewart, M. I. & O'Connell, K. M. (1992) The role of categorization in visual search for orientation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 18:34–49. [JMW]Google Scholar
Wolfe, J. M., Yu, K. P., Stewart, M. I., Shorter, A. D., Friedman-Hill, S. R. & Cave, K. R. (1990) Limitations on the parallel guidance of visual search: Color × color and orientation × orientation conjunctions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 16:879–92. [JMW]Google Scholar
Wong, E. & Mack, A. (1981) Saccadic programming and perceived location. Acta Psychologica 48:123–31. [BB]Google Scholar