Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-l4dxg Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-12T11:28:19.880Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Classical Ethology: concepts and implications for human ethology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2011

Glendon Schubert
Glendon Schubert
Affiliation:
Nederlands Instituut voor Voortgezet Wetenschappelijk Ondersoek op het Gebied van de Mens- en Maatschappijwetenschappen, Meyboomlaan 1, Wassennar 2242PR, Holland; and University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 (on leave)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 2 , Issue 1 , March 1979 , pp. 44 - 46
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1979

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

COMMENTARY AND RESPONSE REFERENCES

Alcock, J.Animal behavior: An evolutionary approach. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer, 1975. [GS]Google Scholar
Alexander, R. D.The search for an evolutionary philosophy of man. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 84: 99–120, 1971. [DPB]Google Scholar
Alexander, R. D. Natural selection and the analysis of human sociality. In Goulden, C. (ed.): The changing scenes in the natural sciences. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, 1977. [DPB]Google Scholar
Alexander, R. D., and Borgia, G.Group selection, altruism, and the levels of organization of life. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 9: 449–74. [GB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ann Arbor Science for the People Editorial Collective. Biology as a social weapon. Minneapolis: Burgess, 1977. [GS]Google Scholar
Asdourian, D.Object attachment and the critical period. Psychonomic Science 7: 235–236, 1967. [HSH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aubert, V.Chance in social affairs. Inquiry 2: 1–24, 1959. [GS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Averill, J. R.Grief: its nature and significance. Psychological Bulletin 70: 721–748, 1968. [CEI]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barash, D. P.Sociobiology and behavior. New York: Elsevier, 1977. [DPB]Google Scholar
The whispers within: Explorations of human sociobiology. New York: Harper & Row, in press. [DPB]Google Scholar
Barker, R. G.Ecological psychology: Concepts and methods for studying the environment of human behavior. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press, 1968. [CEI]Google Scholar
Barker, R. G., and Sehoggin, P.Qualities of community life. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1973. [CEI]Google Scholar
Barkow, J. H.Evolution and human sexuality. Human Ethology Newsletter 23: 9–13, 1978. [GS]Google Scholar
Biological evolution of culturally patterned behavior. In Lockard, J. (ed.): Evolution of human social behavior. New York: Elsevier, forthcoming. [JHB]Google Scholar
Bateson, P. P. G.The characteristics and context of imprinting. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 41: 177–220, 1966. [HSH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Imprinting. In Moltz, H., (ed.): The ontogeny of vertebrate behavior. New York: Academic Press, 1971. [HSH]Google Scholar
Beer, C. G. Species-typical behavior and ethology. In Dewsbury, D. A., and Rethlingshafer, D. A. (eds.): Comparative psychology: A modern survey. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1973. [GS]Google Scholar
Bell, G.Group selection in structured populations. American Naturalist 112: 389–399, 1978. [DPB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedict, R.The chrysanthemum and the sword. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1946. [CEI]Google Scholar
Berger, P., and Luckmann, T.The social construction of reality. New York: Doubleday, 1966. [SAP]Google Scholar
Birdwhistell, R. L.Kinesics and context. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1970. [IEE, GG]Google Scholar
Block, N., and Dworkin, G. IQ: Heritability and inequality, Part II. Philosophy and Public Affairs 4,1:40–99, 1974. Reprinted In Block, N., and Dworkin, G. (eds.): The IQ controversy. New York: Pantheon, 1976. [NB]Google Scholar
Blurton-Jones, N. Growing points in human ethology: Another link between ethology and the social sciences? In Bateson, P. P. G., and Hinde, R. A. (eds.): Growing points in ethology. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1976. [GS]Google Scholar
Boehm, C.Rational preselection from Hamadryas to Homo sapiens: The place of decisions in adaptive process. American Anthropologist 80: 265–296, 1978 (JHB)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boorman, S., and Levitt, P. R.Group selection on the boundary of a stable population. Theoretical Population Biology. 4: 85–128, 1973. [DPB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowlby, J.The nature of the child's tie to his mother. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 39: 1–23, 1958 [GS]Google ScholarPubMed
Brislin, R. W.Comparative research methodology: Cross-cultural studies. International Journal of Psychology 11(3): 215–229, 1976. [GEF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, K.A grammar of motives. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1945. [GS]Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T. Perspective: Artifact and control. In Rosenthal, R. and Ros-now, R. (eds.): Artifact in behavioral research, pp. 351–382. New York: Academic Press, 1969. [GEF]Google Scholar
On the conflicts between biological and social evolution and between psychology and moral tradition. American Psychologist, 30:1103–1126, 1975. [JHB, SAP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caplan, A. L. (ed.) The sociobiology debate. New York: Harper and Row, 1978. [GS]Google Scholar
Cardo, B. Fonction des systèmes cholinergiques hippocampiques dans certaines opérations mnésiques précoces. In Delacour, J. (ed.): Neurobiologie de l'apprentissage. Paris: Masson, 1978. [HPL]Google Scholar
Cassidy, J. H. Half a century on the concepts of innateness and instinct: Survey, synthesis and philosophical implications. Zeitschrift für Tierpsycho-togie, forthcoming, 1979. [DLH]Google Scholar
Chagnon, N., and Irons, W. (eds.). Evolutionary biology and human social organization. North Scituate, Mass.: Duxbury Press, 1978. [DPB]Google Scholar
Cloak, F. T. Jr., Is a cultural ethology possible? Human Ecology 3: 161–182, 1975. [JHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, M., and Bruner, J. S.Cultural differences and inferences about psychological processes. American Psychologist 26: 867–876, 1971. [GEF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corning, P. A. Human nature redivivus. In Pennock, J. R. and Chapman, J. W. (eds.): Human nature in politics. New York: New York Univ. Press, 1977. [GS]Google Scholar
Cullen, E.Adaptations in the kittiwake to cliff-nesting. Human nature in politics 99: 275–302, 1957. [GH, JPH]Google Scholar
Cullen, J. M., and Ashmole, N. P.The black noddy Anous tenuirostris on Ascension Island: 2. Behaviour. Human nature in politics 103b:423–446, 1963. [JPH]Google Scholar
Daly, M., and Wilson, M.Functional significance of the psychology of men and women. Human Ethology Newsletter 23: 6–8, 1978. [GS]Google Scholar
Darlington, C. D.The origin of Darwinism. Scientific American May: 60–66, 1959. [JKK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darwin, C.The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: John Murray, 1872. [MTG, JPH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The descent of man. London: John Murray, 1871. [MTG, JKK]Google Scholar
Davies, J. C. The priority of human needs and the stages of political development. In Pennock, J. R. and Chapman, J. W. (eds.): Human nature in politics. New York: New York Univ. Press, 1977. [GS]Google Scholar
Davis, A., Gardner, B. B., and Gardner, M. R.Deep South: A social anthropological study of caste and class. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1941. [CEI]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R.Reply to Fix and Green. Contemporary Sociology. 7: 709–12, 1978. [PLV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hierarchical organization: A candidate principle for ethology. In Bateson, P. P. G., and Hinde, R. A. (eds.): Growing Points in Ethology. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1976. [GS]Google Scholar
Day, C.This simian world. [Reprinted in The Best of Clarence Day. New York: Knopf, 1956.] 1920. [GS]Google Scholar
Delgado, J. M. R. Triunism: A transmaterial brain-mind theory. In Brain and Mind, CIBA Symposium No. 69, in press, 1979. [JMRD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delgado, J. M. R., Del Pozo, F., Montero, P., Monteagundo, J. L., O'Keeffe, T., Newkirk, J., and Kline, N. S.Behavioral rhythms of gibbons on Hall's Island. Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research. 9: 147–168, 1978. [JMRD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dimond, S. J. Visual experience and early social behavior in chicks. In Crook, J. H. (ed.): Social behavior in birds and mammals: Essays on the social ethology of animals and man. New York: Academic Press, 1970. [HSH]Google Scholar
Durham, W. H.The adaptive significance of cultural behavior. Human-Ecology 4: 89–121, 1976. [JHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I.Zur Fortpflanzungsbiologie und Jungendentwicklung des Eichhörnchens. Zeitschrift-für Tierpsychologie 8: 370–400, 1951. [JPH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angeborenes und Erworbenes im Verhalten einiger Sauger. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 20:705–754, 1963. [IEE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Similarities and differences between cultures in expressive movements. In Hinde, R. A. (ed.): Non-verbal communication, p. 308. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1972. [AM]Google Scholar
Ekman, P.Darwin and facial expression: A century of research in review. New York: Academic Press, 1973. [MTG]Google Scholar
Emde, R. N., Gaensbauer, T., and Harmon, R. J.Emotional expression in infancy: A biobehavioral study. New York: International Universities Press, 1976. [CEI]Google ScholarPubMed
Emlin, S. T., and Oring, L. W.Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems. Science 197: 215–223, 1977. [DLH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fonberg, E.The motivational role of the hypothalamus in animal behavior. Acta Biologica Experimentalis (Warszawa) 27: 303–318, 1967. [HPL]Google Scholar
Fraser, P. J.Vector coding and command fibres. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1: 22–23, 1978a. [PJF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Equilibrium interneurones and locomotion of arthropods. Neuroscience Letters, suppl. 1:S94, 1978b. [PJF]Google Scholar
Freedman, D. G., and Freedman, N. C.Behavioral differences between Chinese-American and European-American newborn. Nature 224: 1227–1235, 1969. [IEE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghiselin, M. T.On semantic pitfalls of biological adaptation. Philosophy of Science 33: 337–348, 1966. [MTG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The triumph of the Darwinian method. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1969. [MTG]Google Scholar
Darwin and evolutionary psychology. Science 179:964–968. 1973. [MTG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The economy of nature and the evolution of sex. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1974a. [MTG]Google Scholar
A radical solution to the species problem. Systematic Zoology 23:536–544, 1974b. [MTG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gluckman, M.The judicial process among the Barotse of Northern Rhodesia. Manchester: Univ. of Manchester Press, 1955. [GS]Google Scholar
Godelier, M.Perspectives in Marxist Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977. [IEE]Google Scholar
Territory and Property in Primitive Society. Social Science Information 17:399–426, 1978. [IEE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goffman, E.Gender advertisements. Studies in the Anthropology of Communication. 3: 65–154. 1976. [PLV]Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G. Early development of species-specific auditory perception in birds. In Gottlieb, G. (ed.): Neural and behavioral specificity. New York: Academic Press, 1976a. [GG]Google Scholar
Conceptions of prenatal development: Behavioral embryology. Psychological Review 83:215–234. 1976b. [GG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Development of species identification in ducklings: IV. Change in species-specific perception caused by auditory deprivation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 92: 375–387, 1978. [GG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Development of species identification in ducklings: V. Perceptual differentiation in the embryo. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, in press. [GG]Google Scholar
Gregory, M. S. and Silvers, A.Sociobiology and human nature. San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1978. [GS]Google Scholar
Hailman, J. P.Cliff-nesting adaptations of the Galapagos swallow-tailed gull, Wilson Bulletin 77: 346–362, 1965. [JPH]Google Scholar
The ontogeny of an instinct. Behaviour, suppl. 15:1–196, 1967. [JPH]Google Scholar
How an instinct is learned. Scientific American 221(6):98–106, 1969. [JPH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MReview of Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1970). Quarterly Review of Biology 46:452–453, 1971. [JPH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uses of the comparative study of behavior. Chap. 2 in Masterton, R. B., Ho-dos, W., and Jerison, H. (eds.): Evolution, brain, and behavior: Persistent problems, pp. 13–22. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1976a. [JPH]Google Scholar
Homology: Logic, information and efficiency. Chap. 14 in Masterton, R. B., Hodos, W., and Jerison, H. (eds): Evolution, brain, and behavior: Persistent problems, pp. 181–198. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1976b. [JPH]Google Scholar
Optical signals: Animal communication and light. Bloomington and London: Indiana Univ. Press, 1977a. [JPH]Google Scholar
Bee dancing and evolutionary epistemology. American Naturalist, 111:187–189, 1977b. [JPH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, M.Cows, pigs and witches: The riddles of culture. New York: Vintage. 1974. [IEE]Google Scholar
Hass, H.The human animal: The mystery of man's behavior. New York: Dell, 1972. [GS]Google Scholar
Heinz, H.-J., and Lee, M.Namkwa: Life among the bushmen. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979. [AM]Google Scholar
Hinde, R. A.Animal behaviour: A synthesis of ethology and comparative psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2nd ed. 1970. [GS]Google Scholar
Hoffman, H. S., and Ratner, A. M.Effects of stimulus and environmental familiarity on visual imprinting in newly hatched ducklings. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 85: 11–19, 1973a. [HSH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
A reinforcement model of imprinting: Implications for socialization in monkeys and men. Psychological Review 80:527–544, 1973b. [HSH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holst, E. von and St. Paul, U.von. Vom Wirkungsgefüge der Triebe. Die Nat-urwissenschaften 18: 409–422, 1960. [HPL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, C. L.Principles of behavior. New York: Appleton-Century, 1943. [HSH]Google Scholar
Hull, D. L.Scientific bandwagon or travelling medicine show. Society, September: 50–59, 1978. [IEE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Izard, C. E.Human emotions. New York: Plenum Press, 1977. [CEI]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
On the development of emotions and emotion-cognition relationships in infancy. In Lewis, M. and Rosenblum, L. A. (eds.): The development of affect. New York: Plenum Press, 1978. [CEI]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M.Developmental neurobiology. New York: Plenum Press, 2nd ed., 1978. [HPL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, D. D. Operationism and the question “Is this behavior learned or innate?” Behaviour 17: 1–8, 1961. [DW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jerison, H. J. Principles of the evolution of brain and behavior. In Masterton, R. B., Jerison, H. J., and Hodos, W. (eds.): Evolution, brain and behavior: Persistent problems. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1976. [HPL].Google Scholar
Jolly, A.Lemur social behavior and primate intelligence. Science 153: 501–506, 1966. [CEI]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kagan, J.Emergent themes in human development. American Scientist 64: 186–196, 1976. [CEI]Google ScholarPubMed
Kennedy, J. S.Is modern ethology objective? British Journal of Animal Behaviour 2: 12–19, 1954. [JKK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kessen, W.The child. New York: Wiley, 1965. [GEF]Google Scholar
Klopfer, P. H. Evolution, behavior, language. In Simmel, E. and Hahn, M. (eds.): Communication, behavior and evolution, pp. 7–21. New York: Academic Press, 1976. [PHK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kornhuber, H. H. (ed.). Handbook of sensory physiology: VI. Vestibular system, part 2. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1974. [PJF]Google Scholar
Kovach, J. K.Genetic influences and genotype-environment interactions in perceptual imprinting. Behaviour, in press, 1979. [JKK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuo, Z.-Y.The dynamics of behavior development: An epigenetic view. New York: Random House, 1967. [DW]Google Scholar
Landau, M.Due process of inquiry. American Behavioral Scientist 9(2):4–10, 1965. [GS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehrman, D. S. Semantic and conceptual issues in the nature-nurture problem. In Aronson, L. R., Tobach, E., Lehrman, D. S., and Rosenblatt, J. S. (eds.): Development and evolution of behavior. San Francisco: Freeman, pp. 17–52. 1970. [SAP, DW]Google Scholar
Lettvin, J. Y., Maturana, H. R., McCulloch, W. S., Pitts, W.What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain. Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 47: 1940–52. 1959. [PHK]Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. C.The genetic basis of evolutionary change. New York and London: Columbia Univ. Press, 1974. [DLH]Google Scholar
Analysis of variance and the analysis of cause. American Journal of Human Genetics 26:400–411, 1974. Reprinted in Block, N., and Dworkin, G. (eds.): The IQ controversy. New York: Pantheon, 1976. [NB]Google Scholar
Levins, R. Extinction. In Gerstenhaber, M. (ed.): Some mathematical questions in biology. Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, 1970. [DPB]Google Scholar
Lipp, H. P. Differences between two selected lines of rats (RHA/Verh and RLA/Verh) during hypothalamic self-stimulation behavior. Forthcoming. [HPL]Google Scholar
Lipp, H. P., and Hunsperger, R. W.Threat, attack and flight elicited by electrical stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus in the marmoset monkey Callithrix jacchus. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 15: 260–293, 1978. [HPL]Google ScholarPubMed
Lorenz, K.Vergleichende Verhaltensforschung. Zoologischer Anzeiger, suppl. 12: 69–102, 1939. [GH]Google Scholar
Verlgeichende Bewegungsstudien an Anatinen. Journal fuer Ornithologie. Sonderheft 89:19–24, 194–293, 1941. [GH]Google Scholar
The comparative method in studying innate behaviour patterns. In Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology: IV. Physiological Mechanisms in Animal Behaviour, p. 257. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1950. [GS]Google Scholar
Die Gestaltwahrenhmung als Quelle wissenschaftlicher Erfahrung. Zeit-schrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie 6:118–165, 1959. [IEE]Google Scholar
Behind the mirror: A search for a natural history of human knowledge. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1977. [IEE]Google Scholar
Marais, E. N.The soul of the ape. [New York: Atheneum, 1969.] 1934. [GS]Google Scholar
Maslow, A. H.Motivation and personality. New York: Harper and Row, 1954. [GS]Google Scholar
A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review 50:370–396, 1943.[GS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masters, R. D.Politics as a biological phenomenon. Social Science Information, 14(2):7–63, 1975. [GS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mauss, M.The Gift. [Glencoe: Free Press, 1954.] 1925. [BB]Google Scholar
Mayr, E.Evolution and the diversity of life. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, Harvard Univ. Press, 1976. [DLH]Google Scholar
Mead, M. Some anthropological considerations concerning guilt. In Reymert, M. L. (ed.): Feelings and emotions. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950. [CEI]Google Scholar
Melvill Jones, G.Plasticity in the adult vestibulo-ocular arc. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B.278: 319–334, 1977. [PJF]Google Scholar
Moltz, H., & Stettner, L. J.The influence of patterned-light deprivation on the critical period for imprinting. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 54: 279–83, 1961. [HSH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, D.The Human Zoo. London: Jonathan Cape. 1969. [PLV]Google Scholar
Mortenson, F. J.Animal behavior: Theory and research (Chap. 4, Classical Ethology). Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole, 1975. [GS]Google Scholar
Murdock, G. P.Social structure. New York: Macmillan, 1949. [GB]Google Scholar
Nelson, J. B.Colonial and cliff nesting in the gannet. Ardea 55: 60–90, 1967. [JPH]Google Scholar
Newhall, R.The Columbus letter. Williamstown, Mass.: Chapin Library, Williams College, 1953. [AM]Google Scholar
Peterson, S. A. On the hazards of cross-species comparison: The case of biopoli-tics. Presented at Western Political Science Association meeting, Los Angeles, 1978. [SAP]Google Scholar
Peterson, S. A. and Somit, A.Methodological problems associated with a more biologically-oriented social science, journal of Social and Biological Structures 1: 11–25, 1978. [SAP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Presthus, R. Some conditions of comparative analysis in Canada and the United States. In Presthus, R. (ed.): Cross-national perspectives: United States and Canada, esp. pp. 1–4. Leiden: Brill, 1977. [GS]Google Scholar
Reis, J. D., Ross, R. A., Gilad, G., and Tong, H. J. Reactions of central catecholaminergic neurons to injury: Model systems for studying the neurobiology of central regeneration and sprouting. In Cotman, C. W. (ed.): Neuronal Plasticity. New York: Raven Press, 1978. [HPL]Google Scholar
Richerson, P. R., and Boyd, R.A dual inheritance model of the human evolutionary process: 1. Basic concepts and a simple model. Journal of Social and Biological Structures. 1(1), 1978. [JHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Röell, A.Social behavior of the jackdaw. Corvus monedula, in relation to its niche. Behaviour 64: 1–124, 1978. [GS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruge, G.Untersuchungen über Gesichtsmuskulatur der Primaten. Leipzig: Engleman, 1887. [GH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sahlins, M. D.The use and abuse of biology. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press, 1976. [GS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salzen, E. A. Imprinting and environmental learning. In Aronson, L. R., To-bach, E., Lehrman, D. S., and Rosenblatt, J. S. (eds.): Development and evolution of behavior. San Francisco: Freeman, 1970. [HSH]Google Scholar
Schaffer, H. R.The onset of fear of strangers and the incongruity hypothesis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 7: 95–106, 1966. [HSH, CEI]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneirla, T. C. Interrelationships of the “innate” and the “acquired” in instinctive behavior. In Grassé, P.-P. (ed.): L'instinct dans le comportement des animaux et de l'homme. Paris: Masson, 1956. [GG]Google Scholar
Levels in the psychological capacities of animals. In Aronson, L. R. et al. , (eds.): Selected writings of T. C. Schneirla. San Francisco: Freeman, 1972. [CEI]Google Scholar
Schneirla, T. C., and Rosenblatt, J. S.Behavioral organization and genesis of the social bond in insects and mammals. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 31: 223–253, 1961. [HSH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shepher, J.Mate Selection Among Second Generation Kibbutz Adolescents and Adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 1: 293–307, 1972. [PLV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sluckin, W., and Salzen, E. A.Imprinting and perceptual learning. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 13: 65–77, 1961. [HSH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Somit, A. (ed.): Biology and politics: recent explorations. The Hague: Mouton, 1976. [GS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spelt, D. K.The conditioning of the human fetus in utero. Journal of Experimental Psychology 38: 338–346, 1948. [AM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tiger, L., and Fox, R.The Imperial Animal. New York: Holt, Rinehart, 1971. [DPB, GS]Google Scholar
Tinbergen, N.Comparative studies of the behaviour of gulls: A progress report. Behaviour 15: 1–70, 1959. [IPH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
On aims and methods in ethology. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 20:410–429, 1963. [SAP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ethology in a changing world. In Bateson, P. P. G., and Hinde, R. A. (eds.): Growing points in ethology. London: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1976. [JKK]Google Scholar
Tomkins, S.Affect, imagery, consciousness: The positive affects, vol. 1 (chap. 7, The primary site of the affects: The Face, esp. p. 206; this theory was first presented at the 14th International Congress of Psychology, 1954). New York: Springer, 1962. (GS)Google Scholar
Travis, C.The ethology and ecology of human relations. Human Ethology Newsletter 23: 8–9, 1978. [GS]Google Scholar
Human ethology abstracts, II. Man-environment systems 7:227–273, 1977. [GS]Google Scholar
Dowell, D., Cook, M. P., and Meares, E.Human ethology abstracts. Man-environment systems 7: 3–34, 1977. [GS]Google Scholar
Triandis, H. C. (ed.): Methodological problems of comparative research. International Journal of Psychology 11(3):155–229, 1976. [GEF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Triandis, H. C., and Berry, J. W.Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: 2. Methodology. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, in press, 1979. [GEF]Google Scholar
Triandis, H. C. and Lambert, W. W.Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: I. Perspectives. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, in press, 1979. [GEF]Google Scholar
Trivers, R. L.The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology. 46: 35–57. 1971. [DPB, JHB, GS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uexküll, J. von.Streifzüge durch die Umwelten von Tieren und Menschen. Berlin: Springer, 1934. [GH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van den Berghe, P. Bridging the paradigms, In Gregory, M., Silvers, A., and Sutch, D. (eds.): Sociobiology and human nature. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1978. [DPB]Google Scholar
van den Berghe, P. and Barash, D.Inclusive fitness theory and human family structure. American Anthropologist 79: 809–823, 1977. [DPB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van der Loos, H. Neuronal circuitry and its development. In Cohen, M. A. and Swaab, D. F. (eds.): Perspectives in brain research: Progress in brain research, vol. 45. North Holland: Elsevier Biomedical Press, 1976. [HPL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade, M.An experimental study of group selection. Evolution 31: 134–153, 1977. [DPB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wahlsten, D. A critique of the concepts of heritability and heredity in behavioral genetics. In Royce, J. R. (ed.): Theoretical advances in behavior genetics. Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands: Sijthoff and Noordhoff, in press, 1979. [DW]Google Scholar
Warner, W. L., and Lunt, P. S.The social life of a modern community. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1941. [CEI]Google Scholar
Washburn, S. L.Human behavior and the behavior of other animals. American Psychologist 33: 405–418, 1978. [BB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, D.Webster's seventh new collegiate dictionary. Springfield: Merriam, 1972. [GEF]Google Scholar
Whalen, R. E. The concept of instinct. In McGaugh, J. L. (ed.): Psychobiology: Behavior from a biological perspective pp. 53–72. New York: Academic Press, 1971. [DW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, E.Genetic diversity and political life. Journal of Politics 34: 1203–1242, 1972. [GS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wickler, W.Uber den taxonomischen Wert homologer Verhaltens-merkmale. Die Naturwissenschaften 52: 441–444, 1965. [IEE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiens, J.On group selection and Wynne Edwards' hypothesis. American Scientist 54: 273–287, 1966. [DPB]Google Scholar
Effects of early experience on substrate pattern selection in Rana aurora tadpoles. Copeia 3:543–548, 1970. [GG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, G. C.Adaptation and natural selection. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1966. [DPB, GB]Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. (ed.). Group selection. Chicago: Aldine, 1971. [DPB]Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S.Structured demes and the evolution of group-advantageous traits. American Naturalist 111: 157–185, 1977. [DPB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, E. O.On human nature. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1978. [DPB, SAP, EOW]Google ScholarPubMed
Wilson, H. T. Attitudes toward science: Canadian and American scientists. In Presthus, R. (ed.): Cross-national perspectives: United States and Canada. Leiden: Brill, 1977. [GS]Google Scholar
Wilson, R. S.Synchronies in mental development: An epigenetic perspective. Science 202: 939–948, 1978. [DLH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yarczower, M., and Hazlett, L.Evolutionary scales and anagenesis. Psychological Bulletin 84(6):1088–1097, 1977. [CEI]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed