Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-07T23:12:05.325Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Temporal representation in the control of movement

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Daniel M. Corcos
Daniel M. Corcos
Affiliation:
[email protected]; College of Kinesiology (M/C 194), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60680
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Theories of the representation of specific kinetic and spatiotem-poral features of movement range from the explicit assertion that temporal aspects of movement are not represented (Kugler et al. 1980) to the idea that they are represented and that they have neurophysiological correlates (Ivry & Corcos 1993; Ivry & Keele 1989). Jeannerod's thesis is that mental and visual images have common mechanisms and that there is a link between the image to move and the mechanisms involved with movement. The target article takes the position that certain parameters are coded in motor representations (sect. 4) but that the duration of an action is not one of them. This position is based on the work of Gottlieb et al. (1989b) and of Decety et al. (1989). Both these studies are worth considering in detail. In Note 1, Jeannerod suggests that: “in time-constrained tasks subjects control the amplitude parameter of force impulses, whereas in spatially constrained tasks the duration of the force impulse is affected by accuracy demands.” This is not exactly correct. Excitation pulse intensity (amplitude) is modulated both in tasks that require spatial and those that require temporal accuracy. Excitation pulse duration is modulated for changes in movement distance and inertial load. If subjects are required to be very accurate spatially, they will move at less than maximum speed for a given distance and this is achieved by lower levels of excitation intensity (Gottlieb et al. 1990).

Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 17 , Issue 2 , June 1994 , pp. 206
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbs, J. H. & Gracco, V. L. (1984) Control of complex motor gestures: Orofacial muscle responses to load perturbations of lip during speech. Journal of Neurophysiology 51:705–23. [ aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adams, J. A. (1971) A closed-loop theory of motor learning. Journal of Motor Behavior 3:111–49. [RC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adams, L., Guz, A., Innes, J. A. & Murphy, K. (1987) The early circulatory and ventilatory response to voluntary and electrically induced exercise in man. Journal of Physiology 383:19–30. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alexander, G. E. & Crutcher, M. D. (1990) Preparation for movement: Neural representations of intended direction in three motor areas of the monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology 64:133–50. [JNS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alexander, G. E., Delong, M. R. & Crutcher, M. D. (1992) Do cortical and basal ganglia motor areas use “motor programs” to control movement? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15:656–65. [JMF]Google Scholar
Allport, D. A. (1987) Selection for action: Some behavioral and neurophysiological considerations of attention and action. In: Perspectives on perception and action, ed. Heuer, H. & Sanders, A. F.. Erlbaum. [AHCVDH]Google Scholar
Andersen, R. A., Asanuma, C., Essick, G. & Siegel, R. M. (1990) Corticocortical connections of anatomically and physiologically defined subdivisions within the inferior parietal lobule. Journal of Comparative Neurology 296:65–113. [ADM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, J. R. (1982) Acquisition of cognitive skill. Psychological Review 89:369–406. [RC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1983) The architecture of cognition. Harvard University Press. [RC]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1987) Skill acquisition: Compilation of weak-method problem solutions. Psychological Review 94:192–210. [RC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arbib, M. A. (1981) Perceptual structures and distributed motor control. In: Handbook of physiology. Vol. 2: Nervous system, ed. Brooks, V. B.. American Physiological Society. [JMF]Google Scholar
Arbib, M. A. (1985) Schemas for the temporal organization of behavior. Human Neurobiology 4:63–72. [aMJ, PCK]Google Scholar
Arbib, M. A., Conklin, E. J. & Hill, J. C. (1987) From schema theory to language. Oxford University Press. [PCK]Google Scholar
Arshavsky, Y. I., Deliagina, T. G., Gelfand, I. M., Orlovsky, G. N., Panchin, Y. V., Pavlova, G. A. & Popova, L. B. (1990) Neural control of heartbeat in the pteropod molluse Clione limacina. Coordination of circulatory and locomotor systems. Journal of Experimental Biology 148:461–75. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Assaiante, C., Marchand, H. R. & Amblard, D. (1989) Discrete visual samples may control locomotor equilibrium and foot positioning in man. Journal of Motor Behavior 21:72–91. [DE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baddeley, A. (1990) Human memory. Allyn & Bacon. [RLK]Google Scholar
Bajesy, R. & Campos, M. (1991) A robotic haptic system architecture. Proceedings of the 1991 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Sacramento, CA, 04 7–12. [RB]Google Scholar
Bakan, B. (1969). On method. Jossey-Bass. [HTAW]Google Scholar
Baleydier, C. & Morel, A. (1992) Segregated thalamo-cortical pathways to inferior parietal and inferotemporal cortex in macaque monkey. Visual Neuroscience 8:391–405. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barone, P. & Joseph, J. P. (1989) Prefrontal cortex and spatial sequencing in macaque monkey. Experimental Brain Research 778:447–64. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Bastian, C. (1887) The “muscular sense,” its nature and cortical localization. Brain 10:1–137. [rMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bastian, C. (1909) The functions of the kinaesthetic area of the brain. Brain 32:327–41. [rMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Behrmann, M., Winocur, G. & Moscovitch, M. (1992) Dissociation between mental imagery and object recognition in a brain-damaged patient. Nature 359:636–37. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, N. (1957) Some emergent problems of the regulation of motor acts. Questions of Psychology 6. (Reprinted in Bernstein 1967a.) [HTAW]Google Scholar
Bernstein, N. (1967a) The coordination and regulation of movements. Pergamon Press. [aMJ, PCK, JP, HTAW]Google Scholar
Bernstein, N. (1967b) Ecphoria of the engrams of movement. In: The coordination and regulation of movements. Pergamon Press. [JMF]Google Scholar
Biederman, I. (1987) Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding. Psychological Review 94(2):115–47. [RJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bisiach, E. & Luzzatti, C. (1978) Unilateral neglect of representational space. Cortex 14:129–33. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonnet, M. & Requin, J. (1982) Long loop and spinal reflexes in man during preparation for intended directional hand movements. Journal of Neuroscience 2:90–96. [rMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brennan, J. G. (1957) A handbook of logic. Harper & Brothers. [CBW]Google Scholar
Bridgeman, B. (1989) Modeling separate visual pathways for spatial and object vision. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12:398. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridgeman, B., Kirch, M. & Sperling, A. (1981) Segregation of cognitive and motor aspects of visual function using induced motion. Perception & Psychophysics 29:336–42. [AHCVDH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridgeman, B., Lewis, S., Heit, G. & Nagle, M. (1979) Relationship between cognitive and motor-oriented systems of visual position perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 5:692–700. [rMJ, AHCVDH]Google Scholar
Broadbent, D. E. (1971) Decision and stress. Academic Press. [AHCVDH]Google Scholar
Bruner, J. S. (1973) Beyond the information given: Studies in the psychology of knowing. Norton. [RWM]Google Scholar
Bullock, D. & Grossberg, S. (1988) Neural dynamics of planned arm movements. Emergent invariants and speed-accuracy properties during trajectory formation. Psychological Review 95:49–90. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bullock, D., Grossberg, S. & Guenther, F. H. (1993) A self-organizing neural model of motor equivalent reaching and tool use by a multijoint arm. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 5:408–35. [RD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butter, C. M. (1987) Varieties of attention and disturbances of attention. A neuropsychological analysis. In: Neurophysiological and neuropsychological aspects of spatial neglect, ed. Jeannerod, M.. North-Holland. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Caminiti, R. (1993) Information processing in primate frontal motor cortex during three-dimensional reaching movements. Data presented at the International Brain Research Organization Workshop: Cortical control of reaching. Monte Conero, Italy. [JNS]Google Scholar
Campos, M. (1992) Robotic exploration of material and kinematic properties of objects. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania. [RB]Google Scholar
Castiello, U. & Jeannerrod, M. (1991) Measuring time to awareness. Neuroreport 2:797–800. [rMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castiello, U., Paulignan, Y. & Jeannerod, M. (1991) Temporal dissociation of motor responses and subjective awareness. A study in normal subjects. Brain 114:2639–55. [rMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chareot, M. & Bernard, D. (1883) Un cas de suppression brusque et isolée de la vision inentale des signes et des objets (formes et couleurs). Progrès Médical: 568–71. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Chua, R. & Elliott, D. (1993) Visual regulation of manual aiming. Human Movement Science 12:365–401. [RC, DE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, K. J. & Abbs, J. H. (1987) Kinematic and electromyographic responses to perturbation of a rapid grasp. Journal of Neurophysiology 57:1498–1510. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cruse, H., Bruwer, M. & Dean, J. (1993) Control of three- and four-joint arm movement: Strategies for manipulator with redundant degrees of freedom. Journal of Motor Behavior 25:131–39. [RD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deane, P. (1992) Grammar in the mind and brain: Explorations in cognitive syntax. Mouton de Gruyter. [RG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Debru, C. (1992) La conscience du temps. De la phénoménologie à la cognition. Revue de Métaphysique et de morale 2:273–93. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Decety, J., Jeannerod, M., Durozard, D. & Baverel, C. (1993) Central activation of autonomic effectors during mental simulation of motor actions. Journal of Physiology 461:549–63. [arMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Decety, J., Jeannerod, M., Germain, M. & Pastene, J. (1991) Vegetative response during imagined movement is proportional to mental effort. Behavioural Brain Research 42:1–5. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Decety, J., Jeannerod, M. & Prablane, C. (1989) The timing of mentally represented actions. Behavioural Brain Research 34:35–42. [aMJ, DMC, DE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Decety, J. & Michel, F. (1989) Comparative analysis of actual and mental movement times in two graphic tasks. Brain and Cognition 11:87–97. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Decety, J., Sjoholm, H., Ryding, E., Stenberg, G. & Ingvar, D. (1990) The cerebellum participates in cognitive activity: Tomographic measurements of regional cerebral blood flow. Brain Research 535:313–17. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deecke, L. (1990) Electrophysiological correlates of movement initiation. Revue de Neurologic 146:612–19. [JLC-V]Google ScholarPubMed
Deiber, M. P., Passingham, R. E., Colebatch, J. G., Friston, K. J., Nixon, P. D. & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1991) Cortical areas and the selection of movement. A study with positron emission tomography. Experimental Brain Research 84:393–402. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denis, M. & Cocude, M. (1989) Scanning visual images generated from verbal descriptions. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 1:293–307. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Di Pellegrino, G., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Gallese, V. & Rizzolatti, G. (1992) Understanding motor events: A neurophysiological study. Experimental Brain Research 91:176–80. [arMJ, PCK, GR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Di Pellegrino, C. & Wise, S. P. (1991) A neurophysiological comparison ofthree distinct regions of the primate frontal lobe. Brain 114:951–78. [JNS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duchenne De Boulogne, G. B. A. (1855) De I'électrisation localisée, et son application à la pathologie et A la thérapeutique. Baillère. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Duhamel, J.-R., Colby, C. L. & Goldberg, M. E. (1992) The updating of the representation of visual space in parietal cortex by intended eye movements. Science 255:90–92. [CWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dum, R. P. & Strick, P. L. (1991) The origin of corticospinal projections from the pretnotor areas in the frontal lobe. Journal of Neuroscience 11:667–89. [JNS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edelman, G. M. (1987) Neural Danvinism. Basic Books. [PCK]Google Scholar
Eldridge, F. L., Millhorn, D. E., Kiley, J. P. & Waldrop, T. G. (1985) Stimulation by central command of locomotion, respiration and circulation during exercise. Respiration Physiology 59:313–37. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eldridge, F. L., Millhorn, D. E. & Waldrop, T. G. (1981) Exercise hyperpnea and locomotion: Parallel activation from the hypothalamus. Science 211:844–46. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elliott, D. (1990) Intermittent visual pickup and goal directed movement: A review. Human Movement Science 9:531–48. [DE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, D. & Calvert, R. (1990) The influence of uncertainty and premovement visual information on manual aiming. Canadian Journal of Psychology 44:501–11. [DE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elliott, D., Calvert, R., Jaeger, M. & Jones, R. (1990a) A visual representation and the control of manual aiming movements. Journal of Motor behavior 22:327–46. [DE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elliott, D., Carson, R. G., Goodman, D. & Chua, R. (1991) Discrete vs. continuous visual control of manual aiming. Human Movement Science 10:393–418. [RC, DE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, D., Jones, R. & Gray, S. (1990b) Short-term memory for spatial location in goal-directed locomotion. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 28:158–60. [DE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, D. & Leonard, K. (1986) Influence of a no-vision delay on throwing accuracy. Perceptual and Motor Skills 63:517–18. [DE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, D. & Madalena, J. (1987) The influence of premovement visual information on manual aiming. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 39A:541–59. [RC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evarts, E. V. (1968) Relation of pyramidal tract activity to force exerted during voluntary movement. Journal of Neurophysiology 31:14–27. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farah, M. J. (1989) The neural basis of mental imagery. Trends in Neuroscience 12:395–99. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farah, M. J. (1994) Neuropsychological inference with an interactive brain: A critique of the “locality” assumption. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17(1):43–104. [JR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farah, M. J., Soso, M. J. & Dasheiff, R. M. (1992) Visual angle of the mind's eye before and after unilateral/occipital lobectomy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 18:241–46. [aMJ]Google ScholarPubMed
Faugier-Grimaud, S., Frenois, C. & Stein, D. G. (1978) Effects of posterior parietal lesions on visually guided behavior in monkeys. Neuropsychologia 16:151–68. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, A. G. (1980) Superposition of motor programs: I. Rhythmie forearm movements in man. Neuroscience 5:81–90. [JP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Felleman, D. J. & Van Essen, D. C. (1991) Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex. Cerebral Cortex 1:1–47. [AHCVDH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feltz, D. L. & Landers, D. M. (1983) The effects of mental practice on motor skill learning and performance. A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport Psychology 5:25–57. [aMJ, CBW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrier, D. (1876) The functions of the brain. Smith, Elder. [SCG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finke, R. A. (1979) The functional equivalence of mental images and errors of movement. Cognitive Psychology 11:235–64. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finke, R. A. & Shepard, R. N. (1986) Visual functions of mental imagery. In: Handbook of perception and human performance, ed. Boff, K. R., Kaufman, L. & Thomas, J. P.. Wiley. [SV]Google Scholar
Fitts, P. M. (1964) Perceptual-motor skill learning. In: Categories of human learning, ed. Melton, A. W.. Academic Press. [RC]Google Scholar
Fox, P. T., Pardo, J. V., Petersen, S. E. & Raichle, M. E. (1987) Supplementary motor and premotor responses to actual and imagined hand movements with positron emission tomography. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 13:1433. [arMJ]Google Scholar
Freeman, N. H., Lloyd, S. & Sinha, C. (1980) Infant search tasks reveal early concepts of containment and canonical usage of objects. Cognition 8:243–62. [CS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuster, J. M. (1985) The prefrontal cortex, mediator of cross-temporal contingencies. Human Neurobiology 4:169–79. [aMJ, JMF]Google ScholarPubMed
Fuster, J. M. (1989) The prefrontal cortex: Anatomy, physiology, and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe. Raven Press. [JMF]Google Scholar
Gandevia, S. C. (1982) The perception of motor commands of effort during muscular paralysis. Brain 105:151–59. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gandevia, S. C. (1987) Roles for perceived voluntary commands in motor control. Trends in Neuroscience 10:81–85. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gandevia, S. C. & Burke, D. (1993) Does the nervous system depend on kinesthetic information to control natural limb movements? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15:614–32. [SCG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gandevia, S. C., Killian, K., McKenzie, D. K., Crawford, M., Allen, G. M., Gorman, R. B. & Hales, J. P. (1993a) Respiratory sensations, cardiovascular control, kinaesthesia and transcranial stimulation during paralysis in humans. Journal of Physiology (London) 470:85–107. [rMJ, SCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gandevia, S. C., Macefield, V. G., Bigtand-Ritchie, B., Gorman, R. B. & Burke, D. (1993b) Motoneuronal output and gradation of effort in attempts to contract acutely paralyzed leg muscles in man. Journal of Physiology (London) 471:411–27. [rMJ, SCG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gandevia, S. C., Macefield, V. G., Burke, D. & McKenzie, D. K. (1990) Voluntary activation of human motor axons in the absence of muscle afferent feedback. Brain 113:1563–81. [SCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gandevia, S. G. & McCloskey, D. I. (1977) Changes in motor commands, as shown by changes in perceived heaviness, during partial curarization and peripheral anaesthesia in man. Journal of Physiology 272:673–89. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gandevia, S. C. & Rothwell, J. C. (1987) Knowledge of motor commands and the recruitment of human motoneurons. Brain 110:1117–30. [rMJ, SCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gardner, H. (1983) Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. Basic Books. [RWM]Google Scholar
Georgopoulos, A. P., Ashe, A., Smyrnis, N. & Taira, M. (1992) The motor cortex and the coding of force. Science 256:1692–95. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Georgopoulos, A. P., Caminiti, R., Kalaska, J. F. & Massey, J. T. (1983) Spatial coding of movement: A hypothesis concerning the coding of movement direction by motor cortical populations. Experimental Brain Research (Supplement) 7:327–36. [GP]Google Scholar
Georgopoulos, A. P., Crutcher, M. D. & Schwartz, A. B. (1989a) Cognitive spatial motor processes: 3. Motor cortical prediction of movement direction during an instructed delay period. Experimental Brain Research 75:183–94. [GP]Google ScholarPubMed
Georgopoulos, A. P., Kalaska, J. F., Crutcher, M. D., Caminiti, R. & Massey, J. T. (1984) The representation of movement direction in the motor cortex: Single cell and population studies. In: Dynamic aspects of neocortical function, ed. Edelman, G. M., Gall, W. E. & Cowan, W. M.. Wiley. [GP]Google Scholar
Georgopoulos, A. P., Lurito, J. T., Petrides, M., Schwartz, A. B. & Massey, J. T. (1989b) Mental rotation of the neuronal population vector. Science 243:234–36. [aMJ, SCG, GP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Georgopulos, A. P. & Massey, J. T. (1987) Cognitive spatial-motor processes. Experimental Brain Research 65:361–70. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Georgopoulos, A. P., Schwartz, A. B. & Kettner, R. E. (1986) Neuronal population vector coding of movement direction. Science 233:1416–19. [GP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Georgopoulos, A. P., Taira, M. & Lukashin, A. (1993) Cognitive neurophysiology of the motor cortex. Science 260:47–52. [JPR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, J. J. (1979) An ecological approach to visual perception. Houghton-Mifflin. [PCK]Google Scholar
Gilhodes, J. C., Roll, J. P. & Tardy-Gervet, M. F. (1986) Perceptual and motor effects of agonist-antagonist muscle vibration in man. Experimental Brain Research 61:395–402. [JPR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gleick, J. (1987) Chaos. Viking. [CBW]Google Scholar
Goguen, J. A. (1974) Semantics of computation. In: Category theory applied to computation and control, ed. Manes, E. G.. University of Massachusetts Press. [PCK]Google Scholar
Goldberg, G. (1985) Supplementary motor area structure and function: Review and hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:567–616. [JLC-V]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldenberg, G. (1992) Loss of visual imagery and loss of visual knowledge. Neuropsychologia 30:1081–99. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldenberg, G., Podreka, I., Steiner, M., Willmes, K., Suess, E. & Deecke, L. (1989a) Regional cerebral blood flow patterns in visual imagery. Neuropsychologia 27:641–64. [aMJ, JNS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldenberg, G., Podreka, I., Uhl, F., Steiner, M., Willmes, K. & Deecke, L. (1989b) Cerebral correlates of imagining colours, faces and a map. I. SPECT of regional cerebral blood flow. Neuropsychologia 27:1315–28. [aMJ, JNS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, A. (1992) In defence of the simulation theory. Mind and Language 7(1&2): 104–19. [AM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodale, M. A., Jakobson, L. S., Milner, A. D., Perrett, D. I., Benson, P. J. & Hietanen, J. K. (1994) The nature and limits of orientation and pattern processing supporting visuomotor control in a visual form agnosic. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 6:45–55. [ADM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodale, M. A. & Milner, A. D. (1992) Separate visual pathways for perception and action. Trends in Neurosciences 15:20–25. [ADM, GWS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodale, M. A., Milner, A. D., Jakobson, L. S. & Carey, D. P. (1991) A neurological dissociation between perceiving objects and grasping them. Nature 349:154–56. [arMJ, ADM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodwin, G. M., McCloskey, D. I. & Mitchell, J. H. (1972) Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to changes in central command during isometric exercise at constant muscle tension. Journal of Physiology 226:173–90. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gordon, A. M., Forssberg, H., Johansson, R. S. & Westling, G. (1991) Visual size cues in the programming of manipulative forces during precision grip. Experimental Brain Research 83:477–82. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gordon, R. (1992) The simulation and the theory theory. Mind and Language 7(1&2):1–10. [AM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goss, S., Hall, C., Buckholz, E. & Fishburne, G. (1986) Imagery ability and the acquisition and retention of movements. Memory & Cognition 14:469–77. [RLK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottlieb, G. L. (1993) A computational model of the simplest motor program. Journal of Motor behavior 25(3):153–61. [DMC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottlieb, G. L., Corcos, D. M. & Agarwal, G. C. (1989a) Organizing principles for single joint movements: I-A Speed-insensitive strategy. Journal of Neurophysiology 62(2):342–57. [DMC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gottlieb, G. L., Corcos, D. M. & Agarwal, G. C. (1989b) Strategies for the control of voluntary movements with one mechanical degree of freedom. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12(2):189–250. [aMJ, DMC, CBW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gottlieb, G. L., Corcos, D. M., Agarwal, G. C. & Latash, M. L. (1990) Organizing principles for single joint movements: III. The speedinsensitive strategy as default. Journal of Neurophysiology 63(3):625–36. [DMC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grafton, S. T., Mazziotta, J. C., Woods, R. P. & Phelps, M. E. (1992) Human functional anatomy of visually guided finger movements. Brain 115:565–87. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grunbaum, A. S. F. & Sherrington, C. S. (1903) Observations on the physiology of the cerebral cortex of the anthropoid apes. Proceedings of the Royal Society 72:62–65. [rMJ]Google Scholar
Haaxma, H. & Kuypers, H. G. J. M. (1975) Intrahemispheric cortical connections and visual guidance of hand and finger movements in the rhesus monkey. Brain 98:239–60. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, C. R. (1980) Imagery for movement. Journal of Human Movement Studies 6:252–64. [RC]Google Scholar
Hall, C. R. (1985) Individual differences in the mental practice and imagery of motor skill performance. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences 10:17S–21S. [RC]Google ScholarPubMed
Harnad, S. (1987) Category induction and representation. In: Categorical perception: The groundwork of cognition, ed. Harnad, S.. Cambridge University Press. [PCK]Google Scholar
Harris, K. S. & Robinson, W. J. (1986) The effect of skill level on EMC activity during internal and external imagery. Journal of Sport Psychology 8:105–11. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Head, H. (1920) Studies in neurology. Hodder & Stoughton. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Heal, J. (1986) Functionalism and replication. In: Language, mind, and logic, ed. Butterfield, J.. Cambridge University Press. [AM]Google Scholar
Heilman, K. M., Bowers, D., Valenstein, E. & Watson, R. T. (1987) Hemispace and hemispatial neglect. In: Neurophysiological and neuropsychological aspects of spatial neglect, ed. Jeannerod, M.. North-Holland. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Heilman, K. M., Rothi, L. J. & Valenstein, E. (1982) Two forms of ideomotor apraxia. Neurology 32:342–46. [aMJ, RWM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hepp-Reymond, M. C., Wyss, U. R. & Anner, R. (1978) Neuronal coding of static force in the primate motor cortex. Journal de Physiologie (Paris) 74:87–291. [aMJ]Google ScholarPubMed
Heuer, H. (1985) Wie wirkt mentale Ubung? [How does mental practice operate?]. Psychologische Rundschau 36:191–200. [RC]Google Scholar
Heuer, H. (1989) A multiple representations approach to mental practice of motor skills. In: Normalities and abnormalities in human movement, ed. B. Kirkcaldy. (Medical Sport Sciences 29:36–57.) [SV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobbs, S. F. & Gandevia, S. C. (1985) Cardiovascular responses and the sense of effort during attempts to contract paralysed muscles: Role of the spinal cord. Neuroscience Letters 57:85–90. [SCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoff, B. & Arbib, M. A. (1992) A model of the effects of speed, accuracy and perturbation on visually-guided reaching. In: Control of arm movement in space: Neurophysiological and computational approaches, vol. 22, ed. R. Caminiti, P. B. Johnson & Y. Burnod. Experimental Brain Research Series. [arMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holender, D. (1986) Semantic activation without conscious identification. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:1–66. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, G. (1979) The Croonian Lectures on the clinical symptoms of cerebellar disease and their interpretation. In: Selected papers of Cordon Holmes, ed. Phillips, C. G.. Oxford University Press. (Originally published in 1922 in Lancet.) [aMJ]Google Scholar
Hore, J., Wild, B. & Diener, H. (1991) Cerebellar dysmetria at the elbow, wrist and fingers. Journal of Neurophysiology 65(3):563–71. [DMC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houk, J. (1988) Schema for motor control utilizing a network model of the cerebellum. In: Neural information processing systems, ed. Anderson, D.. American Institute of Physics. [RG]Google Scholar
Humphrey, D. R. & Reed, D. J. (1983) Separate cortical systems for control of joint movement and joint stiffness: Reciprocal activation and co-activation of antagonist muscles. In: Motor control mechanisms in health and disease, ed. Desmedt, J. E.. Raven Press. [JP]Google Scholar
Iberall, T. & Arbib, M. A. (1990) Schemas for the control of hand movements: An essay on cortical localization. In: Vision and action: The control of grasping, ed. Goodale, M. A.. Ablex. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Iberall, T., Bingham, G. & Arbib, M. A. (1986) Opposition space as a structuring concept for the analysis of skilled hand movements. In: Ceneration and modulation of action pattern, vol. 15, ed. H. Heuer & C. Fromm. Experimental Brain Reearch Series. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingvaldsen, R. & Whiting, H. T. A. (1993) The two faces of (motor) learning. In: Learning motor skills, ed. C. A. M. Doorenbosch, A. P. M. Out, D. A. C. M. Commissaris, H. H. Wimmers, R. R. D. Oudejans, J. F. Stins & B. R. Rozek. Copy 2000. [HTAW]Google Scholar
Ingvar, D. H. (1985) “Memory of the future”: An essay on the temporal organization of conscious awareness. Human Neurobiology 4:127–36. [rMJ, DHI]Google ScholarPubMed
Ingvar, D. H. (1993) The will of the brain. International Symposium on Will and Economic Behavior, Stockholm, Sweden, April (submitted). [DHI]Google Scholar
Ingvar, D. H. & Philipsson, L. (1977) Distribution of the cerebral blood flow in the dominant hemisphere during motor ideation and motor performance. Annals of Neurology 2:230–37. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ivry, R. & Corcos, D. M. (1993) Slicing the variability pie: Component analysis of coordination and motor dysfunction. In: Variability and motor control, ed. Newell, K. & Corcos, D. M.. Human Kineties. [DMC]Google Scholar
Ivry, R. B. & Keele, S. W. (1989) Timing functions of the cerebellum. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1:135–52. [DMC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobson, E. (1930) Electrical measurements of neuromuscular states during mental activities. I. Imagination of movement involving skeletal muscle. American Journal of Physiology 91:567–608. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jakobson, L. S., Archibald, Y. M., Carey, D. P. & Coodale, M. A. (1991a) A kinematic analysis of reaching and grasping movements in a patient recovering from optic ataxia. Neuropsychologia 29:803–9. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jakobson, L. S. & Goodale, M. A. (1992) Reaching to remembered objects: Further evidence for a dissociation between perception and action. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 33:1373. [ADM]Google Scholar
Jakobson, L. S., Goodale, M. A. & Keillor, J. M. (1991b) A dissociation between grasping real and remembered objects in visual form agnosia. Third International Brain Research Organization (IBRO) World Congress of Neuroscience Abstracts: 177. [ADM]Google Scholar
James, W. (1890) Principles of psychology. Macmillan. (New edition: Dover, 1950.) [aMJ, WP]Google Scholar
Jeannerod, M. (1981) Intersegmental coordination during reaching at natural visual objects. In: Attention and performance IX, ed. Long, J. & Baddeley, A.. Erlbaum. [arMJ]Google Scholar
Jeannerod, M. (1983) Le cerveau-machine. Physiologie de la volonté. Fayard. (English translation: The brain-machine. The development of neurophysiological thought. Harvard University Press, 1985.) [arMJ]Google Scholar
Jeannerod, M. (1984) The timing of natural prehension movements. Journal of Motor Behaviour 16:235–54. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jeannerod, M. (1986a) Are corrections in accurate arm movements corrective? In: Progress in brain research, vol. 64, ed. Freund, H. J., Büttner, U., Cohen, B. & Noth, J.. Elsevier. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Jeannerod, M. (1986b) The formation of finger grip during prehension: A cortically mediated visuomotor pattern. Behavioural Brain Research 19:99–116. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jeannerod, M. (1988) The neural and behavioural organization of goal-directed movements. Clarendon Press. [DE]Google Scholar
Jeannerod, M. (1990) The representation of the goal of an action and its role in the control of goal-directed movements. In: Computational neuroscience, ed. Schwartz, E. L.. MIT Press. [arMJ, RC]Google Scholar
Jeannerod, M. (1991) The interaction of visual and proprioceptive cues in controlling reaching movements. In: Motor control: Concepts and issues, ed. Humphrey, D. R. & Freund, H. J.. Wiley. [rMJ]Google Scholar
Jeannerod, M. (1992) The where in the brain determines the when in the mind. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15:212–13. [rMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeannerod, M. (in press) A theory of representation-driven actions. In: The perceived self-Ecological and interpersonal sources of self-knowledge, ed. U. Neisser. Cambridge University Press. [arMJ]Google Scholar
Jeannerod, M. & Decety, J. (1990) The accuracy of visuomotor transformation. An investigation into the mechanisms of visual recognition of objects. In: Vision and action: The control of grasping, ed. Goodale, M.. Ablex. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Jeannerod, M., Decety, J. & Michel, F. (1994) Impairment of grasping movement following a bilateral posterior parietal lesion. Neuropsychologia (in press). [rMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeannerod, M., Michel, F. & Prablanc, C. (1984) The control of hand movements in a case of hemianaesthesia following a parietal lesion. Brain 107:899–920. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeannerod, M. & Mouret, J. (1962) Etude des mouvements oculaires observés chez l'homme au cours de la veille et du sommeil. Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie 156:1407–10. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Johansson, R. S. & Westling, G. (1988) Coordinated isometric muscle commands adequately and erroneously programmed for the weight during lifting task with precision grip. Experimental Brain Research 71:59–71. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, M. (1987) The body in the mind: The bodily basis of meaning, imagination and reason. University of Chicago Press. [RC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, P. (1982) The functional equivalence of imagery and movement. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 34A:349–65. [aMJ, CBW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson-Laird, P. (1983) Mental models: Towards a cognitive science of language, inference, and consciousness. Harvard University Press. [RG]Google Scholar
Jordan, M. I. (1990a) Motor learning and the degrees of freedom problem. In: Attention and performance XIII: Motor representation and control, ed. Jeannerod, M. J.. Erlbaum. [RD, RG]Google Scholar
Kainen, P. C. (1990a) Functorial cybernetics of attention. In: Neurocomputers and attention, II ed. Holden, A. V. & Krynkov, V. I.. Manchester University Press. [PCK]Google Scholar
Kainen, P. C. (1990b) Categorical coordination of muscular action. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Cybernetics and Systems, I ed. Manikopoulos, C. N.. NJIT Press. [PCK]Google Scholar
Kalaska, J. F. (1991) What parameters of reaching are encoded by discharges of cortical cells? In: Motor control: Concepts and issues, ed. Humphrey, D. R. & Freund, H. J.. Wiley. [JPR]Google Scholar
Kalaska, J. F., Caminiti, R. & Georgopoulos, A. P. (1983) Cortical mechanisms related to the direction of two-dimensional arm movements: Relations in parietal area 5 and comparison with motor cortex. Experimental Brain Research 51:247–60. [JPR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalaska, J. F., Cohen, D. A. D., Prud'homme, M. & Hyde, M. L. (1990) Parietal area 5 neuronal activity encodes movement kinematics, not movement dynamics. Experimental Brain Research 80:351–64. [JPR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalaska, J. F. & Crammond, D. J. (1992) Cerebral cortical mechanisms of reaching movements. Science 255:1517–23. [JNS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalaska, J. F., Crammond, D. J., Cohen, D. A. D., Prud'homme, M. & Hyde, M. L. (1992) Comparison of cell discharge in motor, premotor, and parietal cortex during reaching. In: Control of arm movement in space: Neurophysiological and computational approaches, ed. Caminiti, R., Johnson, P. B. & Burnod, Y.. Springer-Verlag. [JNS]Google Scholar
Katz, D. (1925/1989) The world of touch. Translated by Krueger, L. E.. Erlbaum. [RLK]Google Scholar
Kawato, M. (1989) Adaptation and learning in control of voluntary movement by the central nervous system. Advanced Robotics 3(3):229–49. [RG[CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keele, S. W., Cohen, A. & Ivry, R. (1990) Motor programs: Concepts and issues: In: Attention and performance XIII: Motor representation and control, ed. Jeannerod, M.. Erlbaum. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Keele, S. W., Pokorny, R. A., Corcos, D. M. & Ivry, R. (1985) Do perception and motor production share common timing mechanisms: A correlational analysis. Acta Psychologica 60:173–91. [DMC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keele, S. W. & Posner, M. I. (1968) Processing of visual feedback in rapid movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology 77:155–58. [DE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelso, J. A. S. (1984) Phase transitions and critical behavior in human bimanual coordination. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 15:R1000–R1004. [CBW]Google Scholar
Kelso, J. A. S., Holt, K. G., Rubin, P. & Kugler, P. N. (1981) Patterns of human interlimb coordination emerge from the properties of nonlinear, limit cycle oscillatory processes: Theory and data. Journal of Motor Behavior 13(4):226–61. [JP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelso, J. A. S., Tuller, B. & Harris, K. S. (1981) A dynamic pattern perspective on the control and coordination of movement. In: The production of speech, ed. MacNeilage, P.. Springer-Verlag. [rMJ]Google Scholar
Kerr, N. H. (1983) The role of vision in “visual imagery” experiments. Evidence from the congenitally blind. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 112:265–77. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, S., Ashe, J., Ceorgopoulos, A. P., Merkle, H., Ellerman, J. M., Menon, R. S., Ogawa, S. & Ugurbil, K. (1993) Functional imaging of human motor cortex at high magnetic field. Journal of Neurophysiology 69:297–302. [CAB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klatzky, R. L., Lederman, S. J. & Matula, D. E. (1991) Imagined haptic exploration in judgments of object properties. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Menwry and Cognition 17:314–22. [RLK]Google ScholarPubMed
Klatzky, R. L., McCloskey, B., Doherty, S., Pellegrino, J. & Smith, T. (1987) Knowledge about hand shaping and knowledge about objects. Journal of Motor Behaviour 19:187–213. [arMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klatzky, R. L., Pellegrino, J., McCloskey, B. P. & Doherty, S. (1989) Can you squeeze a tomato? The role of motor representations in semantic sensibility judgements. Journal of Memory and Language 28:56–77. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klatzky, R. L., Pellegrino, J., McCloskey, B. P. & Lederman, S. J. (1993) Cognitive representations of functional interactions with objects. Memory & Cognition 21:294–303. [rMJ, RLK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kornhuber, H. H. & Deecke, L. (1965) Hirnpotentialänderungen bei Wilkürbewegungen und passiven Bewegungen des Menschen: Bereitschaft potential und reafferente Potentiale. Pflügers Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie 284:1–17. [JLC-V]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. (1978) Measuring the visual angle of the mind's eye. Cognitive Psychology 10:356–89. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kosslyn, S. M. (1980) Image and mind. Harvard University Press. [RLK]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M., Ball, T. M. & Reiser, B. J. (1978) Visual images preserve metric spatial information. Evidence from studies of image scanning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 4:47–60. [aMJ]Google ScholarPubMed
Kosslyn, S. M., Flynn, R. A., Amsterdam, J. B. & Wang, G. (1990) Components of high-level vision: A cognitive neuroscience analysis and account of neurological syndromes. Cognition 34:203–77. ]aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M., Pinker, S., Smith, G. E. & Schwartz, S. P. (1979) On the demystification of mental imagery. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2:535–82. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krogh, A. & Lindhard, J. (1913) The regulation of respiration and circulation during the initial stages of muscular work. Journal of Physiology 47:112–36. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kugler, P. N., Kelso, J. A. S. & Turvey, M. T. (1980) On the concept of coordinative structures as dissipative structures: I. Theoretical lines of convergence. In: Tutorials in motor behavior, ed. Stelmach, G. E. & Requin, J.. North-Holland. [DMC]Google Scholar
Lacquaniti, F., Soechting, J. F. & Terzuolo, C. A. (1982) Some factors pertinent to the organization and control of arm movements. Brain Research 252;394–97. [DMC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lacquaniti, F., Terzuolo, C. & Viviani, P. (1983) The law relating kinematic and flgural aspects of drawing movements. Acta Psychologica 54:115–30. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lakoff, C. (1987) Women, fire and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind. University of Chicago Press. [RC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landau, B. & Jackendoff, R. (1993) “What” and “where” in spatial language and spatial cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16(2):217–38. [RJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landauer, T. K. (1962) Rate of implicit speech. Perceptual and Motor Skills 15:646. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lashley, K. S. (1951) The problem of serial order in behavior. In: Cerebral mechanisms and behavior, ed. Jeffress, L. A.. Wiley. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Laszlo, J. (1966) The performance of a simple motor task with kinaesthetic sense loss. Journal of Experimental Psychology 18:1–8. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawvere, F. W. (1963) Funetorial semantics of algebraic theories. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 50:870–72. [PCK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehmkhul, G. & Poeck, K. (1981) A disturbance in the conceptual organization of actions in patients with ideational apraxia. Cortex 17:53–158. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Lhermitte, F. (1983) “Utilisation behaviour” and its relation to lesions of the frontal lobes. Brain 106:237–55. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liberman, A. M. & Mattingly, I. G. (1985) The motor theory of perception of speech revisited. Cognition 21:1–36. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loeb, G. E., Levine, W. S. & He, J. (1990) Understanding sensorimotor feedback through optimal control. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 15:791–803. [rMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lotze, R. H. (1852) Medicinische Psychologie oder Physiologie der Seele. Weidmann'sche Buchhandlung. [WP]Google Scholar
Lurito, J. T., Georgakopoulos, T. & Georgopoulos, A. P. (1991) Cognitive spatial-motor processes. 7. The making of movements at an angle from a stimulus direction: Studies of motor cortical activity at the single cell and population levels. Experimental Brain Research 87:562–80. [GP]Google ScholarPubMed
Macefield, V. G., Gandevia, S. C., Bigland-Ritchie, B., Gorman, R. B. & Burke, D. (1993) The firing rates of human motoneurons voluntarily activated in the absence of muscle afferent feedback. Journal of Physiology (London) 471:429–43. [SCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mach, E. (1906) Die Analyse der Empfindungen und das Verhältniss des Physichen zum Psychischen, 5th ed.G. Fischer. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Mackay, D. G. (1981) The problem of rehearsal or mental practice. Journal of Motor Behavior 13(4):274–85. [DMC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacKay, W. A. (1992) Properties of reach related neuronal activity in cortical area 7A. Journal of Neurophysiology 67:1335–45. [rMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacNeilage, P. F. (1970) Motor control of serial ordering of speech. Psychological Review 77:182–96. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahoney, M. J. & Avener, M. (1987) Psychology of the elite athlete. An explorative study. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1:135–41. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malcolm, N. (1971) The myth of cognitive processes and structures. In: Cognitive development and epistemology, ed. Mischel, T. S.. Academic Press. [HTAW]Google Scholar
Marr, D. (1982) Vision. Freeman. [aMJ, RJ, ADM]Google Scholar
Marteniuk, R. G., MacKenzie, C. L., Jeannerod, M., Athenes, S. & Dugas, C. (1987) Constraints on human arm movement trajectories. Canadian Journal of Psychology 41:365–78. [arMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Massey, J. T., Lurito, J. T., Pellizzer, G. & Georgopoulos, A. P. (1992) Three-dimensional drawings in isometric conditions: Relation between geometry and kinematics. Experimental Brain Research 88:685–90. [aMJ, GP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matsuzaka, Y., Aizawa, H. & Tanji, J. (1992) A motor area rostral to the supplementary motor area (presupplementary motor area) in the monkey: Neuronal activity during a learned motor task. Journal of Neurophysiology 68:653–62. [JNS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McBride, E. & Rothstein, A. (1979) Mental and physical practice and the learning and retention of open and closed skills. Perceptual and Motor Skills 49:359–65. [RC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCloskey, D. I., Colebatch, J. G., Potter, E. K. & Burke, D. (1983) Judgements about onset of rapid voluntary movements in man. Journal of Neurophysiology 49:851–63. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCloskey, D. I., Ebeling, P. & Goodwin, G. M. (1974) Estimation of weights and tensions and apparent involvement of a “sense of effort”. Experimental Neurology 42:220–32. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCloskey, D. I. & Torda, T. A. G. (1975) Corollary motor discharges and kinaesthesia. Brain Research 100:467–70. [aMJ, SCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCullagh, P. & Caird, J. K. (1990) Correct and learning models and the use of model knowledge of results in the acquisition and retention of a motor skill. Journal of Human Movement Studies 18:107–16. [RC]Google Scholar
Mel, B. (1986) A connectionist learning model for three-dimensional mental rotation, zoom and pan. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. [RG]Google Scholar
Mel, B. (1988) Murphy: A robot that learns by doing. In: Neural information processing systems, ed. Anderson, D.. American Institute of Physics. [RG]Google Scholar
Mellah, S., Rispal-Padel, L. & Riviere, G. (1990) Changes in excitability of motor units during preparation of movement. Experimental Brain Research 82:178–86. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merleau-Ponty, M. (1965) Structure of behavior. Methuen. [HTAW]Google Scholar
Meyer, D. E., Smith, J. E. K., Kornblum, S., Abrams, R. A. & Wright, C. E. (1990) Speed-accuracy tradeoffs in aimed movements. Toward a theory of rapid voluntary action. In: Attention and performance XIII: Motor representation and control, ed. Jeannerod, M.. Erlbaum. [aMJ[Google Scholar
Miller, W. T., Sutton, R. S. & Werbos, P. J., eds. (1990) Neural networks for control. MIT Press/Bradford Books. [RC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, A. D. & Goodale, M. A. (1993) Visual pathways to perception and action. In: The visually responsive neuron: From basic neurophysiology to behavior, ed. Hicks, T. P., Molotchnikoff, S. & Ono, T.. Elsevier. [aMJ, ADM]Google Scholar
Milner, A. D., Perrett, D. I., Johnston, R. S., Benson, P. J., Jordan, T. R., Heeley, D. W. et al. (1991) Perception and action in visual form agnosia. Brain 114:405–28. [ADM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mishkin, M., Ungerleider, L. G. & Macko, K. A. (1983) Object vision and spatial vision: Two cortical pathways? Trends in Neurosciences 6:414–17. [aMJ, AHCVDH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, D. B. & Richman, C. L. (1980) Confirmed reservations: Mental travel. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 6:58–66. [aMJ]Google ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, R. W. (1993) Mental models of mirror-self-recognition: Two theories. New Ideas in Psychology 11:295–325. [RWM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morel, A. & Bullier, J. (1990) Anatomical segregation of two cortical visual pathways in the macaque monkey. Visual Neuroscience 4:555–78. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morton, A. (1980) Frames of mind. Oxford University Press. [AM]Google Scholar
Neisser, U. (1985) The role of invariant structures in the control of movement. In: Goal-directed behavior: The concept of action in psychology, ed. Frese, M. & Sabini, J.. Erlbaum. [SV]Google Scholar
Newell, K. M. (1985) Coordination, control and skill. In: Differing perspectives in motor learning, memory, and control, ed. Goodman, D., Wilberg, R. B. & Franks, I. M.. North-Holland. [CBW]Google Scholar
Nguyen, D. & Widrow, B. (1987) The truck backer-upper: An example of self-learning in neural networks. Proceedings of the IEEE First International Conference on Neural Networks. [RG]Google Scholar
Norman, D. A. (1981) Categorization of action slips. Psychological Review 88:1–15. [RD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norman, D. A. & Shallice, T. (1980) Attention to action: Willed and automatic control of behavior. Hunmn Information Processing Technical Report no. 99, University of California, San Diego. (Reprinted in: Schwartz, G. E. & Schapiro, D., eds. [1986] Consciousness and self-regulation. Plenum Press.) [aMJ]Google Scholar
Oldfield, R. C. & Zangwill, O. L. (1942) Head's concept of the schema and its application in contemporary British psychology. British Journal of Psychology 32:267–86, 33:58–64. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Paivio, A. (1986) Mental representations: A dual coding approach. Clarendon Press. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Pascual-Leone, A., Cohen, L. G., Dang, N., Brasil-Neto, J., Cammarota, A. & Hallett, M. (1993) Acquisition of fine motor skills in humans is associated with the modulation of cortical motor outputs. Neurology 43(Suppl 2):A157. ]MH]Google Scholar
Paulignan, Y., Jeannerod, M., MacKenzie, C. & Marteniuk, R. (1991) Selective perturbation of visual input during prehension movements. II. The effects of changing object size. Experimental Brain Research 87:407–20. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paulignan, Y., MacKenzie, C., Marteniuk, R. & Jeannerod, M. (1991) Selective perturbation of visual input during prehension movements. I. The effects of changing object position. Experimental Brain Research 83:502–12. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pélisson, D., Prablanc, C., Goodale, M. A. & Jeannerod, M. (1986) Visual control of reaching movements without vision of the limb. II. Evidence of fast unconscious processes correcting the trajectory of the hand to the final position of a double-step stimulus. Experimental Brain Research 62:303–11. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Pellegrino, J. W., Klatzky, R. L. & McCloskey, B. P. (1989) Time course of preshaping for functional responses to objects. Journal of Motor Behavior 21:307–16. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pellizzer, G. & Georgopoulos, A. P. (1993a) Mental rotation of the intended direction of movement. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2:12–17. [GP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pellizzer, G. & Georgopoulos, A. P. (1993b) Common processing constraints for visuomotor and visual mental rotations. Experimental Brain Research 93:165–72. [GP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pellizzer, G., Sargent, P. & Georgopoulos, A. P. (1993) Functional hypothesis for the relation between speed and curvature in drawing movements. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 19:545. [GP]Google Scholar
Penfield, W. & Boldrey, E. (1937) Somatic motor and sensory representation in the cerebral cortex of man as studied by electrical stimulation. Brain 60:389–443. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perenin, M.-T. & Jeannerod, M. (1978) Visual function within the hemianopie field following early cerebral hemidecortication in man. I. Spatial localization. Neuropsychologia 16:1–13. [rMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peronin, M.-T. & Vighetto, A. (1988) Optic ataxia: A specific disruption in visuomotor mechanisms. I. Different aspects of the deficit in reaching for objects. Brain 111:643–74. [arMJ, ADM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perrett, D. I., Harris, M. H., Bevan, R., Thomas, S., Benson, P. J., Mistlin, A. J. et al. (1989) Framework of analysis for the neural representation of animate objects and actions. Journal of Experimental Biology 146:87–113. [rMJ, GR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perrett, D. I., Rolls, E. T. & Caan, W. (1982) Visual neurons responsive to faces in the monkey temporal cortex. Experimental Brain Research 47:329–42. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petrides, M. & Pandya, D. N. (1984) Projections to the frontal cortex from the posterior parietal region in the rhesus monkey. Journal of Comparative Neurology 228:105–16. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piaget, J. (1955) The child's construction of reality. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [CS]Google Scholar
Pinker, S. (1984) Visual cognition: An introduction. Cognition 18:1–63. [nMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pohl, W. (1973) Dissociation of spatial diserimination deficits following frontal and parietal lesions in monkeys. Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology 82:227–39. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollock, B. J. & Lee, T. D. (1992) Effects of the model's skill level on observational learning. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 63:25–29. [RC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poppelrcuter, W. (1917) Die Störungen der niederen und höheren Schleistungen durch Verletzungen des Okzipetalhirns. Voss. (English translation: Oxford University Press, 1990.) [aMJ]Google Scholar
Prablanc, C., Echallier, J. F., Komilis, E. & Jeannerod, M. (1979) Optimal response of eye and hand motor systems in pointing at a visual target. I. Spatio-temporal characteristics of eye and hand movements and their relationships when varying the amount of visual information. Biological Cybernetics 35:113–24. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prablanc, C., Pélisson, D. & Goodale, M. A. (1986) Visual control of reaching movements without vision of the limb. I. Role of retinal feedback of target position in guiding the hand. Experimental Brain Research 62:293–302. [DE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prinz, W. (1990) A common coding approach to perception and action. In: Relationships between perception and action: Current approaches, ed. Neumann, O. & Prinz, W.. Springer-Verlag. [WP]Google Scholar
Prinz, W. (1992) Why don't we perceive our brain states? European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 4:1–20. [WP, AHCVDH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Proctor, R. W. & Reeve, T. G. (1986) Salient features coding operations in spatial precuing tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 12:277–85. [RC]Google Scholar
Proctor, R. W., Reeve, T. G. & Weeks, D. J. (1990) A triphasic approach to the acquisition of response-selection skill. In: The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 26, ed. Bower, C. H.. Academic Press. [RC]Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. (1973) What the mind's eye tells the mind's brain. A critique of mental imagery. Psychological Bulletin 80:1–24. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. (1984) Ćomputation and cognition. MIT Press. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Quintana, J. & Fuster, J. M. (1992) Mnemonic and predictive functions of cortical neurons in a memory task. NeuroReport 3:721–24. [JMF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reeve, T. G., Proetor, R. W., Weeks, D. J. & Dornier, L. (1992) Salience of stimulus and response features in choice-reaction tasks. Perception & Psychophysics 52:453–60. [RC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Requin, J. (1992) From action representation to motor control. In: Tutorials in motor behavior II, ed. Stelmach, G. E. & Requin, J.. Elsevier. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Requin, J., Brener, J. & Ring, C. (1991) Preparation for action. In: Psychophysiology of human information processing, ed. Jennings, J. R. & Coles, M. G. H.. Wiley. [aMJ, JR]Google Scholar
Requin, J., Riehle, A. & Seal, J. (1993) Neuronal networks for movement preparation. In: Attention and performance XIV, ed. Meyer, D. E. & Kornblum, S.. MIT Press. [JR]Google Scholar
Richman, C. L., Mitchell, D. B. & Reznick, J. S. (1979) Mental travel: Some reservations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 5:13–18. [aMJ]Google ScholarPubMed
Rizzolatti, G., Carmada, R., Fogassi, L., Gentilucci, M., Luppino, G. & Matelli, M. (1988) Functional organization of area 6 in the macaque monkey. II. Area F5 and the control of distal movements. Experimental Brain Research 71:491–507. [arMJ, PCK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, D. A. (1975) Oculomotor control signals. In: Basic mechanisms of ocular motility and their clinical implications, ed. Lennerstrand, G. & Bach-y-Rita, P.. Pergamon Press. [arMJ]Google Scholar
Roland, P. E. (1984) Organisation of motor control by the normal human brain. Human Neurobiology 2:205–16. [aMJ]Google ScholarPubMed
Roland, P. E. & Friberg, L. (1985) Localization of cortical areas activated by thinking. Journal of Neurophysiology 53:1219–43. [aMJ, JNS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roland, P. E., Larsen, B., Lassen, N. A. & Skinhoj, E. (1980) Supplementary motor area and other cortical areas in organization of voluntary movements in man. Journal of Neurophysiology 43:118–36. [JLC-V]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roland, P. E., Skinhoj, E., Lassen, N. A. & Larsen, B. (1980) Different cortical areas in man in organization of voluntary movements in extrapersonal space. Journal of Neurophysiology 43:137–50. [arMJ, JNS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roll, J. P., Gilhodes, J. C., Roll, R. & Velay, J. L. (1990) Contribution of skeletal and extraocular proprioception to kinaesthetie representation. In: Attention and performance XIII: Motor representation and control, ed. Jeannerod, M.. Erlbaum. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Roll, J. P. & Vedel, J. P. (1982) Kinaesthetic role of muscle afferents in man, studied by tendon vibration and mieroneurography. Experimental Brain Research 47:177–90. [JPR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roll, R., Velay, J. L. & Roll, J. P. (1991) Eye and neck proprioceptive messages contribute to the spatial coding of retinal input in visually oriented activities. Experimental Brain Research 85:423–31. [JPR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenbaum, D. A. (1991) Human motor control. Academic Press. [RD]Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, D. A., Engelbrecht, S. E., Bushe, M. M. & Loukopoulos, L. D. (1993) Knowledge model for selecting and producing reaching movements. Journal of Motor Behavior 25:217–27. [RD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenbaum, D. A., Inhoff, A. W. & Gordon, A. M. (1984) Choosing between movement sequences: A hierarchical editor model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 113:372–93. [SV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenbaum, D. A. & Jorgensen, M. J. (1992) Planning macroscopic aspects of manual control. Human Movement Science 11:61–69. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenbaum, D. A., Marchak, F., Barnes, H. J., Vanghan, J., Slotta, J. D. & Jorgensen, M. J. (1990) Constraints for action selesction. Overhand versus underhand grips. In: Attention and performance XIII: Motor representation and control, ed. Jeannerod, M.. Erlbaum. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, D. A., Slotta, J. D., Vaughan, J. & Plamondon, R. (1991) Optimal movement selection. Psychological Science 2:86–91. [RLK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothwell, J. C., Traub, M. M., Day, B. L., Obeso, J. A., Thomas, P. K. & Marsden, C. D. (1982) Manual motor performance in a deafferented man. Brain 105:515–42. [SCG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roy, E. A. & Hall, C. (1992) Limb apraxia: A process approach. In: Vision and motor control, ed. Proteau, L. & Elliott, D.. North-Holland. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Ryding, E., Decety, J., Sjolhom, H., Stenberg, G. & Ingvar, H. (1993) Motor imagery activates the cerebellum regionally. A SPECT rCBF study with 99mTc-HMPAO. Cognitive Brain Research 1:94–99. [rMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saffran, E. M. & Schwartz, M. F. (in press) Of cabbages and things: Semantie memory from a neuropsychological perspective. A tutorial review. Attention and Performance XV. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Sakata, H., Taira, M., Mine, S. & Murata, A. (1992) Hand-movement-related neurons of the posterior parietal cortex of the monkey: Their role in the visual guidance of hand movements. In: Control of arm movement in space, ed. Caminiti, R., Johnson, P. B. & Burnod, Y.. Springer-Verlag. [ADM]Google Scholar
Saltzman, E. (1979) Levels of sensorimotor representation. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 20:91–163. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanes, J. N., Mauritz, K.-H., Dalakas, M. C. & Evarts, E. V. (1985) Motor control in humans with large-fiber sensory neuropathy. Human Neurobiology 4:101–14. [SCG]Google ScholarPubMed
Sanes, J. N., Stern, C. E., Baker, J. R., Kwong, K. K., Donoghuo, J. P. & Rosen, B. R. (1993) Human frontal motor cortical areas related to motor performance and mental imagery. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 19:1208. [JNS]Google Scholar
Scheerer, E. (1984) Motor theories of cognitive structure: A historical review. In: Cognition and motor processes, ed. Prinz, W. & Sanders, A. F.. Springer. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Scheerer, E. (1987) Muscle sense and innervation feelings. A chapter in the history of perception and action. In: Perspectives on perception and action, ed. Heuer, H. & Sanders, A. F.. Erlbaum. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Schilder, P. (1935) The image and appearance of the human body. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Schmidt, R. A. (1975) A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning. Psychological Reviews 82:225–60. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, R. A. (1988) Motor control and learning. A behavioral emphasis, 2nd ed.Human Kinetics. [rMJ, RC, SV]Google Scholar
Schneider, K., Zemicke, R. F., Schmidt, R. A. & Hart, T. J. (1989) Changes in limb dynamics during the practice of rapid arm movements. Journal of Biomechanics 22:805–17. [CBW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schöner, C., Zanone, P. G. & Kelso, J. A. S. (1992) Learning as change of coordination dynamics: Theory and experiment. Journal of Motor Behavior 24:29–48. [CBW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Searle, J. R. (1983) Intentionality: An essay in the philosophy of mind. Cambridge University Press. [rMJ, JP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shallice, T. (1988) From neuropsychology to mental structure. Cambridge University Press. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, W. A. (1938) The distribution of muscular action potentials during imaging. Psychological Record 2:195–216. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, W.A. (1940) The relation of muscular action potentials to imaginal weight lifting. Archives of Psychology 35:5–50. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. or Metzler, J. (1971) Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science 171:701–3. [aMJ, RLK, CP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shiffrar, M. & Freyd, J. J. (1990) Apparent motion of the human body. Psychological Science 1:257–64. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, J. R. (1990) The effects of an irrelevant directional cue on human information processing. In: Stimulus-response compatibility: An integrated perspective, ed. Proctor, R. W. & Reeve, T. G.. North-Holland. [RC]Google Scholar
Singer, R. N. & Suwanthada, S. (1986) The generalizability effectiveness of a learning strategy on achievement in related closed motor skills. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 57:205–14. [RC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinha, C. (1982) Representational development and the structure of action. In: Social cognition: Studies in the development of understanding, ed. Butterworth, G. & Light, P.. Harvester. [CS]Google Scholar
Sinha, C. & Thorseng, A. (1993) Learning spatial concepts and prepositions in children and connectionist networks. Paper presented at International Cognitive Linguistics Conference, Leuven, Belgium. [CS]Google Scholar
Sirigu, A., Cohen, L., Duhamel, J.-R., Pillon, B., Dubois, B. & Agid, Y. (1993) Evidence for a canonical hand posture store in the brain. Unpublished paper. [ADM]Google Scholar
Smyrnis, N., Taira, M., Ashe, J. & Georgopoulos, A. P. (1992) Motor cortical activity in a memorized delay task. Experimental Brain Research 92:139–51. [GP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sperry, R. W. (1950) Neural basis of the spontaneous optokinetic response produced by visual inversion. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 43:482–89. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stelmach, G. E., Castiello, U. & Jeannerod, M. (1994) Orienting the finger opposition space during prehension movements. Journal of Motor Behaviour (in press). [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stelmach, G. E. & Walsh, M. F. (1973) The temporal placement of interpolated movements in short-term memory. Journal of Motor Behaviour 5:165–73. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephan, K. M., Fink, G. R., Frith, C. D. & Frackoviak, R. S. J. (1993) Functional anatomy of mental representation of hand movements in healthy subjects. International Union of Physiological Sciences (Glasgow). Abstract 49 7/P. [rMJ]Google Scholar
Sternberg, S., Monsell, S., Knoll, R. L. & Wright, C. E. (1978) The latency and duration of rapid movement sequences: Comparisons of speech and typewriting. In: Information processing in motor control and learning, ed. Stelmach, G. E.. Academic Press. [SV]Google Scholar
Strong, G. W. (1990) Different regions of space or different spaces altogether: What are the dorsal/ventral systems processing? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13:556–57. [GWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strong, G. W. & Whitehead, B. A. (1981) Representation and processing of spatial information in cognition. In: Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Cognitive Science Society. [GWS]Google Scholar
Strong, G. W. & Whitehead, B. A. (1989) A solution to the tag-assignment problem for neural networks. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12:381–433. [GWS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swinnen, S. P., Walter, C. B. & Shapiro, D. C. (1988) The coordination of limb movements with different kinematic patterns. Brain and Cognition 8:326–47. [CBW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swinnen, S. P., Young, D. E., Walter, C. B. & Serrien, D. J. (1991) Control of asymmetrical bimanual movements. Experimental Brain Research 85:163–73. [CBW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taga, G., Yamagushi, Y. & Shimizu, H. (1991) Self-organized control of bipedal locomotion by neural oscillators in unpredictable environment. Biological Cybernetics 65:147–59. [JP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taira, M., Mine, S., Georgopoulos, A. P., Murata, A. & Sakata, H. (1990) Parietal cortex neurons of the monkey related to the visual guidance of hand movements. Experimental Brain Research 83:29–36. [arMJ, ADM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Talmy, L. (1988) Force dynamics in language and cognition. Cognitive Science 12:49–100. [CS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanji, J. & Evarts, E. V. (1976) Anticipatory activity of motor cortex neurons in relation to direction of an intended movement. Journal of Neurophysiology 39:1062–68. [JNS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teuber, H. L. (1960) Perception. In: Handbook of physiology. Section I: Neurophysiology, ed. Field, J., Magoun, H. W. & Hall, V. E.. American Physiological Society. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Thom, R. (1990) Semio physics. Addison-Wesley. [PCK]Google Scholar
Thomson, J. A. (1983) Is continuous visual monitoring necessary in visually guided locomotion? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 9:427–43. [DE]Google ScholarPubMed
Ullman, S. (1980) Against direct perception. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:373–415. [PCK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ungerleider, L. G. & Mishkin, M. (1982) Two cortical visual systems. In: Analysis of visual behavior, ed. Ingle, D. J., Goodale, M. A. & Mansfield, R. J. W.. MIT Press. [arMJ, ADM, AHCVDH]Google Scholar
Vallbo, A. B. (1973) Muscle spindle afferent discharge from resting and contracting muscles in normal human subjects. In: New developments in electromyography and clinial neurophysiology. Vol. 3: Human reflexes, pathophysiology of motor systems, methodology of human reflexes, ed. Desmedt, J. E.. Karger. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Van der Heijden, A. H. C. (1992) Selective attention in vision. Routledge. [rMJ, AHCVDH]Google Scholar
Viviani, P. (1990) Common factors in the control of free and constrained movements. In: Attention and performance XIII: Motor representation and control, ed. Jeannerod, M.. Erlbaum. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Viviani, P. & McCollum, G. (1983) The relation between linear extent and velocity in drawing movements. Neuroscience 10:211–18. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viviani, P. & Stucchi, N. (1992a) Biological movements look uniform: Evidence of motor-perceptual interactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 18:603–23. [aMJ]Google ScholarPubMed
Viviani, P. & Stucchi, N. (1992b) Motor-perceptual interactions. In: Tutorials in motor behavior II, ed. Stelmach, G. E. & Requin, J.. Elsevier. [aMJ]Google Scholar
Viviani, P. & Terzuolo, C. (1982) Trajectory determines movement dynamics. Neuroscience 7:431–37. [GP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vogt, S. (1994) On relations between perceiving, imagining, and performing in the learning of cyclical movement sequences. British Journal of Psychology. [SV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Von Hoist, E. & Mittelstaedt, H. (1950) Das Reafferenzprinzip. Wechselwiskungen swischen Zentralnervensystem und Peripherie. Naturwissenschaften 37:464–76. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walter, C. B. & Swinnen, S. P. (1992) Adaptive tuning of interlimb attraction to facilitate bimanual decoupling. Journal of Motor Behavior 24:95–104. [CBW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, Y. & Morgan, W. P. (1992) The effects of imagery perspectives on the physiological responses to imagined exercise. Behavioural Brain Research 52:167–74. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wannier, T. M. J., Maier, M. A. & Hepp-Reymond, M. C. (1991) Contrasting properties of monkey somatosensory and motor cortex neurons activated during the control of force in precision grip. Journal of Neurophysiology 65:572–89. [aMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weber, R. J. & Castleman, J. (1970) The time it takes to imagine. Perception & Psychophysics 8:165–68. [DMC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wehner, T., Vogt, S. & Stadler, M. (1984) Task-specific EMC-characteristics during mental training. Psychological Research 46:389–401. [SV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Welford, A. T. (1976) Skilled performance: Perceptual and motor skills. Scott-Foresman. [RC]Google Scholar
Wise, S. P., Alexander, G. E., Altman, J. S., Brooks, V. B., Freund, H. J., Fromm, C. J., Humphrey, D. R. et al. (1991) Group report: What are the specific functions of the different motor areas? In: Motor control: Concepts and issues, ed. Humphrey, D. R. & Freund, H. J.. Wiley. [CAB]Google Scholar
Wise, S. P. & Mauritz, K. H. (1985) Set-related neuronal activity in the preinotor cortex of rhesus monkeys: Effects of changes in motor set. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (Biology) 223:331–54. [JNS]Google ScholarPubMed
Wittgenstein, L. (1953) Philosophical investigations. Basil Blackwell. [JP]Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, L. (1976) Philosophical investigations. Blackwell. [HTAW]Google Scholar
Wood worth, R. S. (1899) The accuracy of voluntary movement. Psychological Review (Monograph Supplement) 3:1–119. [DE]Google Scholar
Wood worth, R. S. (1903) Le mouvement. Doin. [rMJ]Google Scholar
Yue, G. & Cole, K. J. (1992) Strength increases from the motor program. Comparison of training with maximal voluntary and imagined muscle contractions. Journal of Neurophysiology 67:1114–23. [arMJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed