No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
How to think about the evolution of behavioral development
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 February 2010
Abstract
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Open Peer Commentary
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1984
References
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1967) Infancy in Uganda: Infant care and the growth of love. Johns Hopkins University Press. [KEG]Google Scholar
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1973) The development of infant-mother attachment. In: Review of child development research, vol. 3, ed. Caldwell, B. M. & Ricciuti, H. N.. University of Chicago Press. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1979a) Attachment as related to mother-infant interaction. In: Advances in the Study of Behavior, vol. 9, ed. Rosenblatt, J. S.Hinde, B. A.Beer, C. & Busnel, M.. Academic Press. [tarMEL, EAS]Google Scholar
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1979b) Infant-mother attachment. American Psychologist 34: 932–37.[taMEL, EAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1979c) Infant-mother attachment: Retrospect and prospect. Presidential address to the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research on Child Development, San Francisco. [SF]Google Scholar
Ainsworth, M. D. S. & Bell, S. M. (1969) Some contemporary patterns of mother-infant interaction in the feeding situation. In: Stimulation in early infancy, ed. Ambrose, A.. Academic Press. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1974) Mother-infant interaction and the development of competence. In: The growth of competence, ed. Connolly, K. J. & Bruner, J.. Academic Press. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Bell, S. M. & Stayton, D. J. (1971) Individual differences in strange situation behavior of one-year-olds. In: The origins of human social relations, ed. Schaffer, H. R.. Academic Press. [taMEL, EAS]Google Scholar
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1972) Individual differences in the development of some attachment behaviors. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 18:123–43. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1974) Infant mother attachment and social development: “Socialization” as a product of reciprocal responsiveness to signals. In: The integration of a child into a social world, ed. Richards, M. P. M.. Cambridge University Press. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E. & Wall, S. (1978) In: Patterns of attachment, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [SF, KEG, tarMEL, EAS]Google Scholar
Ainsworth, M. D. & Wittig, B. A. (1969) Attachment and exploratory behavior of one year olds in a strange situation. In: Determinants of infant behaviour, vol. 4, ed. Foss, B. M.. Methuen. [taMEL, JCM]Google Scholar
Alexander, R. D. (1964) The evolution of social behavior. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5:324–83. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Alexander, R. D. & Tinkle, D. W., eds. (1981) Natural selection and social behavior: Recent research and new theory, Chiron. [DFH]Google Scholar
Ambrose, J. A. (1960) The smiling and related responses in early human infancy: An experimental and theoretical study of their course and significance. Doctoral dissertation, University of London. [JKK]Google Scholar
Arend, R., Gove, F. L. & Sroufe, L. A. (1979) Continuity of individual adaptation from infancy to kindergarten; A predictive study of ego-resiliency and curiosity in preschoolers. Child Development 50:950–59. [SF, taMEL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartko, J. J. (1966) The intraclass correlation coefficient as a measure of reliability. Psychological Reports 19:3-11 [DVC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartko, J. J. (1974) Corrective note to The intraclass correlation coefficient as a measure of reliability. Psychological Reports 34:1–11. [DVC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bechtold, H. (1959) Construct validity: A critique. American Psychologist 14:619–29. [JCM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, S. M. V. (1970) The development of the concept of object as related to infant-mother attachment. Child Development 41:291–311. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, S. M. V. & Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1972) Infant crying and maternal responsiveness. Child Development 43:1171–90. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belsky, J. & Garduque, L. (1982) The interrelation of attachment and free and elicited play behavior. Paper presented to the International Conference on Infant Studies, Austin, Tex. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Belsky, J., Rovine, M. & Taylor, D. (1983) The origins of individual differences in infant-mother attachment: Maternal and infant contributions. Child Development 54, in press. [rMEL]Google Scholar
Belsky, J., Taylor, D. & Rovine, M. (1983) The development of reciprocal interaction in the mother-infant dyad. Child Development 54, in press. [rMEL]Google Scholar
Blanchard, M. & Main, M. (1979) Avoidance of the attachment figure and social-emotional adjustment in day-care infants. Developmental Psychology 15:445–46. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blatz, W. E. (1966) Human security: Some reflections. University of Toronto Press. [DFH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blehar, M., Lieberman, A. & Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1977) Early face-to-face interaction and its relation to later infant-mother attachment. Child Development 48:182–94. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Block, J. H. & Block, J. (1980) The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. In: Minnesota symposium on child psychology, vol. 11, ed. Collins, W. A.. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1958) The nature of the child's tie to his mother. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 39:350–73. [DFH, SBP]Google ScholarPubMed
Bowlby, J. (1969) Attachment and loss, vol. 1, Attachment. Basic Books. [MTG, DFH, tarMEL, SBP, EAS]Google Scholar
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979) The ecology of human development. Harvard University Press. [rMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, R. T. (1978) Three scientists in search of a theorist (apologies to Pirandello). Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:440–41. [RTB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, R. T. & Hamilton, A. S. (1977) Imprinting: Effects of discrepancy from rearing conditions on approach to a familiar imprinting object in a novel situation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 91:784–93. [RTB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bühler, K. (1965) Die Krise der Psychologie (The crisis of psychology). 3d ed.Fischer. 1st ed. 1927. [KEG]Google Scholar
Burdock, E. E., Fleiss, J. L. & Hardesty, A. S. (1963) A new view of interobserver agreement. Personnel Psychology 16:373–84. [DVC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cairns, R. (1972) Attachment and dependency: A psychobiological and social learning synthesis. In: Attachment and dependency, ed. Gewirtz, J. L.. Winston. [DFH]Google Scholar
Cairns, R. (1979) Social development: The origins and plasticity of behavior. Freeman. [JCM]Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T. (1966) Pattern matching as an essential in distal knowing. Holt Rinehart & Winston. [KEG]Google Scholar
Cantor, N. & Mischel, W. (1979) Prototypes in person perception. In: Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 12, ed. Berkowitz, L.. Academic Press. [RTB]Google Scholar
Charlesworth, B. (1980) Evolution in age-structured populations. Cambridge University Press. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Charnov, E. L. & Krebs, J. (1974) On clutch size and fitness. IBIS 116:217–219. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chess, S. & Thomas, A. (1982a) Infant bonding: Mystique and reality. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 52:213–22. [RTB, SC, SF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chess, S. & Thomas, A. (1982b) Reply to Sroufe and Waters. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 52:746–47. [RTB]Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. V. (1976) Assessing inter-rater reliability for rating scales: Resolving some basic issues. British Journal of Psychiatry 129:452–56. [DVC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D. V. (1981) Testing the normal approximation of minimal sample size requirements of weighted kappa when the number of categories is large. Applied Psychological Measurement 5:101–4. [DVC]Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. V., Aivano, S. L. & Vitale, J. (1976) A computer program for assessing the reliability and systematic bias of individual measurements. Educational and Psychological Measurement 36:761–64. [DVC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D. V., Aivano, S. L. & Vitale, J. (1977) Computer programs for assessing rater agreement and rater bias for qualitative data. Educational and Psychological Measurement 37:195–201.[DVC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D. V. & Conn, H. O. (1976) A statistical analysis of reviewer agreement and bias in evaluating medical abstracts. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 49:373–83. [DVC]Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. V. & Fleiss, J. L. (1977) Comparison of the null distributions of weighted kappa and the C ordinal statistic. Applied Psychological Measurement 1:195–201. [DVC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D. V. & Heavens, R. (1979) RATCAT (Rater Agreement/Categorical Data). American Statistician 33:91. [DVC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D. V., Heavens, R. & Didriksen, J. (1983) A computer program for assessing the reliability of nominal scales using varying sets of multiple raters. Available upon request. [DVC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D. V., Lee, C., Fontana, A. F. & Noel, Dowds B. (1978) A computer program for assessing specific category rater agreement for qualitative data. Educational and Psychological Measurement 38:805–13. [DVC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D. V. & Sparrow, S. S. (1981) Developing criteria for establishing the interrater reliability of specific items in a given inventory. American Journal of Mental Deficiency 86:127–37. [DVC]Google Scholar
Cochrane, R. & Robertson, A. (1973) The life events inventory: A measure of the relative severity of psycho-social stresses. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 17:135–39. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J. (1960) A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement 20:37–46. [DVC, taMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J. (1968) Weighted kappa: Nominal scale agreement with provision for scaled disagreement or partial credit. Psychological Bulletin 70:213–20. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colwell, R. K. & King, M.-C. (1983) Disentangling genetic and cultural influences on human behavior: Problems and prospects. In: Comparing behavior: Studying man studying animals, ed. Rajecki, D. W.. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [DWR]Google Scholar
Conger, A. J. (1980) Integration and generalization of kappa for multiple raters. Psychological Bulletin 88:322–28. [DVC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connell, D. B. (1976) Individual differences in attachment: An investigation into stability, implications, and relationships to structure of early language development. Doctoral dissertation, Syracuse University. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Connell, J. P. & Goldsmith, H. H. (1982) A structural modeling approach to the study of attachment and Strange Situation behaviors. In: The development of attachment and affiliatice systems, ed. Emde, R. N. & Harmon, R. J.. Plenum Press. [RTB, SF, taMEL]Google Scholar
Crockenberg, S. B. (1981) Infant irritability, mother responsiveness, and social support influences on the security of infant-mother attachment. Child Development 52:857–65. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cronbach, L. & Meehl, P. (1955) Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin 52:281–302. [CJM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daly, M. & Wilson, M. (1983) Sex, evolution, and behavior. 2d ed.Willard Grant Press. [rMEL]Google Scholar
Dargasies, S. (1962) The first smile. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 4:531–33. [JKK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwin, C. (1872) The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Murray, John. Repr. University of Chicago Press, 1965. [JKK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, M. & Fleiss, J. L. (1982) Measuring agreement for multinomial data. Biometrics 38:1047–51. [DVC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawkins, R. & Carlisle, R. T. (1974) Parental investment, mate desertion and a fallacy. Nature 262:131–32. [SBP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denenberg, V. H. (1964) Critical periods, stimulation input and emotional reactivity: A theory of infantile stimulation. Psychological Review 71:335–51. [VHD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denenberg, V. H. (1968) A consideration of the usefulness of the critical period hypothesis as applied to the stimulation of rodents in infancy. In: Early experience and behavior, ed. G. Newton & S. Levine. Thomas. [VHD]Google Scholar
Denenberg, V. H. (1969) The effects of early experiences. In: The behaviour of domestic animals, ed. Hafez, E. S. E.. Bailliere, Tindall & Cassell. [VHD]Google Scholar
Denenberg, V. H. (1970) Experimental programming of life histories and the creation of individual differences: A review. In: Miami symposium on the prediction of behavior, 1968: Effects of early experience, ed. Jones, M. R.. University of Miami Press. [VHD]Google Scholar
Denenberg, V. H. (1977) Interactional effects in early experience research. In: Genetics, environment and intelligence, ed. Oliverio, A.. Elsevier. [VHD]Google Scholar
Denenberg, V. H. (1979) Paradigms and paradoxes in the study of behavioral development. In: Origins of the infant's social responsiveness, ed. Thoman, E.. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [VHD]Google Scholar
Denenberg, V. H. (1982) Early experience, interactive systems, and brain laterality in rodents. In: Facilitating infant and early childhood development, ed. Bond, L. A. & Joffe, J. M.. University Press of New England. [VHD]Google Scholar
Duck, S. W. (1982) Personal relationships, vol. 4, Dissolving personal relationships. Academic Press. [JCM]Google Scholar
Easterbrooks, M. A. & Lamb, M. E. (1979) The relationship between quality of infant-mother attachment and infant competence in initial encounters with peers. Child Development 50:380–87. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egeland, B., Breitenbucher, M., Dodds, M., Pastor, D. & Rosenberg, D. (1979) Life stress scale and scoring manual. University of Minnesota. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Egeland, B. & Farber, E. A. (in preparation) Antecedents of infant-mother attachment relationships in economically disadvantaged families. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Egeland, B. & Sroufe, L. A. (1981) Attachment and early maltreatment. Child Developtnent 52:44–52. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1970) Ethology: The biology of behavior. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. [JKK]Google Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1979) Human ethology: Concepts and implications for the sciences of man. Behacioral and Brain Sciences 2:1–57. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emde, R. N. (1978) Commentary in Sameroff, A. J., ed. Organization and stability of newborn behavior. Monographs for Social Research in Child Development, vol. 43, nos. 5–6. [SC]Google Scholar
Epstein, S. (1983) A research paradigm for the study of personality and emotions. In Personality – current theory and research, ed.Page, M. M.. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1982. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. [RTB]Google Scholar
Erickson, M. F. & Crichton, L. (1981) Antecedents of compliance in 2-year-olds from a high-risk sample. Paper presented to the Society for Research in Child Development, Boston. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Estes, D. (1981) Maternal behavior and security of attachment at 12 and 19 months. Master's thesis, University of Michigan. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Estes, D., Lamb, M. E., Thompson, R. A. & Dickstein, S. (1981) Maternal affective quality and security of attachment at 12 and 19 months. Paper presented to the Society for Research in Child Development, Boston. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Farber, E. A. (1981) Factors related to changes in infant-mother relationships. Paper presented to the Society for Research in Child Development, Boston. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Fleiss, J. L. (1971) Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters. Psychological Bulletin 76:378–82. [DVC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleiss, J. L. (1975) Measuring agreement between two judges on the presence or absence of a trait. Biometrics 31:651–59. [DVC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleiss, J. L. (1981) Statistical methods for rates and proportions. 2d ed.Wiley. [DVC]Google Scholar
Fleiss, J. L. & Cicchetti, D. V. (1978) Inference about weighted kappa in the non-null case. Applied Psychological Measurement 2:113–17. [DVC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleiss, J. L., Cohen, J. & Everitt, B. (1969) Large sample standard errors of kappa and weighted kappa. Psychological Bulletin 72:323–27. [DVC, taMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleiss, J. L. & Cuzick, J. (1979) The reliability of dichotomous judgments: Unequal numbers of judges per subject. Applied Psychological Measurement 3:537–42. [DVC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleiss, J. L., Nee, J. C. M. & Landis, J. R. (1979) The large sample variance of kappa in the case of different sets of raters. Psychological Bulletin 86:974–77. [DVC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freedman, D. G. (1964) Smiling in blind infants and the issue of innate versus acquired. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 5:171–84. [JKK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freedman, D. G. (1974) Human infancy: An evolutionary approach. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [DGF, JKK]Google Scholar
Freeman, D. (1983) Margaret Mead and Samoa: The making and unmaking of an anthropological myth. Harvard University Press. [JKK]Google Scholar
Gardner, W. P., Lamb, M. E. & Thompson, R. A. (in preparation) On the quantitative consistency of the Strange Situation classification system. [SF, taMEL]Google Scholar
Gardner, W. P. & Thompson, R. A. (1983) A cluster analytic evaluation of the Strange Situation classification system. Paper presented to the Society for Research in Child Development, Detroit. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Gewirtz, J. L. (1961) A learning analysis of the effects of normal stimulation, privation, and deprivation on the acquisition of social motivation and attachment. In Determinants of infant behaviour, ed. Foss, B. M.. Methuen/Wiley. [SBF]Google Scholar
Gewirtz, J. L. (1969) Mechanisms of social learning: Some roles of stimulation and behavior in early human development. In: Handbook of socialization theory and research, ed. Goslin, D. A.. Rand McNally. [SBP]Google Scholar
Gewirtz, J. L. (1972) On the selection and use of attachment and dependency indices. In: Attachment and dependency, ed. Gewirtz, J. L.. Winston. [SBP]Google Scholar
Gewirtz, J. L. & Boyd, E. F. (1977) Experiments on mother-infant interaction underlying mutual attachment acquisition: The infant conditions the mother. In: Attachment behavior: Advances in the study of communication and affect, vol. 3, ed. Alloway, T.Pliner, P., & Krames, L.. Plenum Press. [SBP]Google Scholar
Gewirtz, J. L. & Petrovich, S. B. (1982) Early social and attachment learning in the frame of organic and cultural evolution. In: Review of human development, ed. Field, T. M.Huston, A.Quay, H. C.Troll, L., & Finley, G. E.. Wiley. [SBP]Google Scholar
Ghiselin, M. T. (1974) The economy of nature and the evolution of sex. University of California Press. [MTG, taMEL]Google Scholar
Goldsmith, H. H. & Campos, J. J. (1982) Toward a theory of infant temperament. In: The development of attachment and affiliative systems, ed. Emde, R. N. & Harmon, R. J.. Plenum Press. [RTB]Google Scholar
Goodman, L. A. & Kruskal, W. H. (1954) Measures of association for cross-classifications. Journal of the American Statistical Association 49:732–64. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Gottman, J. M. & Levenson, R. W. (in press) Why marriages fail: Affective and physiological patterns in marital interaction. In: Boundary areas in psychology: Social and developmental, ed. Masters, J. & Yarkin-Levin, K.. Academic Press. [JCM]Google Scholar
Grossmann, K. & Grossmann, K. E. (1982) Maternal sensitivity to infants’ signals during the first year as related to the year old's behavior in Ainsworth's Strange Situation in a sample of northern German families. Paper presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Austin, Tex. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Grossmann, K., Grossmann, K. E., Spangler, G., Suess, G., & Unzner, L. (in press) Maternal sensitivity and newborns’ orientation responses as related to quality of attachment in northern Germany. In: Growing points in attachment theory and research, ed. Bretherton, I. & Waters, E.. Monograph of the Society for Research in Child Development. [KEG]Google Scholar
Grossmann, K. E. (1981) Infant and social environment interaction: Epistemological considerations behind the ethological approach. Paper presented to the Society for Research in Child Development, Boston. [KEG]Google Scholar
Grossmann, K. E. (1983) Historical contributions of German developmental psychology. Paper presented to the Society for Research in Child Development, Detroit. [KEG]Google Scholar
Grossmann, K. E. & Grossmann, K. (1983) Cultural and temperamental aspects of the avoidant attachment behavior patterns in infants. Paper presented to the Society for Research in Child Development, Detroit. [rMEL]Google Scholar
Grossmann, K. E., Grossmann, K., Huber, F. & Wartner, U. (1981) German children's behavior towards their mothers at 12 months and their fathers at 18 months in Ainsworth's Strange Situation. International Journal of Behavioral Development 4:157–81. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossmann, K. E., Schwan, Z. & Grossmann, K. (in preparation) Infants’ communications after brief separation: A reanalysis of Ainsworth's Strange Situation. In: Measuring emotions in infants and children, vol. 3, ed. Read, P. B. & Izard, C. E.. [KEG]Google Scholar
Gubernick, D. (1981) Parent and infant attachment in mammals. In: Parental care in mammals, ed. Gubernick, D. & Klopfer, P.. Plenum Press. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haith, M. (1982) Attachment research: Prospect and progress. In: The development of attachment and affiliative systems, ed. Emde, R. N. & Harmon, R. J.. Plenum Press. [RTB]Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. D. (1964) The genetical theory of social behavior. Journal of Theoretical Biology 7:1–52. [taMEL, SBP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hausfater, G. (1973) Dominance and reproduction in baboons (Papiocyncephalis), a quantitative analysis. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago. [DGF]Google Scholar
Hay, D. F. (1980) Multiple functions of proximity-seeking in infancy. Child Development 51:636–45. [DFH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayashi, H. (1972) The development of the smile in infancy. Japanese Journal of Child Psychiatry 13:317–22. [JKK]Google Scholar
Hazen, N. L. & Durrett, M. E. (1982) Relationship of security of attachment to exploration and cognitive mapping abilities in 2-year-olds. Developmental Psychology 18:751–59. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heavens, R. Jr, & Ciechetti, D. V. (1978) A computer program for calculating rater agreement and bias statistics using contingency table input. Proceedings of the American Statistical Association (Statistical Computing Section) 21:366–70. [DVC]Google Scholar
Hebb, D. O. (1946) On the nature of fear. Psychological Review 53:259–76. [RTB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinde, R. A. (1982) Attachment: Some conceptual and biological issues. In: The place of attachment in human behavior, ed. Stevenson-Hinde, J. & Parkes, C. Murray. Basic Books. [taMEL, EAS]Google Scholar
Hoffman, H. S. & DePaulo, P. (1977) Behavioral control by an imprinting stimulus. American Scientist 65:58–66. [SBP]Google ScholarPubMed
Hoffman, H. S. & Ratner, A. M. (1973) A reinforcement model of imprinting: Implications for socialization in monkeys and man. Psychological Review 80:527–44. [SBP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, J. L., Wille, D. E., Tianen, R. L. & Aytch, D. M. (1983) The influence of infant-mother attachment on toddler sociability with peers. Paper presented to the Society for Research in Child Development, Detroit. [rMEL]Google Scholar
Joffe, L. (1981) The quality of mother-infant attachment and its relationship to compliance with maternal commands and prohibitions. Paper presented to the Society for Research in Child Development, Boston. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Johnson, H. M. (1954) On verifying hypotheses by verifying their implicates. American Journal of Psychology 67:723–27. [JCM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaila, E. (1932) Die Reaktion des Saeuglings auf das menschliche Gesicht. Annales Universitatis, fennicae, Aboensis, Series B, 17:1–114. [JKK]Google Scholar
Kazdin, A. E. & Tuma, A. H., eds. (1982) Single-case research designs. Jossey-Bass. [VHD]Google Scholar
Konner, M. (1977) Evolution of human behavior development. In: Culture ana infancy: Variations in human experience, ed. Leiderman, P. H.Tulkin, S. & A. Rosenfeld. Academic Press. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Kovach, M. E. & Kovach, J. K. (1983a) Reciprocal processes of early attachment: I. Maternal behavior and infant smile. In preparation. [JKK]Google Scholar
Kovach, M. E. & Kovach, J. K. (1983b) Reciprocal processes of early attachment: II. Maternal attitude and infant smile. In preparation. [JKK]Google Scholar
Lahey, M. A., Downey, R. G. & Saal, F. E. (1983) Intraclass correlations: There's more there than meets the eye. Psychological Bulletin 93:586–95. [DVC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
L'aillier, L. (1961) Smiling as a result of aural stimuli. Doctoral dissertation, University of Montreal. [JKK]Google Scholar
Lamb, M. E. (1981a) Developing trust and perceived effectance in infancy. In: Advances in infancy research, vol. 1, ed. Lipsitt, L. P.. Ablex. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Lamb, M. E. (1981b) The development of social expectations in the first year of life. In: Infant social cognition: Empirical and theoretical considerations, ed. Lamb, M. E. & Sherro, L. R.. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [tarMEL]Google Scholar
Lamb, M. E. (1982a) Individual differences in infant sociability: Their origins and implications for cognitive development. In: Advances in child development and behavior, vol. 16, ed. Reese, H. W. & Lipsitt, L. P.. Academic Press. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Lamb, M. E. (1982b) On the familial origins of personality and social style. In: The family as a learning environment, ed. Laosa, L. & Sigel, I.. Plenum Press. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Lamb, M. E. & Easterbrooks, M. A. (1981) Individual differences in parental sensitivity: Origins, components, and consequences. In: Infant-social cognition: Empirical and theoretical considerations, ed. Lamb, M. E. & Sherrod, L. R.. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [rMEL]Google Scholar
Lamb, M. E., Gaensbauer, T. J., Malkin, C. M. & Shultz, L. (in preparation) The effects of child abuse and neglect on security of infant-adult attachment. [tarMEL]Google Scholar
Lamb, M. E., Hwang, C. P., Frodi, A. & Frodi, M. (1982) Security of mother- and father-infant attachment and its relation to sociability with strangers in traditional and non-traditional Swedish families. Infant Behavior and Development 5:355–67. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landis, J. R., Kemp, P. L., Stanish, W. M. & Koch, G. G. (1978) RHOCAT: A computer program for estimating variance components and reliability coefficients for categorical data. Paper presented at a meeting of the American Statistical Association in San Diego, Calif. [DVC]Google Scholar
Landis, J. R. & Koch, G. G. (1977) The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 33:159–74. [DVC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawlis, G. F. & Lu, E. (1972) Judgment of counseling process: Reliability, agreement, and error. Psychological Bulletin 78:17–20. [DVC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, M., Feiring, C, McGuffog, C. & Jaskir, J. (1984) Predicting psychopathology in six year olds from early social relations. Child Development 55, in press. [SF]Google ScholarPubMed
Lieberman, A. F. (1977) Preschoolers’ competence with a peer: Relations with attachment and peer experience. Child Development 48:1277–87. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Londerville, S. & Main, M. (1981) Security of attachment, compliance, and maternal training methods in the second year of life. Developmental Psychology 17:289–99. [tar MEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lumsden, C. J. & Wilson, E. O. (1981) Genes, mind and culture. Harvard University Press. [SBP]Google Scholar
Lumsden, C. J. & Wilson, E. O. (1982) Précis of Genes, mind, and culture. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5:1–38. [taMEL]Google Scholar
McCall, R. B. (1977) Challenges to a science of developmental psychology. Child Development 48:333–44. [SC, rMEL]Google Scholar
MacCorquodale, K. & Meehl, P. E. (1948) On a distinction between hypothetical constructs and intervening variables. Psychological Review 55:95–107. [JCM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Main, M. (1973) Exploration, play and cognitive functioning as related to child-mother attachment. Ph.D. dissertation, Johns Hopkins University. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Main, M. (1981) Avoidance in the service of attachment: A working paper. In: Behavioral development: The Bielefeld interdisciplinary project, ed. Immelmann, K.Barlow, G.Main, M. & Petrinovich, L.. Cambridge University Press. [tarMEL]Google Scholar
Main, M. B. & Stadtman, J. (1981) Infant response to rejection of physical contact by the mother. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 20:292–307. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Main, M. B., Tomasini, L. & Tolan, W. (1979) Differences among mothers of infants judged to differ in security. Developmental Psychology 15:472–73. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Main, M. B. & Weston, D. R. (1981) Security of attachment to mother and father: Related to conflict behavior and the readiness to establish new relationships. Child Development 52:932–40. [RTB, taMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Main, M. B. & Weston, D. R. (1982) Avoidance of the attachment figure in infancy: Descriptions and interpretations. In: The place of attachment in human infancy, ed. Stevenson-Hinde, J. & Parkes, C. Murray. Basic Books. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Maslin, C. A. & Bates, J. E. (1982) Anxious attachment as a predictor of disharmony in the mother-toddler relationship. Paper presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Austin, Tex. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Masters, J. C. (1978) Implicit assumptions regarding the singularity of attachment: A note on the validity and heuristic value of a mega-construct. Behavioraland Brain Sciences 1:452–53. [JCM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masters, J. C. & Wellman, H. M. (1974) Human infant attachment: A procedural critique. Psychological Bulletin 81:213–37. [DFH, taMEL, JCM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matas, L., Arend, R. A. & Sroufe, L. A. (1978) Continuity of adaptation in the second year: The relationship between quality of attachment and later competence. Child Development 49:547–56. [SF, tarMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mischel, W. & Peake, P. K. (1983) Analyzing the construction of consistency in personality. In Personality – current theory and research, ed. Page, M. M.. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1982. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. [RTB]Google Scholar
Miyake, K., Chen, S-J., Ujüe, T., Tajima, N., Satoh, K. & Takahashi, K. (1981–1982) Infant's temperamental disposition, mother's mode of interaction, quality of attachment, and infant's receptivity to socialization-interim progress report (1981–82). Research and Clinical Center of Child Development, annual report. Faculty of Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. [rMEL]Google Scholar
Murphy, G. (1947) Personality: A biosocial approach to origins and structure. Harper. [EAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, L. B. (1964) Some aspects of the first relationship. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 45:31–43. [DFH]Google ScholarPubMed
Nesselroade, J. & Baltes, P., eds. (1979) Longitudinal research in the study of behavior and development. Academic Press. [rMEL]Google Scholar
Novak, M. A. & Harlow, H. F. (1975) Social recovery of monkeys isolated for the first years of life. Developmental Psychology 11:453–65. [PHK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Page, M. M., ed. (1983) Personality – current theory and research. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1982. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. [RTB]Google Scholar
Parker, G. A. & MacNair, M. R. (1979) Models of parent-offspring conflict IV. Suppression: Evolutionary retaliation by the parent. Animal Behavior 27:1210–35. [rMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pastor, D. L. (1980) The quality of mother-infant attachment and its relationship to toddlers’ initial sociability with peers. Paper presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, New Haven. [tarMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pastor, D. L. (1981) The quality of mother-infant attachment and its relationship to toddlers’ initial sociability with peers. Developmental Psychology 17:326–35. [DVC, SF, tarMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pastor, D., Vaughn, B., Dodds, M. & Egeland, B. (1981) The effect of different family patterns on the quality of mother-infant attachment. Paper presented to the Society for Research in Child Development, Boston. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Pentz, T. (1975) Facilitation of language acquisition: The role of the mother. Ph.D. dissertation, Johns Hopkins University. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Petrovich, S. B. (1978a) Adaptation and evolution of behavior. In: Dimensions of behavior, ed. Balis, G. U.Wurmser, L.McDaniel, E. & Grenell, R. G.. Butterworth. [SBP]Google Scholar
Petrovich, S. B. (1978b) Extrapolations from ethological studies. In: Dimensions of behavior, ed. Balis, G. U.Wurmser, L.McDaniel, E. & Grenell, R. G.. Butterworth. [SBP]Google Scholar
Plotkin, H. C. & Odling-Smee, F. J. (1981) A multiple-level model of evolution and its implications for sociobiology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:225–68. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rajecki, D. W., Lamb, M. E. & Obmascher, P. (1978) Toward a general theory of infantile attachment: A comparative review of aspects of the social bond. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:417–64. [taMEL, JCM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rheingold, H. L. & Eckerman, C. O. (1973) Fear of the stranger: A critical examination. In: Advances in child development and behavior, ed. Reese, H. W.. Academic Press. [RTB]Google Scholar
Riedl, R. (1980) Biologie der Erkennlnis. Die stammesgeschichtlichen Grundlagen der Vernunft (Biology of knowledge, phylogenetic bases of reason). Parey. [KEG]Google Scholar
Rosen, K. S. & Cicchetti, D. (1983) The relationship between affect and cognition in maltreated infants: Quality of attachment and the development of self-recognition. Paper presented to the Society for Research in Child Development, Detroit. [rMEL]Google Scholar
Rothbart, M. K. & Derryberry, D. (1981) Development of individual differences in temperament. In: Advances in developmental psychology vol. 1, ed. Lamb, M. E. & Brown, A. L.. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [SF]Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1979) Maternal deprivation, 1972–1978: New findings, new concepts, new approaches. Child Development 50:283–305. [EAS]Google Scholar
Sagi, A., Lamb, M. E., Lewkowicz, K. S., Shoham, R., Dvir, R. & Estes, D. (in press) Security of infant-mother, father, and -metapelet attachments among kibbutz-reared Israeli children. In Growing points in attachment theory and research, ed. Bretherton, I. & Waters, E.. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. [tarMEL]Google Scholar
Salzen, E. A. (1968) The application of imprinting. Science and Psychoanalysis 12:184–89. [EAS]Google Scholar
Salzen, E. A. (1978) Social attachment and a sense of security – A review. Social Science Information 17:555–627. [EAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saunders, D. R. (1956) Moderator variables in prediction. Educational and Psychological Measurement 16:209–22. [RTB]Google Scholar
Shrout, P. E. & Fleiss, J. L. (1979) Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin 86:420–28. [DVC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spitz, R. A. (1945) Hospitalism: Psychoanalytic study of the child. International Universities Press. [JKK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spitz, R. A. & Wolf, K. M. (1946) The smiling response: A contribution to the ontogenesis of social relations. Genetic Psychology Monographs 34: 57–125. [JKK]Google Scholar
Sroufe, L. A. (1978) Attachment and the roots of competence. Human Nature 1(10):50–57. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Sroufe, L. A. (1979) The coherence of individual development. American Psychologist 34:834–41. [tarMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sroufe, L. A. (1983) Infant-caregiver attachment and patterns of adaptation in preschool: The roots of maladaptation and competence. Development and policy concerning children with special needs, ed. Perlmutter, M.. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [KEG]Google Scholar
Sroufe, L. A. (1979) Individual patterns of adaptation from infancy to preschool. In: Minnesota symposium on child psychology, vol. 16, ed. Perlmutter, M.. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [taMEL, JCM]Google Scholar
Sroufe, L. A. & Matas, L. (n.d.) Continuity of adaptation in the second year: The relationship between quality of attachment and later competent functioning. University of Minnesota. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Sroufe, L. A. & Rosenberg, D. (1982) Coherence of individual adaptation in lower class infants and toddlers. Paper presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Austin, Tex. [SF, taMEL]Google Scholar
Sroufe, L. A. & Waters, E. (1977) Attachment as an organizational construct. Child Development 48:1184–99. [DFH, taMEL]Google Scholar
Sroufe, L. A. (1982) Issues of temperament and attachment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 52:743–46. [SF, taMEL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stayton, D. J. & Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1973) Individual differences in infant responses to brief, everyday separations as related to other infant and maternal behaviors. Developmental Psychology 9:226–35. [SF, taMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stayton, D., Hogan, R. & Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1971) Infant obedience and maternal behavior: The origins of socialization reconsidered. Child Development 42:1057–69. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stearns, S. C. (1976) Life-history tactics: A review of the ideas. Quarterly Review of Biology 51:3–47. [tarMEL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stearns, S. C. (1977) The evolution of life-history traits: A critique of the theory and a review of the data. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 8:145–71. [tarMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Symons, D. (1980) Multiple book review of The evolution of human sexuality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:171–214. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thoman, E. B. (1981) Early communication as the prelude to later adaptive behaviors. In: Psychosocial influences in retarded performance, ed. Begab, M. J.Haywood, H. C. & Garber, H. L.. University Park Press. [VHD]Google Scholar
Thoman, E. B., Acebo, C. & Becker, P. T. (1983) Infant crying and stability in the mother-infant relationship: A systems analysis. Child Development 54:653–59. [VHD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, A. & Chess, S. (1980) The dynamics of psychological development. Bruner/Mazel. [CJM]Google Scholar
Thomas, A., Chess, S. & Birch, H. G. (1968) Temperament and behavior disorders in children. New York University Press. [CJM]Google Scholar
Thompson, J. (1941) Development of facial expression of emotion in blind and seeing children. Archives of psychology, ed. .Woodworth, R. S. Columbia University Press. [JKK]Google Scholar
Thompson, R. A. & Lamb, M. E. (1983a) Individual differences in dimensions of socioemotional development in infancy. In: Emotion: theory, research, and experience, vol. 2, Emotions in early development, ed. Plutchik, R. & Kellerman, H.. Academic Press. [rMEL]Google Scholar
Thompson, R. A. & Lamb, M. E. (1983b) Infants, mothers, families, and strangers. In: Beyond the dyad, ed. Lewis, M. & Rosenblum, L. A.. Plenum Press. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Thompson, R. A. & Lamb, M. E. (1983c) Security of attachment and stranger sociability in infancy. Developmental Psychology 19:184–91. [SF, taMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, R. A., Lamb, M. E. & Estes, D. (1982) Stability of infant-mother attachment and its relationship to changing life circumstances in an unselected middle class sample. Child Development 53:144–48. [SF, taMEL, EAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, R. A., Lamb, M. E. & Estes, D. (1983) Harmonizing discordant notes: A reply to Waters. Child Development 54:521–24. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Tolan, W. J. & Tomasini, L. (1977) Mothers of “secure” vs. “insecure” babies differ themselves nine months later. Paper presented to the Society for Research in Child Development, New Orleans. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Tomkins, S. S. (1963) Affect, imagery, consciousness, vol. 2, The negative affects. Springer. [EAS]Google Scholar
Tracy, R. L. & Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1981) Maternal affectionate behavior and infant-mother attachment patterns. Child Development 52:1341–43. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tracy, R. L., Farish, G. D. & Bretherton, I. (1980) Exploration as related to infant-mother attachment in one-year-olds. Paper presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, New Haven. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Trivers, R. L. (1974) Parent-offspring conflict. American Zoologist 14:249–64. [taMEL, SBP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyrer, P., Alexander, M., Cicchetti, D. V., Cohen, M. & Remington, M. (1979) Reliability of a schedule for rating personality disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry 135:168–74. [DVC]Google Scholar
van den Berghe, P. (1983) Human inbreeding avoidance: Culture in nature. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:91–123. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaughn, B., Crichton, L. & Egeland, B. (1982) Individual differences in qualities of caregiving during the first six months of life: Antecedents in maternal and infant behavior during the newborn period. Infant Behavior and Development 5:77–95. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaughn, B., Egeland, B., Sroufe, L. A. & Waters, E. (1979) Individual differences in infant-mother attachment at twelve and eighteen months: Stability and change in families under stress. Child Development 50:971–75. [SF, taMEL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaughn, B., Gove, F. & Egeland, B. (1980) The relationship between out-of-home care and the quality of infant-mother attachment in an economically disadvantaged sample. Child Development 51:1203–14. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaughn, B., Taraldson, B., Crichton, L. & Egeland, B. (1980) Relationships between neonatal behavioral organization and infant behavior during the first year of life. Infant Behavior and Development 3:47–66. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waters, E. (1977) The stability of individual differences in infant-mother attachment. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Waters, E. (1978) The reliability and stability of individual differences in infant-mother attachment. Child Development 49:483–94. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Waters, E. (1983) The stability of individual differences in infant attachment: Comments on the Thompson, Lamb, and Estes contribution. Child Development 54:516–20. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waters, E. & Deane, D. (1982) Infant-mother attachment: Theories, models, recent data, and some tasks for comparative developmental analysis. In: Parenting: Its causes and consequences, ed. Hoffman, L. W.Gandelman, R. & Schiffman, H. R.. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [taMEL]Google Scholar
Waters, E., Hay, D. F. & Richters, J. III. (in press) Infant-parent attachment and the origins of prosocial and antisocial behavior. In: The development of prosocial and antisocial behavior, ed. Olweus, D.Block, J. & Radke-Yarrow, M.. Academic Press. [DFH]Google Scholar
Waters, E. & Sroufe, L. A. (1983) A road careened into the woods: Comments on Dr. Morrison's commentary. Developmental Review 3:108–14. [DFH]Google Scholar
Waters, E., Vaughn, B. & Egeland, B. (1980) Individual differences in infant-mother attachment relationships at age one: Antecedents in neonatal behavior in an urban, economically disadvantaged sample. Child Development 51:208–16. [taMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waters, E., Wippman, J. & Sroufe, L. A. (1979) Attachment, positive affect, and competence in the peer group: Two studies in construct validation. Child Development 50:821–29. [tarMEL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weisz, J. R. (1978) Transcontextual validity in developmental research. Child Development 49:1–12. [rMEL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, G. C. (1966) Adaptation and natural selection: A critique of some current evolutionary thought. Princeton University Press. [DFH]Google Scholar
Wolff, P. H. (1963) Observations on the early development of smiling. In: Determinants of infant behaviour, vol. 2, ed. Foss, B. M.. Wiley. [JKK]Google Scholar
Wolff, P. H. (1966) The causes, controls, and organization of behavior in the newborn. Psychological Issues 5 (1), whole no. 17. [JKK]Google Scholar