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The evolution of foresight: What is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 October 2007

Thomas Suddendorf  and
Michael C. Corballis
Thomas Suddendorf
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, [email protected]
Michael C. Corballis
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New [email protected]
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Abstract

In a dynamic world, mechanisms allowing prediction of future situations can provide a selective advantage. We suggest that memory systems differ in the degree of flexibility they offer for anticipatory behavior and put forward a corresponding taxonomy of prospection. The adaptive advantage of any memory system can only lie in what it contributes for future survival. The most flexible is episodic memory, which we suggest is part of a more general faculty of mental time travel that allows us not only to go back in time, but also to foresee, plan, and shape virtually any specific future event. We review comparative studies and find that, in spite of increased research in the area, there is as yet no convincing evidence for mental time travel in nonhuman animals. We submit that mental time travel is not an encapsulated cognitive system, but instead comprises several subsidiary mechanisms. A theater metaphor serves as an analogy for the kind of mechanisms required for effective mental time travel. We propose that future research should consider these mechanisms in addition to direct evidence of future-directed action. We maintain that the emergence of mental time travel in evolution was a crucial step towards our current success.

Keywords

animal cognitioncognitive evolutioncomparative psychologyepisodic memorymemory systemsmental time travelplanningprospection
Type
Main Articles
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 30 , Issue 3 , June 2007 , pp. 299 - 313
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2007

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