Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T03:26:49.061Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Consciousness, accessibility, and the mesh between psychology and neuroscience

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 March 2008

Ned Block
Ned Block
Affiliation:
Department of Philosophy, New York University, New York, NY [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

How can we disentangle the neural basis of phenomenal consciousness from the neural machinery of the cognitive access that underlies reports of phenomenal consciousness? We see the problem in stark form if we ask how we can tell whether representations inside a Fodorian module are phenomenally conscious. The methodology would seem straightforward: Find the neural natural kinds that are the basis of phenomenal consciousness in clear cases – when subjects are completely confident and we have no reason to doubt their authority – and look to see whether those neural natural kinds exist within Fodorian modules. But a puzzle arises: Do we include the machinery underlying reportability within the neural natural kinds of the clear cases? If the answer is “Yes,” then there can be no phenomenally conscious representations in Fodorian modules. But how can we know if the answer is “Yes”? The suggested methodology requires an answer to the question it was supposed to answer! This target article argues for an abstract solution to the problem and exhibits a source of empirical data that is relevant, data that show that in a certain sense phenomenal consciousness overflows cognitive accessibility. I argue that we can find a neural realizer of this overflow if we assume that the neural basis of phenomenal consciousness does not include the neural basis of cognitive accessibility and that this assumption is justified (other things being equal) by the explanations it allows.

Keywords

access consciousnessaccessibilitychange blindnessconsciousnessmind/body problemNCCphenomenal consciousnessrefrigerator light illusionreportabilityunconsciousvegetative stateworking memory
Type
Main Articles
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 30 , Issue 5-6 , December 2007 , pp. 481 - 499
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adelson, E. H. (1978) Iconic storage: The role of rods. Science 201:544–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aimola Davies, A. M. (2004) Disorders of spatial orientation and awareness: Cognitive and behavioral rehabilitation: From neurobiology to clinical practice Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Alkire, M. T. & Miller, J. (2005) General anesthesia and the neural correlates of consciousness. Progress in Brain Research 150:229–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aristotle (1955) On dreams. In: Aristotle. Parva naturalia, ed. Ross, W. D., pp. 175–223. Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, D. M. (1977) The causal theory of the mind. Neue Heft für Philosophie 11:82–95.Google Scholar
Baars, B. J. (1988) A cognitive theory of consciousness Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baars, B. J. (1997) In the theater of consciousness: The workspace of the mind Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartels, A. & Zeki, S. (2004) Functional brain mapping during free viewing of natural scenes. Human Brain Mapping 21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Basso, A., Speinnler, H., Vallar, G. & Zanobio, M. E. (1982) Left hemisphere damage and selective impairment of auditory verbal short term memory: A case study. Neuropsychologia 20:263–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Block, N. (1978) Troubles with functionalism. Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science 9:261–325.Google Scholar
Block, N. (1980) What is functionalism? In: Readings in the philosophy of psychology, ed. Block, N., pp. 171–84. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Block, N. (1990) Consciousness and accessibility. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13(4):596–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Block, N. (1992) Begging the question against phenomenal consciousness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15(2):205–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Block, N. (1995a) How many concepts of consciousness? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18(2):272–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Block, N. (1995b) On a confusion about a function of consciousness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18(2):227–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Block, N. (1997) Biology versus computation in the study of consciousness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20(1):159–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Block, N. (2001) Paradox and cross purposes in recent work on consciousness. Cognition 79(1–2):197–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Block, N. (2005) Two neural correlates of consciousness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9(2):46–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Block, N. & Dworkin, G. (1974) IQ, heritability, and inequality I. Philosophy and Public Affairs 3(4):331–409.Google Scholar
Boghossian, P. A. (2006) Fear of knowledge: Against relativism and constructivism Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brentano, F. (1874/1924) Psychologie vom Empirischen Standpunkt Felix Meiner.Google Scholar
Britten, K. H., Shadlen, M. N., Newsome, W. T. & Movshon, A. (1992) The analysis of visual motion: A comparison of neuronal and psychophysical performance. Journal of Neuroscience 12:4745–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burge, T. (2006) Reflections on two kinds of consciousness. In: Philosophical essays, vol. II: Foundations of mind, ed. Burge, T., pp. 392–419. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Byrne, A. (2004) What phenomenal consciousness is like. In: Higher order theories of consciousness, ed. Gennaro, R.. John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Carrasco, M. (2007) Visual attention alters appearance: Psychophysical studies of subjective experience. In: Oxford companion to consciousness, ed. Wilken, P., Bayne, T. & Cleeremans, A.. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Carrasco, M., Ling, S. & Read, S. (2004) Attention alters appearance. Nature Neuroscience 7(3):308–313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carruthers, P. (2000) Phenomenal consciousness: A naturalistic theory Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caston, V. (2002) Aristotle on consciousness. Mind 111(444):751–815.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cattell, J. M. (1885) The inertia of the eye and brain. Brain 8(3):295–312.Google Scholar
Chalmers, D. (1996) The conscious mind: In search of a fundamental theory Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chalmers, D. (1997) Availability: The cognitive basis of experience. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20(1):148–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chalmers, D. (1998) On the search for the neural correlate of consciousness. In: Toward a science of consciousness II: The second Tucson discussions and debates, ed. Hameroff, S., Kaszniak, A. & Scott, A., pp. 219–30. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Chalmers, D. (2000) What is a neural correlate of consciousness? In: Neural correlates of consciousness: Empirical and conceptual issues, ed. Metzinger, T., pp. 17–40. MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchland, P. S. (1986) Neurophilosophy: Toward a unified science of the mind-brain MIT Press.Google Scholar
Churchland, P. S. (1994) Can neurobioloby teach us anything about consciousness? American Philosophical Association Proceedings 67(4):23–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchland, P. S. (2002) Brain-wise: Studies in neurophilosophy MIT Press.Google Scholar
Churchland, P. S. (2005) A neurophilosophical slant on consciousness research. Progress in Brain Research 149:285–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, J. (2002) The grand illusion illusion. Journal of Consciousness Studies 9(5–6):141–57.Google Scholar
Coltheart, M. (1980) Iconic memory and visible persistence. Perception and Psychophysics 27(3):183–228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cowan, N. (2001) The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24:87–185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cowan, N., Morey, C. & Chen, Z. (2007) The legend of the magical number seven. In: Tall tales about the brain: Things we think we know about the mind, but ain't so, ed. Della Sala, S., pp. 45–59. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cowey, A. & Walsh, V. (2000) Magnetically induced phosphenes in sighted, blind and blindsighted subjects. NeuroReport 11:3269–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crick, F. & Koch, C. (1995) Are we aware of neural activity in primary visual cortex? Nature 375:121–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Curtis, C. & D'Esposito, M. (2003) Persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex during working memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7(9):415–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Damasio, A. (1999) The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness Harcourt Brace.Google Scholar
de Fockert, J. W., Rees, G., Frith, C. D. & Lavie, N. (2001) The role of working memory in visual selective attention. Science 291:1803–06.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dehaene, S. & Changeux, J. P. (2004) Neural mechanisms for access to consciousness. In: The cognitive neurosciences III, ed. Gazzaniga, M., pp. 1145–58. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Dehaene, S., Changeux, J.-P., Naccache, L., Sackur, J. & Sergant, C. (2006) Conscious, preconscious, and subliminal processing: A testable taxonomoy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 10(5):204–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dehaene, S., Kerszberg, M. & Changeux, J.-P. (1998) A neuronal model of a global workspace in effortful cognitive tasks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95:14529–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dehaene, S. & Naccache, L. (2001) Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness: Basic evidence and a workspace framework. Cognition 79(1–2):1–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demkiw, P. & Michaels, C. (1976) Motion information in iconic memory. Acta Psychologica 40:257–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dennett, D. C. (1988) Quining Qualia. In: Consciousness in contemporary science, ed. Marcel, A. & Bisiach, E., pp. 381–414. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1991) Consciousness explained Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1993) The message is: There is no medium. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 53(4):889–931.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (2001) Are we explaining consciousness yet? Cognition 79:221–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Di Lollo, V. (1980) Temporal integration in visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 109:75–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dretske, F. (2004) Change blindness. Philosophical Studies 120(1–3):1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Driver, J. & Vuilleumier, P. (2001) Perceptual awareness and its loss in unilateral neglect and extinction. Cognition 79(1–2):39–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edelman, G. M. (2004) Wider than the sky: The phenomenal gift of consciousness Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Engel, G. R. (1970) An investigation of visual responses to brief stereoscopic stimuli. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 22:148–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feigenson, L. & Carey, S. (2003) Tracking individuals via object files: Evidence from infants' manual search. Developmental Science 6:568–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feigenson, L., Carey, S. & Hauser, M. (2002) The representations underlying infants’ choice of more: Object files versus analog magnitudes. Psychological Science 13:150–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fodor, J. A. (1983) The modularity of mind MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuster, J. M. (1973) Unit activity in prefrontal cortex during delayed-response performance: Neuronal correlates of transient memory. Journal of Neurophysiology 36:61–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gazzaniga, M. S., Ivry, R. & Mangun, G. (2002) Cognitive neuroscience: The biology of the mind W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Gill, N. F. & Dallenbach, K. M. (1926) A preliminary study of the range of attention. The American Journal of Psychology 37(2):247–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman-Rakic, P. (1987) Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory. In: Handbook of physiology: The nervous system, higher functions of the brain, ed. Plum, F., pp. 373–417. American Physiological Society.Google Scholar
Grill-Spector, K., Sayres, R. & Ress, D. (2006) High-resolution imaging reveals highly selective nonface clusters in the fusiform face area. Nature Neuroscience 9:1177–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grill-Spector, K., Sayres, R. & Ress, D. (2007) Corrigendum. Nature Neuroscience 10:133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanley, J. R., Young, H. W. & Pearson, N. A. (1991) Impairment of visuo-spatial sketch pad. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A 43:101–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harman, G. (1965) The inference to the best explanation. The Philosophical Review 74(1):88–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasselmo, M. E. & Stern, C. E. (2006) Mechanisms underlying working memory for novel information. Trends in cognitive sciences 10(11):487–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasson, U., Nir, Y., Levy, I., Fuhrmann, G. & Malach, R. (2004) Intersubject synchronization of cortical activity during natural vision. Science 303(5664):1634–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hauser, M., Carey, S. & Hauser, L. (2000) Spontaneous number representation in semi-free-ranging rhesus monkeys. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences 267:829–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haynes, J. D. & Rees, G. (2006) Decoding mental states from brain activity in humans. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7(7):523–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heath, R. G., Carpenter, M. B., Mettler, F. A. & Kline, N. S. (1949) Visual apparatus: Visual fields and acuity, color vision, autokinesis. In: Selective partial ablation of the frontal cortex: A correlative study of its effects on human psychotic subjects; problems of the human brain, ed. Mettler, F. A., pp. 489–91. P. B. Hoeber.Google Scholar
Heeger, D. J., Boynton, G. M., Demb, J. B., Seideman, E. & Newsome, W. T. (1999) Motion opponency in visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 19:7162–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hopkin, M. (2006) ‘Vegetative’ patient shows signs of conscious thought. Nature 443(7108):132–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huk, A. C., Ress, D. & Heeger, D. J. (2001) Neuronal basis of the motion aftereffect reconsidered. Neuron 32:161–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huntley-Fenner, G., Carey, S. & Solimando, A. (2002) Objects are individuals but stuff doesn't count: Perceived rigidity and cohesiveness influence infants' representations of small numbers of discreet entities. Cognition 85:203–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, W. (1890) Principles of psychology Henry Holt.Google Scholar
Kamitani, Y. & Tong, F. (2005) Decoding the visual and subjective contents of the human brain. Nature Neuroscience 8:679–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kammer, T. (1999) Phosphenes and transient scotomas induced by magnetic stimulation of the occipital lobe: Their topographic relationship. Neuropsychologia 37:191–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kanwisher, N. (2001) Neural events and perceptual awareness. Cognition 79:89–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kammer, T. (2006) What's in a face? Science 311(5761):617–18.Google Scholar
Kammer, T. (2007) Does the fusiform face area contain subregions highly selective for nonfaces? Nature Neuroscience 10(1):3–4.Google Scholar
Kobes, B. (1995) Access and what it is like. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18(2):260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koch, C. (2004) The quest for consciousness: A neurobiological approach Roberts.Google Scholar
Kouider, S., Dehaene, S., Jobert, A. & Le Bihan, D. (2007) Cerebral bases of subliminal and supraliminal priming during reading. Cerebral Cortex 17(9):2019–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kourtzi, Z. & Kanwisher, N. (2000) Activation in human MT/MST by static images with implied motion. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12:48–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kriegel, U. (2005) Naturalizing subjective character. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 71:23–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kriegel, U. & Williford, K. (2006) Self-representational approaches to consciousness MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kriegeskorte, N., Sorger, B., Naumer, M., Scwarzbach, J., van den Boogert, E., Hussy, W. & Goebel, R. (2003) Human cortical object recognition from a visual motion flowfield. Journal of Neuroscience 23(4):1451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lamme, V. A. F. (2003) Why visual attention and awareness are different. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7(1):12–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lamme, V. A. F. (2006) Towards a true neural stance on consciousness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 10(11):494–501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Landman, R., Spekreijse, H. & Lamme, V. A. F. (2003) Large capacity storage of integrated objects before change blindness. Vision Research 43(2):149–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laureys, S. (2005) The neural correlate of (un)awareness: Lessons from the vegetative state. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9(2):556–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levine, J. (1983) Materialism and qualia: The explanatory gap. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 64:354–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, J. (2001) Purple haze: The puzzle of consciousness Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, J. (2006) Conscious awareness and (self)representation. In: Self-representational approaches to consciousness, ed. Kriegel, U. & K, pp. 173–97. Williford. MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Llinás, R. R. (2001) I of the vortex MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Llinás, R. R., Ribary, U., Contreras, D. & Pedroarena, C. (1998) The neuronal basis for consciousness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 353:1841–49.Google ScholarPubMed
Loftus, G. & Irwin, D. (1998) On the relations among different measures of visible and informational persistence. Cognitive Psychology 35:135–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Long, G. (1980) Iconic memory: A review and critique of the study of short term visual storage. Psychological Bulletin 88:785–820.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Long, G. (1985) The variety of visual persistence: Comments on Yeomas and Irwin. Perception and Psychophysics 38:381–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luck, S. J. & Vogel, E. K. (1997) The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions. Nature 390:279–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lycan, W. (1996) Consciousness and experience MIT Press.Google Scholar
McConkie, G. W. & Rayner, K. (1975) The span of the effective stimulus during a fixation in reading. Perception and Psychophysics 17:578–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McConkie, G. W. & Zola, D. (1979) Is visual information integrated across successive fixations in reading? Perception and Psychophysics 25:221–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McElree, B. (2006) Accessing recent events. In: The psychology of learning and motivation, vol 46, ed. Ross, B. H., pp 155–201. Academic Press.Google Scholar
McGinn, C. (1991) The problem of consciousness Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, B. P. (1992) The rise and fall of British emergentism. In: Emergence or reduction?: Prospects for nonreductive physicalism, ed. Beckermann, A., Flohr, H. & Kim, J., pp. 49–93. De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Merker, B. (2007) Consciousness without a cerebral cortex: A challenge for neuroscience and medicine. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30:63–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metzinger, T. (2003) Being no one MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, G. (1956) The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review 63:81–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minsky, M. (1986) The society of mind Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Mullen, K. T. (2006b) Psychology. Is she conscious? Science 313(5792):1395–96.Google Scholar
Nagel, T. (1974) What is it like to be a bat? The Philosophical Review 83(4):435–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakayama, K. (1990) The iconic bottleneck and the tenuous link between early visual processing and perception. In: Vision: Coding and efficiency, ed. Blakemore, C., pp. 411–22. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nakayama, K., He, Z. J. & Shimojo, S. (1995) Visual surface representation: A critical link between lower-level and higher-level vision. In: Visual cognition: An invitation to cognitive science, vol. 2, ed. Kosslyn, S. M. & Osherson, D., pp. 1–70. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Nature, Editorial (2006) Flickers of consciousness. Nature 443(7108):121–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noë, A. (2002) Is the visual world a grand illusion? Journal of Consciousness Studies 9(5–6):1–12.Google Scholar
Noë, A. (2004) Action in perception MIT Press.Google Scholar
Noë, A. (2005) What does change blindness teach us about consciousness? Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9(5):218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noë, A. & Thompson, E. (2004) Are there neural correlates of consciousness? Journal Of Consciousness Studies 11(1):3–28.Google Scholar
O'Craven, K. & Kanwisher, N. (2000) Mental imagery of faces and places activates corresponding stimulus-specific brain regions. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12:1013–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Regan, J. K. & Noë, A. (2001) A sensorimotor approach to vision and visual consciousness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24:883–975.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Regan, K. (1992) Solving the “real” mysteries of visual perception: The world as an outside memory. Canadian Journal of Psychology 46(3):461–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Owen, A. M., Coleman, M. R., Boly, M., Davis, M. H., Laureys, S. & Pickard, J. D. (2006) Detecting awareness in the vegetative state. Science 313(5792):1402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Papineau, D. (1998) Functionalism. In: Routledge encyclopedia of philosophy, ed. Craig, E.. Routledge. (Web-based encyclopedia.) Retrieved April 22, 2007 from: http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/V015SECT4Google Scholar
Papineau, D. (2002) Thinking about consciousness Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pascual-Leone, A. & Walsh, V. (2001) Fast backprojections from the motion to the primary visual area necessary for visual awareness. Science 292(5516):510–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peirce, C. S. (1903) Collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Phillips, W. A. (1974) On the distinction between sensory storage and short-term visual memory. Perception and Psychophysics 16:283–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piattelli-Palmarini, M. (1994) Inevitable illusions: How mistakes of reason rule our minds Wiley.Google Scholar
Pins, D. & Ffytche, D. H. (2003) The neural correlates of conscious vision. Cerebral Cortex 13:461–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pollen, D. A. (1999) On the neural correlates of visual perception. Cerebral Cortex 9(1):4–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pollen, D. A. (2003) Explicit neural representations, recursive neural networks and conscious visual perception. Cerebral Cortex 13:807–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pollen, D. A. (in press) The fundamental requirements for primary visual perception. Cerebral Cortex Advance access published on December 17, 2007; doi:10.1093/Cercor/bhm226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potter, M. C. (1993) Very short-term conceptual memory. Memory and Cognition 21(2):151–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prinz, J. J. (2000) A neurofunctional theory of visual consciousness. Consciousness and Cognition 9(2):243–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Putnam, H. (1975) The meaning of “meaning.” Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science 7:131–93.Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (1981) Reason, truth and history Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pylylshyn, Z. (2003) Seeing and visualizing MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quine, W. V. (1969) Natural kinds. In: Ontological reality and other essays, ed. Quine, W. V., pp. 114–39. Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rees, G., Kreiman, G. & Koch, C. (2002a) Neural correlates of consciousness in humans. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3(4):261–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rees, G., Wojciulik, E., Clarke, K., Husain, M., Frith, C. & Driver, J. (2000) Unconscious activation of visual cortex in the damaged right hemisphere of a parietal patient with extinction. Brain 123(Pt 8):1624–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rees, G., Wojciulik, E., Clarke, K., Husain, M., Frith, C. & Driver, J. (2002b) Neural correlates of conscious and unconscious vision in parietal extinction. Neurocase 8:387–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rensink, R. A., O'Regan, J. K. & Clark, J. J. (1997) To see or not to see: The need for attention to perceive changes in scenes. Psychological Science 8:368–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenthal, D. (2005) Consciousness and mind Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, W. D., (1955) Aristotle: On dreams. In: Aristotle. Parva naturalia, ed. Ross, W. D., pp. 175–223. Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, W. D., ed. (1961) Aristotle's De anima Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rousselet, G., Fabre-Thorpe, M. & Thorpe, S. (2002) Parallel processing in high-level visual scene categorization. Nature Neuroscience 5:629–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, J. (1992) The rediscovery of the mind MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, J. (2005) Consciousness: What we still don't know. The New York Review of Books 52(1)36–39.Google Scholar
Sergent, C. & Dehaene, S. (2004) Is consciousness a gradual phenomenon? Evidence for an all-or-none bifurcation during the attentional blink. Psychological Science 15:720–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shoemaker, S. (1981) Some varieties of functionalism. Philosophical Topics 12:93–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, S. (2006a) The contents of perception. In: The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy, ed. Zalta, E. N., pp. Online publication. Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2006/entries/perception-contents/Google Scholar
Siegel, S. (2006b) Which properties are represented in perception? In: Perceptual experience, ed. Gendler, T. & Hawthorne, J., pp. 481–503. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silvanto, J., Cowey, A., Lavie, N. & Walsh, V. (2005a) Striate cortex (V1) activity gates awareness of motion. Nature Neuroscience 8(2):143–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silvanto, J., Lavie, N. & Walsh, V. (2005b) Double dissociation of V1 and V5/MT activity in visual awareness. Cerebral Cortex 15:1736–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simons, D. J. (1997) Change blindness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 1:261–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simons, D. J. & Ambinder, M. (2005) Change blindness: Theory and consequences. Current Directions in Psychological Science 14:44–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simons, D. J. & Rensink, R. (2005a) Change blindness: Past, present and future. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9(1):16–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simons, D. J. & Rensink, R. (2005b) Change blindness, representations and consciousness: Reply to Noë. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9(5):219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slater, R., Cantarella, A., Gallella, S., Worley, A., Boyd, S., Meek, J. & Firzgerald, M. (2006) Cortical pain responses in human infants. The Journal of Neuroscience 26(14):3662–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sligte, I. G., Scholte, H. S. & Lamme, V. A. F. (2008) Are there multiple visual short-term memory stores? Plos One 3(2):1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, D. W. (1986) The structure of (self-)consciousness. Topoi 5:149–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snodgrass, M. & Shevrin, H. (2006) Unconscious inhibition and facilitation at the objective detection threshold. Cognition 101(1):43–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sosa, E. (2002) Privileged access. In: Consciousness: New philosophical perspectives, ed. Smith, Q. & Jokic, A., pp. 273–94. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sperber, D. (2001) In defense of massive modularity. In: Language, brain and cognitive development: Essays in honor of Jacques Mehler, ed. Dupoux, E., pp. 47–57. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Sperling, G. (1960) The information available in brief visual presentations. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied 74(11, Whole No. 498):1–29. [Whole issue.]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoerig, P. (2001) The neuroanatomy of phenomenal vision: A psychological perspective. In: Cajal and consciousness: Scientific approaches to consciousness on the centennial of Ramon y Cajal's Textura, ed. Marijuan, P. C., pp. 176–94. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Strawson, G. (2003) What is the relation between an experience, the subject of the experience, and the content of the experience? Philosophical Issues 13(1):279–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supèr, H., Spekreijse, H. & Lamme, V. A. F. (2001a) A neural correlate of working memory in the monkey primary visual cortex. Science 293:120–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supèr, H., Spekreijse, H. & Lamme, V. A. F. (2001b) Two distinct modes of sensory processing observed in monkey primary visual cortex (V1). Nature Neuroscience 4(3):304–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Theoret, H., Kobayashi, M., Ganis, G., Di Capua, P. & Pascual-Leone, A. (2002) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of human area MT/V5 disrupts perception and storage of the motion aftereffect. Neuropsychologia 40(13):2280–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, N. (1999) Are theories of imagery theories of imagination? Cognitive Science 23(2):207–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tong, F., Nakayama, K., Vaughan, J. T. & Kanwisher, N. (1998) Binocular rivalry and visual awareness in human extrastriate cortex. Neuron 21(4):753–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tononi, G. & Edelman, G. M. (1998) Consciousness and complexity. Science 282:1846–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treisman, A., Russell, R. & Green, J. (1975) Brief visual storage of shape and movement. In: Attention and performance, ed. Dornic, S. & Rabbitt, P., pp. 699–721. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Tsao, D. Y., Tootell, R. B. H. & Livingstone, M. S. (2006) A cortical region consisting entirely of face-selective cells. Science 311(5761):670–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tse, P. U., Martinez-Conde, S., Schlegel, A. A. & Macknik, S. L. (2005) Visibility, visual awareness and visual masking of simple unattended targets are confined to areas in the occipital cortex beyond human V1/V2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102:17178–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uebel, T. (2006) Vienna Circle. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Fall 2006 Edition, ed. Zalta, E. N.. Online publication. Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2006/entries/vienna-circleGoogle Scholar
Vogel, E. K., Woodman, G. F. & Luck, S. J. (2001) Storage of features, conjunctions and objects in visual working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 27:92–114.Google ScholarPubMed
Weiskrantz, L. (1997) Consciousness lost and found: A neuropsychological exploration Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Weiskrantz, L., Cowey, A. & Hodinott-Hill, I. (2002) Prime-sight in a blindsight subject. Nature Neuroscience 5:101–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilken, P. (2001) Capacity limits for the detection and identification of change: Implications for models of visual short-term memory University of Melbourne Press.Google Scholar
Wolfe, J. (1999) Inattentional amnesia. In: Fleeting memories, ed. Coltheart, V., pp. 71–94. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Xu, Y. (2002) Encoding colour and shape from different parts of an object in visual short-term memory. Perception and Psychophysics 64:1260–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xu, Y. & Chun, M. M. (2006) Dissociable neural mechanisms supporting visual short-term memory for objects. Nature 440:91–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, W. (1999) Lifetime of human visual sensory memory: Properties and neural substrate New York University Press.Google Scholar
Zeki, S. (2001) Localization and globalization in conscious vision. Annual Review of Neuroscience 24:57–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeki, S. & Bartels, A. (1999) Toward a theory of visual consciousness. Consciousness and Cognition 8(2):225–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeki, S. & ffytche, D. H. (1998) The Ridoch syndrome: Insights into the neurobiology of conscious vision. Brain 121(Pt 1):25–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zihl, J., von Cramon, D. & Mai, N. (1983) Selective disturbance of movement vision after bilateral brain damage. Brain 106:313–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed