Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T03:32:32.021Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Money: Motivation, metaphors, and mores

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 April 2006

Stephen E. G. Lea  and
Paul Webley
Stephen E. G. Lea*
Affiliation:
University of Exeter, School of Psychology, Washington Singer Laboratories, ExeterEX4 4QG, United Kingdomhttp://www.exeter.ac.uk/~SEGLeahttp://www.exeter.ac.uk/~pwebley
Paul Webley*
Affiliation:
University of Exeter, School of Psychology, Washington Singer Laboratories, ExeterEX4 4QG, United Kingdomhttp://www.exeter.ac.uk/~SEGLeahttp://www.exeter.ac.uk/~pwebley
*
[email protected]
[email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Our response amplifies our case that money is best seen as both a drug and a tool. Some commentators challenge our core assumptions: In this response we, therefore, explain in more detail why we assume that money is an exceptionally strong motivator, and that a biological explanation of money motivation is required. We also provide evidence to support those assumptions. Other commentators criticise our use of the drug metaphor, particularly arguing that it is empirically empty; and in our response we seek to show how it can be submitted to test – aided by some commentaries which suggest such tests. In addition, we explain, with evidence, why we do not think that the notion of money as a generalised conditioned reinforcer provides a satisfactory alternative to the tool/drug account. The largest group of commentaries suggests alternative instincts on which the drug-like effects of money might be based, other than the reciprocation and play instincts we propose; in our response, we explain why we still prefer our original proposals, but we accept that alternative or additional instincts may indeed underlie money motivation. A final group of commentaries carries the argument further, suggesting extensions to the tool/drug model, in ways with which we are broadly in sympathy. The purpose of the tool and drug metaphors is to encourage reflection on the biological origins of money motivation, and to that extent at least we believe that they have succeeded.

Type
Authors' Response
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 29 , Issue 2 , April 2006 , pp. 196 - 209
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agassi, J. (1977) Towards a rational philosophical anthropology. Martinus Nijhoff. [JA]Google Scholar
Ainslie, G. (2001) Breakdown of will. Cambridge University Press. [GA]Google Scholar
Ainslie, G. (2003) Uncertainty as wealth. Behavioural Processes 64:369-85. [GA]Google Scholar
Ainslie, G. (2005) Précis of Breakdown of will. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28(5): 635-73. [GA]Google Scholar
Aldona, J., ed. (1991) Chiefly feasts: The enduring Kwakiutl potlatch. University of Washington Press. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Allan, R. W. & Zeigler, H. P. (1994) Autoshaping the pigeon's gape response: Acquisition and topography as a function of reinforcer type and magnitude. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 62:201-23. [FS]Google Scholar
Allison, D. B., Miller, R. A., Austad, S. N., Bouchard, C., Leibel, R., Klebanov, S., Johnson, T. & Harrison, D. E. (2001) Genetic variability in responses to caloric restriction in animals and in regulation of metabolism and obesity in humans. Journal of Gerontology A 56:550-65. [GAA]Google Scholar
Allport, G. W. (1937) Personality: A psychological interpretation. Holt. [RBG, aSEGL]Google Scholar
Amato, P. R. & Rogers, S. J. (1997) A longitudinal study of marital problems and subsequent divorce. Journal of Marriage and the Family 59:612-24. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Anderson, E. (1993) Value in ethics and economics. Harvard University Press. [AJW]Google Scholar
Anderson, N. H. (1981) Foundation of information integration theory. Academic Press. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Anderson, S. W., Damasio, H. & Damasio, A. R. (2005) A neural basis for collecting behaviour in humans. Brain 128:201-12. [DAB, PB]Google Scholar
Aristotle (1952) Politics, ed. Warrington, J.. Heron Books. [AJW]Google Scholar
Axelrod, R. (1984) The evolution of cooperation. Basic Books. [SD, FS]Google Scholar
Ayllon, T. & Azrin, N. H. (1968) The token economy: A motivational system for therapy and rehabilitation. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Bagley, C. (1999) Adolescent prostitution in Canada and the Philippines: Statistical comparisons, an ethnographic account and policy options. International Social Work 42:445-69. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Baldwin, J. W. (1959) The medieval theories of the just price: Romanists, canonists and theologians of the twelfth and thirteenth century. The American Philosophical Society. [AJW]Google Scholar
Baum, W. M. (1974a) Chained concurrent schedules: Reinforcement as situation transition. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 22:91-101. [SK]Google Scholar
Baum, W. M. (1974b) On two types of deviation from the matching law: Bias and undermatching. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 22: 231-42. [VAL]Google Scholar
Baum, W. M. (2002) From molecular to molar: A paradigm shift in behavior analysis. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 78:95-116. [VAL]Google Scholar
Becker, G. S. (1996) Accounting for tastes. Harvard University Press. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Belk, R. W. (1984) Three scales to measure constructs related to materialism: Reliability, validity, and relationships to measures of happiness. Advances in Consumer Research 11:291-97. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Belk, R. W. (1996) The perfect gift. In: Gift giving: A research anthology, ed. Otnes, C. & Beltramini, R.. Bowling Green University Popular Press. [RB]Google Scholar
Belk, R. W. (2005) Exchange taboos from an interpretive perspective. Journal of Consumer Psychology 15:16-21. [RB]Google Scholar
Belk, R. W. & Coon, G. (1993) Gift-giving as agapic love: An alternative to the exchange paradigm based on dating experiences. Journal of Consumer Research 20:393-417. [RB]Google Scholar
Belk, R. W. & Wallendorf, M. (1990) The sacred meanings of money. Journal of Economic Psychology 11:35-67. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Belk, R. W., Sherry, J. F. & Wallendorf, M. (1988) A naturalistic inquiry into buyer and seller behavior at a swap meet. Journal of Consumer Research 14:449-70. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Bell, S. (2001) The role of the state and the hierarchy of money. Cambridge Journal of Economics 25:149-63. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Benham, W. G. (1935) Cassells classifiedquotations, 4th edition. Cassell. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Berlyne, D. E. (1960) Conflict, arousal and curiosity. McGraw Hill. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Black, D. W. (1996) Compulsive buying: A review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 57:50-5. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Blackmore, S. (1999) The meme machine. Oxford University Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Bohannan, P. (1959) The impact of money on an African subsistence economy. Journal of Economic History 19:455-61. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Booth, D. A., Lovett, D. & McSherry, G. M. (1972) Postingestive modulation of the sweetness preference gradient in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 78:485-512. [DAB]Google Scholar
Booth, D. A., Thompson, A. L. & Shahedian, B. (1983) A robust, brief measure of an individual's most preferred level of salt in an ordinary foodstuff. Appetite 4:301-12. [DAB]Google Scholar
Borneman, J. & Fowler, N. (1997) Europeanization. Annual Review of Anthropology 26:487-514. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Bornemann, E. (1976) The psychoanalysis of money. Urizen. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Boulding, K. E. (1981) Evolutionary economics. Sage. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Boundy, D. (1993) When money is the drug: The compulsion for credit, cash, and chronic debt. Harper. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Bown, N. J., Read, D. & Summers, B. (2003) The lure of choice. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 16:297-308. [SD]Google Scholar
Braver, T. S. & Cohen, J. D. (2000) On the control of control: The role of dopamine in regulating prefrontal function and working memory. In: Control of cognitive processes: Attention and performance XVIII, ed. Monsell, S. & Driver, J., pp. 713-37. MIT Press. [SC]Google Scholar
Brehm, J.W. (1966) A theory of psychological reactance. Academic Press. [SD]Google Scholar
Breiter, H. C., Aharon, I., Kahneman, D., Dale, A. & Shizgal, P. (2001) Functional imaging of neural responses to expectancy and experience of monetary gains and losses. Neuron 30(2):619-39. [HM]Google Scholar
Breiter, H. C., Becerra, L., Gonzaels, R. G., Jenkins, L., Huffman, E., Harter, K., Comite, A. & Borsook, D. (2000) Morphine induced reward and pain circuitry activation in drug naïve humans. Poster presented at the 19th Annual Meeting of the American Pain Society, Atlanta, GA, November 2-5, 2000. [HM]Google Scholar
Breiter, H. C., Gollub, R. L., Weisskoff, R. M., Kennedy, D. N., Makris, N., Berke, J. D., Goodman, J. M., Kantor, H. L., Gastfriend, D. R., Riorden, J. P., Mathew, R. T., Rosen, B. R. & Hyman, S. E. (1997) Acute effects of cocaine on human brain activity and emotion. Neuron 19(3):591-611. [HM]Google Scholar
Brendl, C. M., Markman, A. B. & Higgins, E. T. (1998) Mentale Buchhaltung als Selbst-Regulation: Representativitat für ziel-geleitete Kategorien [Mental accounting as self-regulation: Representativeness to goal-derived categories]. Zeitschrift fuer Sozialpsychologie 29:89-104. [ABM]Google Scholar
Brendl, C. M., Markman, A. B. & Messner, C. (2003) Devaluation of goal-unrelated choice options. Journal of Consumer Research 29:463-73. [ABM]Google Scholar
Brooks, J. (1981) Showing off in America. Little, Brown. [RBG]Google Scholar
Brooks, J. L., Mark, L, Sakai, R. & Crowe, C. (producers) (1996) Jerry Maguire [Motion picture], directed by Crowe, C.. United States: Columbia/TriStar Studios. [KMK]Google Scholar
Bruner, J. S. & Goodman, C. C. (1947) Value and need as organising factors in perception. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 42:33-44. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Brysbaert, M. & d'Ydewalle, G. (1989) Why Belgian coins grow smaller. Psychologica Belgica 29:109-18. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
B+S Card Service GmbH (2005) Online service available at: http://www.bs-card- service.com/english/becoming-a-partner/card-settlement/payment-cards/ [SD]Google Scholar
Buchan, J. (1997) Frozen desire. Picador. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Buller, D. J. (2005) Adapting minds. MIT Press. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Burdett, K., Trejos, A. & Wright, R. (2001) Cigarette money. Journal of Economic Theory 99:117-42. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Burghardt, G. M. (2001) Play: Attributes and neural substrates. In: Handbook of behavioral neurobiology, vol. 13: Developmental psychobiology, developmental neurobiology and behavioral ecology: Mechanisms and early principles, ed. Blass, E. M., pp. 327-66. Kluwer Academic/Plenum. [GMB]Google Scholar
Burghardt, G. M. (2005) The genesis of animal play: Testing the limits. MIT Press. [GMB]Google Scholar
Burgoyne, C. B. (1990) Money in marriage: How patterns of allocation both reflect and conceal power. Sociological Review 38:634-65. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Burgoyne, C. B. & Routh, D. A. (1991) Constraints on the use of money as a gift at Christmas: The role of status and intimacy. Journal of Economic Psychology 12:47-69. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Burroughs, J. E. & Rindfleisch, A. (2002) Materialism and well-being: A conflicting values perspective. Journal of Consumer Research 29:348-70. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Cameron, J. & Bryan, M. (1992) Money drunk/money sober. Ballentine Wellspring. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Campbell, C. (1987) The romantic ethic and the spirit of modern consumerism. Blackwell. [RB]Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T. (1974a) Evolutionary epistemology. In: The philosophy of Karl Popper Vol. 14, I & II. The library of living philosophers, ed. Schilpp, P. A., pp. 413-463. Open Court. [RBG]Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T. (1974b) Unjustified variation and selective retention in scientific discovery. In: Studies in the philosophy of biology, ed. Ayala, F. J. & Dobzhansky, T., pp. 139-61. University of California Press. [RBG]Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T. (1976) On the conflicts between biological and social evolution and between psychology and moral tradition. American Psychologist 30:1103-26. [RBG]Google Scholar
Canova, L., Rattazzi, A. M. M. & Webley, P. (2005) The hierarchical structure of saving motives. Journal of Economic Psychology 26:21-34. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Card, S. K., Moran, T. P. & Newell, A. (1983) The psychology of human-computer interaction. Erlbaum. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Carruthers, B. & Babb, S. (1996) The color of money and the nature of value: Greenbacks and gold in postbellum America. American Journal of Sociology 101:1556-91. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Carruthers, B. G. & Espeland, W. N. (1998) Money, meaning and morality. American Behavioral Scientist 41:1384-408. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Carruthers, P. (2002) The cognitive functions of language. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25:657-726. [KES]Google Scholar
Case, D. A. & Fantino, E. (1981) The delay-reduction hypothesis of conditioned reinforcement and punishment: Observing behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 35:93-108. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Caskey, J. P. & St Laurent, S. (1994) The Susan B. Anthony dollar and the theory of coin/note substitutions. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 26:495-510. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Catania, A. C. (1975) Freedom and knowledge: An experimental analysis of preference in pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 24:89-106. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Chandrasekharan, S. (2005) Epistemic structure: An inquiry into how agents change the world for cognitive congeniality. Ph.D. thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. Available as a Carleton University Cognitive Science Technical Report at: http://www.carleton.ca/iis/TechReports/files/2005-02.pdf. [SC]Google Scholar
Chandrasekharan, S. & Stewart, T. (2004) Reactive agents learn to add epistemic structures to the world. In: Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, CogSci2004, Chicago, ed. Forbus, K. D., Gentner, D. & Regier, T.. Erlbaum. Available at: http://www.sce.carleton.ca/∼schandra/ papers/simulation-cogsci-final.pdf. [SC]Google Scholar
Chapman, A. (1980) Barter as a universal mode of exchange. Homme 20:3383. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Check, E. (2005) Patchwork people. Nature 437:1084-86. [PB]Google Scholar
Chen, G. H., Wang, Y. J., Wang, X. M., Zhou, J. N. & Liu, R. Y. (2005) Effect of aging on species-typical behaviors in senescence accelerated mouse. Physiology and Behavior 85:536-45. [DAB]Google Scholar
Chen, M. K., Lakshminarayanan, V. & Santos, L. (in press) How basic are behavioral biases? Evidence from capuchin-monkey trading behavior. Journal of Political Economy. [rSEGL, DR]Google Scholar
Christopher, A. N., Ryan, D. M., Marek, P., Troisi, J. D., Jones, J. R. & Reinhar, D. F. (2005) Affluence cues and first impressions: Does it matter how the affluence was acquired? Journal of Economic Psychology 26:187-200. [SD]Google Scholar
Cohen, J. D., Botvinick, M. & Carter, C. S. (2000) Anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex: Who's in control? Nature Neuroscience 3:421-23. [GAA]Google Scholar
Conner, M. T., Haddon, A. V., Pickering, E. S. & Booth, D. A. (1988) Sweet tooth demonstrated: Individual differences in preference for both sweet foods and foods highly sweetened. Journal of Applied Psychology 73:275-80. [DAB]Google Scholar
Crump, T. (1981) The phenomenon of money. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Currie, G. & Ravenscroft, I. (2002) Recreative minds. Oxford University Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Davies, G. (2002) A history of money from ancient times to the present day, 3rd edition. University of Wales Press. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1976) The selfish gene. Oxford University Press. [RBG, aSEGL]Google Scholar
De Boeck, F., (1998) Domesticating diamonds and dollars: Identity, expenditure and sharing in southwestern Zaire (1984-1997). Development and Change 29:777-810. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (1985) Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Plenum Press. [SD]Google Scholar
Deci, E. L., Koestner, R. & Ryan, R. M.(1999) A meta-analytic review of experiments: Examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin 125: 627-68. [AF]Google Scholar
Deflem, M. (2003) The sociology of the sociology of money. Journal of Classical Sociology 3:67-96. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1995) Darwins dangerous idea: Evolution and the meanings of life. Simon & Schuster. [KES]Google Scholar
De Roover, R., (1967) San Bernadino of Siena and Sant’antonino of Florence: The two great economic thinkers of the middle ages. Baker Library. [AJW]Google Scholar
Desforges, L. (2001) Tourism consumption and the imagination of money. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 26:353-64. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
de Waal, F. (1982) Chimpanzee politics. Jonathan Cape. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Desforges, L. (1996) Good natured/ Harvard University Press. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Dickerson, M. (1984) Compulsive gamblers. Longman. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Dienes, Z. & Perner, J. (1999) A theory of implicit and explicit knowledge. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22:735-808. [KES]Google Scholar
Dodd, N. (1994) The sociology of money: Economics, reason and contemporary society. Continuum. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Dole, G. E. & Carneiro, R. L. (1958) A mechanism for mobilizing labor among the Kuikuru of Central Brazil. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 21:58-60. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Dowd, K. (1992) The demand for nondurable goods and endogenous labor supply. Applied Economics 24:1199-202. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Doyle, K. O. (1998) The social meanings of money and property. Sage. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Doyle, K. O. (2001) Introduction: Ethnicity and money. American Behavioral Scientist 45:181-90. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Doyle, K. O. & Li, Y. L. (2001) A within-continent content analysis - Meanings of money in Chinese and Japanese proverbs. American Behavioral Scientist 45:307-12. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1970) Ethology, the biology of behavior. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. [RBG]Google Scholar
Einzig, P (1966) Primitive money, 2nd edition. Pergamon. [arSEGL]Google Scholar
Elias, N. (1994) The civilizing process. Blackwell. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Ernst, M., Nelson, E. E., McClure, E. B., Monk, C. S., Munson, S., Eshel, N., Zarahn, E., Leibenluft, E., Zametkin, A., Towbin, K., Blair, J., Charney, D. & Pine, D. S. (2004) Choice selection and reward anticipation: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 42(12):1585-97. [HM]Google Scholar
Falk, P. & Campbell, C., eds. (1997) The shopping experience. Sage. [RB]Google Scholar
Fantino, E. (2000) Delay-reduction theory-the case for temporal context: Comment on Grace and Savastano (2000). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 129(4):444-46. [PR]Google Scholar
Fantino, E. & Logan, C.A. (1979) The experimental analysis of behavior: A biological perspective. W.H. Freeman. [PR]Google Scholar
Fehr, E. & Fischbacher, U. (2003) The nature of human altruism. Nature 425:785-91. [KES]Google Scholar
Fehr, E. & Tyran, J.-R. (2001) Does money illusion matter? American Economic Review 91:1239-62. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Ferenczi, S. (1914/1976) The ontogenesis of the interest in money. In: The psychoanalysis of money, ed. Bornemann, E.. Urizen. (Originally published in 1914). [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Fiorillo, C. D., Tobler, P. N. & Schultz, W. (2003) Discrete coding of reward probability and uncertainty by dopamine neurons. Science 299:1898-1902. [SK]Google Scholar
Fisher, I. (1928) The money illusion. Adelphi. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Fiske, A. P. & Tetlock, P. E. (1997) Taboo trade-offs: Reactions to transactions that transgress the spheres of justice. Political Psychology 18:255-97. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Flowers, R. B. (2001) The sex trade industry's worldwide exploitation of children. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 575:147-57. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Forman, N. (1987) Mind over money. Doubleday. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Foster, G. (1972) The anatomy of envy: A study in symbolic behavior. Current Anthropology 13:165-82. [RB]Google Scholar
Frank, R. H. (1985) Choosing the right pond: Human behavior and the quest for status. Oxford University Press. [KMK]Google Scholar
Franke, G. R. (1994) United States cigarette demand, 1961 - 1990: Econometric issues, evidence, and implications. Journal of Business Research 30:33-41. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Freeman, R. P. J., Richardson, N. J., Kendal-Reed, M. S. & Booth, D. A. (1993) Bases of a cognitive technology for food quality. British Food Journal 95 (9): 37-44. [DAB]Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1959) Character and anal eroticism. In: The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Freud, vol. IX, ed. Strachey, J.. Hogarth. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Frost, R. O., Steketee, G. & Williams, L. (2002) Compulsive buying, compulsive hoarding, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behavior Therapy 33:201-14. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Furby, L. (1978) Sharing: Decisions and moral judgments about letting others use one's possessions. Psychological Reports 43:595-609. [RB]Google Scholar
Furnham, A. (1983) Inflation and the estimated sizes of notes. Journal of Economic Psychology 4:349-52. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Furnham, A. (1984) Many sides of the coin: The psychology of money usage. Personality and Individual Differences 5:501-9. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Furnham, A. (1990) A content, correlational, and factor analytic study of 7 questionnaire measures of the Protestant work-ethic. Human Relations 43:383-99. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Furnham, A. & Argyle, M. (1998) The psychology of money. Routledge. [AF, arSEGL]Google Scholar
Gagnier, R. & Dupreé, J. (1999) Reply to Amariglio and Ruccio “literary/cultural ‘economies,’ economic discourse, and the question of marxism.” In: New economic criticism, ed. Woodmansee, M. & Osteen, M., pp. 401-407. Routledge. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Gamble, A., Garling, T., Charlton, J. & Ranyard, R. (2002) Euro-illusion: Psychological insights into price evaluations with a unitary currency. European Psychologist 7:302-311. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Garcia, J. & Koelling, R. A. (1966) Relation of cue to consequence in avoidance learning. Psychonomic Science 4:123-24. [FS]Google Scholar
Gerhart, B. & Rynes, S. L. (2003) Compensation: Theory, evidence, and strategic implications. Sage. [KMK]Google Scholar
Gintis, H. (2003) The hitchhiker's guide to altruism: Genes, culture, and the internalization of norms. Journal of Theoretical Biology 220:407-18. [KES]Google Scholar
Gintis, H., Bowles, S., Boyd, R. & Fehr, E. (2003) Explaining altruistic behavior in humans. Evolution and Human Behavior 24:153-72. [KES]Google Scholar
Glassman, R. B. (1973) Persistence and loose coupling in living systems. Behavioral Science 18:83-98. [RBG]Google Scholar
Glassman, R. B. & Wimsatt, W. C. (1984) Evolutionary advantages and limitations of early plasticity. In: Early brain damage, Vol. 1: Research orientations and clinical observations, ed. Almi, C. R. & Finger, S., pp. 35-58. Academic Press. [RBG]Google Scholar
Glimcher, P. W. (2003) Decisions, uncertainty, and the brain: The science of neuroeconomics. MIT Press. [aSEGL, DR]Google Scholar
Glimcher, P. W. & Rustichini, A. (2004) Neuroeconomics: The consilience of brain and decision. Science 306(5695): 447-52. [HM]Google Scholar
Goldberg, H. & Lewis, R. T. (1978) Money madne: The psychology of saving, spending, loving, and hating money. Morrow. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Goldin, R. F. (2005) Will a few extra pounds lead to a longer life? STATS News (available online at: http://www.stats.org/ record.jsp?type=news&ID=501). [GAA]Google Scholar
Goyal, M., Mehta, R. L., Schneiderman, L. J. & Sehgal, A. R. (2002) Economic and health consequences of selling a kidney in India. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association 288:1589-93. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Granovetter, M. (1985) Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology 91:481-510. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Green, L. & Myerson, J. (2004) A discounting framework for choice with delayed and probabilistic rewards. Psychological Bulletin 130:769-92. [GA]Google Scholar
Grierson, P. (1978) The origins of money. Research in Economic Anthropology 1:1-35. [arSEGL]Google Scholar
Grilo, C. M. (2004) Factor structure of DSM-IV criteria for obsessive compulsive personality disorder in patients with binge eating disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 109:64-9. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Grisham, J. R. & Barlow, D. H. (2005) Compulsive hoarding: Current research and theory. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 27:45-52. [DAB]Google Scholar
Guidotti, P. E. & Rodriguez, C. A. (1992) Dollarization in Latin America: Gresham law in reverse. International Monetary Fund Staff Papers 39:518-44. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Guilford, T., Roberts, S. & Biro, D. (2004) Positional entropy during pigeon homing II: Navigational interpretation of Bayesian latent state models. Journal of Theoretical Biology 227(1):25-38. [SC]Google Scholar
Gutnisky, D. A. & Zanutto, B. S. (2004) Cooperation in the iterated prisoner's dilemma is learned by operant conditioning mechanisms. Artificial Life 10:433-61. [FS]Google Scholar
Hadley, E. C., Dutta, C., Finkelstein, J., Harris, T. B., Lane, M. A., Roth, G. S., Sherman, S. S. & Starke-Reed, P. E. (2001) Human implications of caloric restriction's effects on aging in laboratory animals: An overview of opportunities for research. Journal of Gerontology A 56:5-6. [GAA]Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. D. (1963) The evolution of altruistic behavior. American Naturalist 97: 354-6. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Hamon, C. & Quilliec, B. (2005) Hoards from the Neolithic to the metal ages in Europe: Technical and codified practices. In: Programme and Abstracts of the European Association of Archaeologists 11th Annual Meeting, 5-11 September, 2005, Cork, Ireland, ed. Twohig, E.. pp. 86-90. University of Cork. [PB]Google Scholar
Hanson, T. L., Garfinkel, I., McLanahan, S. S. & Miller, C. K. (1996) Trends in child support outcomes. Demography 33: 483-96. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Harpaz, I. & Snir, R. (2003) Workaholism: Its definition and nature. Human Relations 56:291-319. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Hegel, G. W. F. (1807/1949) Phenomenology, trans. Baillie, J. B., Rev. 2nd edition. Allen, George & Unwin. (Original work published in 1807). [PJ]Google Scholar
Heidegger, M. (1927/1962) Being and time, new edition, trans. Macquarrie, J. & Robinson, E.. Blackwell. (Originally published, 1927). [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Hendry, D. P., ed. (1969a) Conditioned reinforcement. Dorsey. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Hendry, D. P. (1969b) Reinforcing value of information: Fixed-ratio schedules. In: Conditioned reinforcement, ed. Hendry, D. P.. Dorsey. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Henry, S. (1978) The hidden economy. Martin Robertson. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. & Snyderman, B. (1967) The motivation to work, 2nd edition. Wiley. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Higgins, S. T., Wong, C. J., Badger, G. J., Ogden, D. E. & Dantona, R. L. (2000) Contingent reinforcement increases cocaine abstinence during outpatient treatment and 1 year of follow-up. Journal of Consultation and Clinical Psychology 68:64-72. [GAA]Google Scholar
Hollingsworth, L. D. (2003) International adoption among families in the United States: Considerations of social justice. Social Work 48:209-17. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Holt, D. B. & Searls, K. (1994) The impact of modernity on consumption: Simmel's philosophy of money. Advances in Consumer Research 21:65-69. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Horne, P. J. & Lowe, C. F. (1993) Determinants of human performance on concurrent schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 59:29-60. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Humphrey, C. & Hugh-Jones, S. (1992) Barter, exchange and value: An anthropological approach. Cambridge University Press. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Humphrey, D. B. (2004) Replacement of cash by cards in US consumer payments. Journal of Economics and Business 56:211-225. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Hussein, G. (1985) Is money an acceptable gift in Cyprus? Perceptual and Motor Skills 61:1074. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Hyatt, C. W. & Hopkins, W. D. (1998) Interspecies object exchange: Bartering in apes? Behavioural Processes 42:177-87. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Ingham, G. (1996) Money is a social relation. Review of Social Economy 54:507-29. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Ingham, G. (2001) Fundamentals of a theory of money: Untangling Fine, Lapavitsas and Zelizer. Economy and Society 30:304-23. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Innis, R. E. (1984) Technics and the bias of perception. Philosophy and Social Criticism 11:7-89. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Iyengar, S. S. & Lepper, M. R. (2000) When choice is demotivating: Can one desire too much of a good thing? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79:995-1006. [SD]Google Scholar
Jackson, K. (1995) The Oxford book of money. Oxford University Press. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
James, S., Jordan, B. & Redley, M. (1992) The wife's employment family fit. In: New directions in economic psychology, ed. Lea, S. E. G., Webley, P. & Young, B. M.. Edward Elgar. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
James, W. (1890) The principles of psychology, vol. 2. Harvard University Press/ Henry Holt/Dover. [PB, RBG]Google Scholar
Jinkings, N. (2000) Brazilian bank tellers: Between the fetishism of money and the cult of excellence. Latin American Perspectives 27:45-64. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Joseph, B. (1986) Envy in everyday life. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy 2:13-22. [R-PB]Google Scholar
Judson, O. (2002) Dr Tatiana's sex advice for all creation. Henry Holt. [GMB]Google Scholar
Kahn, J. P. & Delmonico, F. L. (2004) The consequences of public policy to buy and sell organs for transplantation. American Journal of Transplantation 4:178-80. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A., eds. (2000) Choices, values, and frames. Cambridge University Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Kant, I. (1785/1946) The moral law or Kant's groundwork of the metaphysics of morals, trans. and ed. Paton, H. J. (with commentary). Hutchinson. [AJW]Google Scholar
Katona, G. (1975) Psychological economics. Elsevier. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Kehtarnavaz, N. & Kim, N. (2005) Digital signal processing system-level design using LabVIEW. Newnes/Elsevier. [RBG]Google Scholar
Kelleher, R. T. (1957) Conditioned reinforcement in chimpanzees. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 49:571-75. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Kelleher, R. T. (1958) Fixed-ratio schedules of conditioned reinforcement with chimpanzees. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 1:281-89. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Kemp, S. (2005) Investigations of the consumer psychology of near-money. In: Consumers, policy and the environment: A tribute to Folke Ölander, ed. Grunert, K. & Thorgersen, J., pp. 251-64. Springer. [SK]Google Scholar
Kim, K.-M. (2001) Nested hierarchies of vicarious selectors. In: Selection theory and social construction: The evolutionary naturalistic epistemology of Donald T. Campbell, ed. Heyes, C. & Hull, D. L., pp. 101-18. State University of New York Press. [RBG]Google Scholar
Kirby, K. N. (1997) Bidding on the future: Evidence against normative discounting of delayed rewards. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 126:54-70. [GA]Google Scholar
Kirsh, D. (1996) Adapting the environment instead of oneself. Adaptive Behavior 4(3/4):415-52. [SC]Google Scholar
Knauft, B. M. (1997) Gender identity, political economy and modernity in Melanesia and Amazonia. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 3:23359. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Knutson, B., Adams, C. M., Fong, G. W. & Hommer, D. (2001a) Anticipation of increasing monetary reward selectively recruits nucleus accumbens. Journal of Neuroscience 21(16):RC159. [HM]Google Scholar
Knutson, B., Fong, G. W., Adams, C. M., Varner, J. L. & Hommer, D. (2001b) Dissociation of reward anticipation and outcome with event-related fMRI. NeuroReport 12(17):3683-87. [GAA, HM]Google Scholar
Knutson, B., Fong, G. W., Bennett, S. M., Adams, C. M. & Hommer, D. (2003) A region of mesial prefrontal cortex tracks monetarily rewarding outcomes: Characterization with rapid event-related fMRI. Neuroimage 18(2):263-72. [HM]Google Scholar
Kohn, A. (1993) Punished by rewards. Houghton Mifflin. [AF]Google Scholar
Kojeve, A. (1969) Introduction to the reading of Hegel, trans. Nichols, J. H. Jr., ed. Bloom, A.. Agora Paperback Editions. [PJ]Google Scholar
Kooreman, P., Faber, R. P. & Hofmans, H. M. J. (2004) Charity donations and the euro introduction: Some quasi-experimental evidence on money illusion. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 36:1121-24. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Lai, K. Y., Tari, Z. & Bertok, P. (2005) Improving data accessibility for mobile clients through cooperative hoarding. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Data Engineering 415-16 (abstract). [DAB]Google Scholar
Lajoie, J. & Bindra, D. (1976) An interpretation of autoshaping and related phenomena in terms of stimulus-incentive contingencies alone. Canadian Journal of Psychology 30:157-72. [FS]Google Scholar
Lea, S. E. G. (1981) Inflation, decimalization and the estimated size of coins. Journal of Economic Psychology 1:79-81. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Lea, S. E. G. (1984) Instinct, environment and behaviour. Methuen. [arSEGL]Google Scholar
Lea, S. E. G. (1994) The evolutionary biology of economic behavior. In: Essays in economic psychology, ed. Brandstätter, H. & Güth, W.. Springer. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
(in press) Evolutionary psychology and economic psychology. In: The Cambridge handbook of psychology and economic behaviour, ed. Lewis, A.. Cambridge University Press. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Lea, S. E. G. & Midgley, M. (1989) La biologie de la monnaie. Communications de l'EHESS 50:121-36. [arSEGL]Google Scholar
Lea, S. E. G. & Newson, L. (2005) Evolutionary economic psychology. Paper read at the Conference of the International Association for Research in Economic Psychology, Prague, September 2005. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Lea, S. E. G. & Webley, P. (2005) In search of the economic self. Journal of SocioEconomics 34:585-604. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Lea, S. E. G., Tarpy, R. M. & Webley, P. (1987) The individual in the economy: A survey of economic psychology. Cambridge University Press. [SK, aSEGL]Google Scholar
Lea, S. E. G., Webley, P. & Levine, R. M. (1993) The economic psychology of consumer debt. Journal of Economic Psychology 14:85-119. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Lefebvre, V. A. (2003) Mentalism and behaviorism: Merging? Reflexive Processes and Control 2(2):56-76. [VAL]Google Scholar
Lefebvre, V. A. (2004) Bipolarity, choice, and entro-field. Proceedings of the 8th world multiconference on systemics, cybernetics and informatics, vol. IV, ed. Calaos, N.. pp. 95-99. International Institute of Informatics and Systemics. [VAL]Google Scholar
Leiser, D. & Izak, G. (1987) The money size illusion as a barometer of confidence: The case of high inflation in Israel. Journal of Economic Psychology 8:34756. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Liston-Heyes, C. (2002) Real versus perceived values of air miles. Journal of Consumer Policy 25:1-26. [SK]Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. (1963/2002) On aggression. Routledge. [R-PB]Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. Z. (1966) On aggression, second edition. Harcourt, Brace & World. [RBG]Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. Z. (1969) Innate bases of learning. In: On the biology of learning, ed. Pribram, K. H., pp. 11-93. Harcourt, Brace & World. [RBG]Google Scholar
Luna-Arocas, R. & Tang, T. L. P. (2004) The love of money, satisfaction, and the Protestant work ethic: Money profiles among university professors in the USA and Spain. Journal of Business Ethics 50:329-54. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Machauer, A. & Weber, M. (1998) Bank behavior based on internal credit ratings of borrowers. Journal of Banking & Finance 22:1355-83. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Maital, S. (1982) Minds, markets and money. Basic Books. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Malinowski, B. (1922) Argonauts of the western Pacific. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Margolin, M. (2003) The Ohlone way. Heydey. (Originally published 1978). [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Markman, A. B. & Brendl, C. M. (2005) Goals, policies, preferences, and actions. In: Applying social cognition to consumer-focused strategy, ed. Kardes, F. R., Herr, P. M. & Nantel, J., pp. 183-200. Erlbaum. [ABM]Google Scholar
Marx, K. (1932) Capital. Dent. (Originally published 1867). [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Maslow, A. H. (1943) A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review 50:370-96. [FS]Google Scholar
Mattson, M. P. (2002) Brain evolution and lifespan regulation: Conservation of signal transduction pathways that regulate energy metabolism. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 123:947-53. [GAA]Google Scholar
Mattson, M. P. (2005) Energy intake, meal frequency, and health: A neurobiological perspective. Annual Review of Nutrition 25:237-60. [GAA]Google Scholar
Mauss, M. (1954) The gift: Forms and functions of exchange in archaic societies. Routledge & Kegan Paul. (Originally published 1925). [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Mayer, M. L. & Rozier, R. G. (2000) Money illusion among health care providers: Should we adjust for inflation in analyses of provider behavior? Social Science & Medicine 51:395-405. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Mazur, A. & Booth, A. (1998) Testosterone and dominance in men. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21:353-63. [KMK]Google Scholar
McCabe, K. (1989) Fiat money as a store of value in an experimental market. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organizations 12:215-31. [GAA]Google Scholar
McCabe, K. (2003) A cognitive theory of reciprocal exchange. In: Trust and reciprocity: Interdisciplinary lessons from empirical research, ed. Ostrom, E. & Walker, J., pp. 147-69. Russell Sage Foundation. [GAA]Google Scholar
McClure, S. M., Laibson, D. I., Loewenstein, G. & Cohen, J. D. (2004) The grasshopper and the ant: Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards. Science 306:503-507. [GA, aSEGL]Google Scholar
McClure, S. M., Li, J., Tomlin, D., Cypert, K. S., Montague, L. M. & Montague, R. M. (2004) Neural correlates of behavioral preference for culturally familiar drinks. Neuron 44:379-87. [DR]Google Scholar
McDougall, W. (1924) An outline of psychology, 2nd edition. Methuen. [R-PB]Google Scholar
McGraw, A. & Tetlock, P. (2005) Taboo trade-offs, relational framing and the acceptability of exchanges. Journal of Consumer Psychology 15(1):2-15. [RB, ABM]Google Scholar
Mennell, S., Murcott, A. & van Otterloo, A. H. (1992) The sociology of food: Eating, diet and culture. Sage. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Mesterton-Gibbons, M. & Dugatkin, L. A. (1999) On the evolution of delayed recruitment to food bonanzas. Behaviural Ecology 10:377-90. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Midgley, M., Lea, S. E. G. & Kirby, R. M. (1989) Algorithmic shaping and misbehavior in the acquisition of token deposit by rats. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 52:27-40. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Miller, R. & Schulman, E. (1999) Money illusion revisited: Linking inflation to asset return correlations. Journal of Portfolio Management 25(3):45-54. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Millman, M. (1991) Warm hearts and cold cash. Free Press. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Mintz, S. W. (1986) Sweetness and power. Penguin. [arSEGL]Google Scholar
Mishkin, F. S. (1992) The economics of money, banking and financial markets, 3rd edition. Harper Collins. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Mobbs, C. V., Bray, G. A., Atkinson, R. L., Bartke, A., Finch, C. E., Maratos-Flier, E., Crawley, J. N. & Nelson, J. F. (2001) Neuroendocrine and pharmacological manipulations to assess how caloric restriction increases life span. Journal of Gerontology A 56:34-44. [GAA]Google Scholar
Modigliani, F. & Cohn, R. A. (1979) Inflation, rational valuation and the market. Financial Analysts Journal 35(2):24-44. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Mook, D. G. (1987) Motivation: The organisation of action. Norton. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Montague, P. R., Dayan, P. & Sejnowski, T. K. (1996). A framework for mesencephalic dopamine systems based on predictive Hebbian learning. Journal of Neuroscience 16:1936-47. [SC]Google Scholar
Morgan, C. T., Stellar, E. & Johnson, O. (1943) Food-deprivation and hoarding in rats. Journal of Comparative Psychology 36:47-55. [DAB]Google Scholar
Motel, A. & Szydlik, M. (1999) Private Transfers zwischen den Generationen. Zeitschrift für Soziologie 28:3-22. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Mouras, H. & Stoléru, S. (in press) Functional neuroanatomy of sexual arousal. In: Male sexual dysfunction: Pathophysiology and treatment, ed. Kandeel, F., Lue, T., Pryor, J. & Swerdloff, R.. Marcel Dekker. [HM]Google Scholar
Munro, D., Thomas, D. W. & Humphries, M. M. (2005) Torpor patterns of hibernating eastern chipmunks Tamias striatus vary in response to the size and fatty acid composition of food hoards. Journal of Animal Ecology 74:692-700. [DAB]Google Scholar
Needleman, J. (1994) Money and the meaning of life. Doubleday. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Newton, T. (2003) Credit and civilization. British Journal of Sociology 54:347-71. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Nichols, S. & Stich, S. P. (2003) Mindreading: An integrated account of pretence, self-awareness, and understanding other minds. Oxford University Press. [KES]Google Scholar
North, D. (1990) Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge University Press. [GAA]Google Scholar
Nozick, R. (1993) The nature of rationality. Princeton University Press. [KES]Google Scholar
O'Daly, M., Angulo, S., Gipson, C. & Fantino, E. (in press) Influence of temporal context on value in the multiple chains and successive-encounters procedures. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. [PR]Google Scholar
O'Doherty, J., Dayan, P., Schultz, J., Deichmann, R., Friston, K. & Dolan, R. J. (2004) Dissociable roles of ventral and dorsal striatum in instrumental conditioning. Science 304:452-54. [GAA]Google Scholar
Offer, A. (1997) Between the gift and the market: The economy of regard. Economic History Review 50:450-76. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Oliven, R. G. (1998) Looking at money in America. Critique of Anthropology 18:35-59. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Pahl, J. (1989) Money and marriage. Macmillan. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Pahl, J. (1995) His money, her money: Recent research on financial organisation in marriage. Journal of Economic Psychology 16:361-76. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Pavlov, I. P. (1927) Conditioned reflexes. Oxford University Press. [SK]Google Scholar
Pelchat, M. L., Johnson, A., Chan, R., Valdez, J. & Ragland, J. D. (2004) Images of desire: Food-craving activation during fMRI. Neuroimage 23:1486-93. [GAA]Google Scholar
Perlman, M. (1986) The bullionist controversy revisited. Journal of Political Economy 94:745-62. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Petroski, H. (1985) To engineer is human. St Martin's Press. [RBG]Google Scholar
Pieters, R. & Robben, H. (1999) Consumer evaluation of money as a gift: A two- utility model and an empirical test. Kyklos 52:173-200. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Potenza, M. N., Steinberg, M. A., Skudlarski, P., Fulbright, R. K., Lacadie, C. M., Wilber, M. K., Rounsaville, B. J., Gore, J. C. & Wexler, B. E. (2003) Gambling urges in pathological gambling: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study, Archives of General Psychiatry 60:828-36. [DR]Google Scholar
Prasad, M. (1999) The morality of market exchange: Love, money, and contractual justice. Sociological Perspectives 42:181-213. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Prelec, D. & Loewenstein, G. (1998) The red and the black: Mental accounting of savings and debt. Marketing Science 17(1):4-28. [SD, rSEGL]Google Scholar
Prelec, D. & Simester, D. (2001) Always leave home without it: A further investigation of the credit-card effect on willingness to pay. Marketing Letters 12:5-12. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Premack, D. (1965) Reinforcement theory. In: Nebraska symposium on motivation, vol. 13, ed. Levine, D., pp. 123-80. University of Nebraska Press. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Preston, R. A. & Fantino, E. (1991) Conditioned reinforcement value and choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 55:155-75. [FS]Google Scholar
Rachlin, H. (1976) Behavior and learning. Freeman. [SK]Google Scholar
Rachlin, H. (2000) The science of self control. Harvard University Press. [DR]Google Scholar
Rachlin, H. (2002) Altruism and selfishness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25:239-96. [RB]Google Scholar
Raghubir, P. & Srivastava, J. (2002) Effect of face value on product valuation in foreign currencies. Journal of Consumer Research 29:335-47. [KES]Google Scholar
Ramnani, N., Elliott, R., Athwal, B. S. & Passingham, R. E. (2004) Prediction error for free monetary reward in the human prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage 23(3):777-86. [HM]Google Scholar
Raz, J. (1986) The morality of freedom. Clarendon Press. [AJW]Google Scholar
Reynolds, H. (1986) The economics of prostitution. Thomas. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Richerson, P. J. & Boyd, R. (2005) Not by genes alone: How culture transformed human evolution. University of Chicago Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Richins, M. L. (2004) The material values scale: Measurement properties and development of a short form. Journal of Consumer Research 31:209-19. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Ridley, M. (1997) The origins of virtue. Penguin. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Roth, M. S. (1988) Knowing and history. Appropriations of Hegel in twentieth-century France. Cornell University Press. [PJ]Google Scholar
Routh, D. A. & Burgoyne, C. B. (1998) Being in two minds about a single currency: A UK perspective on the euro. Journal of Economic Psychology 19:741-54. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Rudmin, F. W. (1991) To have possessions. Select Press. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Sahlins, M. (1974) Stone age economics. Tavistock. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Sanabria, F., Baker, F. & Rachlin, H. (2003) Learning by pigeons playing against tit-for-tat in an operant prisoner's dilemma. Learning and Behavior 31:318-31. [FS]Google Scholar
Sartre, J.-P. (1943) Being and nothingness: A phenomenological essay on ontology. Philosophical Library. [RB]Google Scholar
Saugstad, P. & Schioldborg, P. (1966) Value and size perception. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 7:102-14. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Schor, J. B. (1998) The overspent American. Basic Books. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Schultz, W. (1992) Activity of dopamine neurons in the behaving primate. Seminars in Neurosciences 4:129-38. [SC]Google Scholar
Schultz, W. (2004) Neural coding of basic reward terms of animal learning theory, game theory, microeconomics and behavioural ecology. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 14:139-47. [SK]Google Scholar
Schultz, W., Dayan, P. & Montague, R. (1997) A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science 275:1593-99. [GAA]Google Scholar
Schumpeter, J. A. (1994) History of economic analysis. Oxford University Press. (Originally published 1954). [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Schwab, R. S. (1953) Motivation in measurements of fatigue. In: Fatigue, ed. Floyd, W. F. & Welford, A. T., pp. 143-48. Lewis. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Schwartz, B., Ward, A., Lyubomirsky, S., Monterosso, J., White, K. & Lehman, D. R. (2002) Maximizing versus satisficing: Happiness is a matter of choice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83:1178-97. [KMK]Google Scholar
Schweingruber, D. & Berns, N. (2003) Doing money work in a door-to-door sales organization. Symbolic Interaction 26:447-71. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Scitovsky, T. (1976) The joyless economy. Oxford University Press. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Seaford, R. (2004) Money and the early Greek mind. Cambridge University Press. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Shafir, E., Diamond, P. & Tversky, A. (1997) Money illusion. Quarterly Journal of Economics 112:341-74. [aSEGL, KES]Google Scholar
Shefrin, H. M. & Thaler, R. H. (1988) The behavioral life-cycle hypothesis. Economic Inquiry 26(4):609-43. [SD]Google Scholar
Shefrin, H. M. & Thaler, R. H. (1992) Mental accounting, saving, and self-control. In: Choice over time, ed. Loewenstein, G. & Elster, J., pp. 287-330. Russell Sage Foundation. [ABM]Google Scholar
Shell, M. (1982) Money, language and thought. University of California Press. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Sherry, D. F. (1985) Food storage by birds and mammals. Advanced Studies in Behavior 15:153-88. [PB]Google Scholar
Silberman, S. (2003) The bacteria whisperer. Wired 11.04, April 2003. [SC]Google Scholar
Simmel, G. (1900/1978) The philosophy of money, 2nd enlarged edition, trans. Bottomore, T. & Frisby, D. Routledge and Kegan Paul. (Originally published in 1900). [R-PB, aSEGL]Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1978) Rationality as a process and as a product of thought. American Economic Review 68(2):1-16. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1996) The sciences of the artificial, 3rd edition. MIT Press. [RBG]Google Scholar
Simpson, B. (1997) On gifts, payments and disputes: Divorce and changing family structures in contemporary Britain. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 3:731-45. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Singh, S. (1996) Money, marriage and the computer. Marriage and Family Review 24:369-98. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1953) Science and human behavior. Macmillan. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Singh, S. (1966) Phylogeny and ontogeny of behavior. Science 153:1205-13. [GMB]Google Scholar
Singh, S. (1984) Selection by consequences. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7:477-510. [FS]Google Scholar
Slater, P. E. (1980) Wealth addiction. Dutton. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Smith, A. (1776/1908) An enquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. Bell. (Original work published in 1776).Google Scholar
Smith, C. C. & Reichman, O. J. (1984) The evolution of food caching by birds and mammals. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 15:329-51. [PB]Google Scholar
Smith, E. A. (2004) Why do good hunters have higher reproductive success? Human Nature 15:343-64. [KMK]Google Scholar
Snelders, H. M. J. J., Lea, S. E. G., Webley, P. & Hussein, G. (1992) The polymorphous concept of money. Journal of Economic Psychology 13:71-92. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Snellman, J. S., Vesala, J. M. & Humphrey, D. B. (2001) Substitution of noncash payment instruments for cash in Europe. Journal of Financial Services Research 19:131-45. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Snodgrass, J. G. (2002) A tale of goddesses, money, and other terribly wonderful things: Spirit possession, commodity fetishism, and the narrative of capitalism in Rajasthan, India. American Ethnologist 29:602-36. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Solomon, R. L., Kamin, L. J. & Wynne, L. C. (1953) Traumatic avoidance learning: The outcomes of several extinction procedures with dogs. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 48:291-302. [SK]Google Scholar
Soman, D. & Cheema, A. (2002) The effect of credit on spending decisions: The role of the credit limit and credibility. Marketing Science 21:32-53. [SD]Google Scholar
Sperber, D. (2000) Metarepresentations in evolutionary perspective. In: Metarepresentations: A multidisciplinary perspective, ed. Sperber, D., pp. 117-37. Oxford University Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Spillius, E. B. (1993) Varieties of envious experience. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 74:1199-1212. [R-PB]Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. (1999) Who is rational? Studies of individual differences in reasoning. Erlbaum. [KES]Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. (2004) The robot's rebellion: Finding meaning in the age of Darwin. University of Chicago Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Stoléru, S. & Mouras, H. (in press) Brain functional imaging studies of sexual desire and arousal in human males. In: The psychophysiology of sex, ed. Janssen, E.. Indiana University Press. [HM]Google Scholar
Stopka, P. & Macdonald, D. W. (2003) Way-marking behavior: An aid to spatial navigation in the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus). BMC Ecology, published online: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6785/3Z3. [SC]Google Scholar
Sutton, R. & Barto, A. (1998) Reinforcement learning. MIT Press. [GAA]Google Scholar
Suzuki, S. (1997) Effects of number of alternatives on choice in humans. Behavioural Processes 39:205-14. [SD]Google Scholar
Symons, D. (1979) The evolution of human sexuality. Oxford University Press. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Tang, T. L. P. (1995) The development of a short money ethic scale: Attitudes toward money and pay satisfaction revisited. Personality and Individual Differences 19:809-16. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Tang, T. L. P. & Chiu, R. K. (2003) Income, money ethic, pay satisfaction, commitment, and unethical behavior: Is the love of money the root of evil for Hong Kong employees? Journal of Business Ethics 46:13-30. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Tang, T. L. P. & Gilbert, P. R. (1995) Attitudes toward money as related to intrinsic and extrinsic job-satisfaction, stress and work-related attitudes. Personality and Individual Differences 19:327-32. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Tataranni, P. A., Gautier, J. F., Chen, K., Uecker, A., Bandy, D., Salbe, A. D., Pratley, R. E., Lawson, M., Reiman, E. M. & Ravussin, A. E. (1999) Neuroanatomical correlates of hunger and satiation in humans using positron emission tomography. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96:4569-74. [GAA]Google Scholar
Tawney, R. H. (1926) Religion and the rise of capitalism. John Murray. [AJW]Google Scholar
Teleki, G. (1973) The predatory behavior of wild chimpanzees. Bucknell University Press. [rSEGL]Google Scholar
Tetlock, P. E., Kristel, O. V., Elson, S. B., Green, M. C. & Lerner, J. S. (2000) The psychology of the unthinkable: Taboo trade-offs, forbidden base rates, and heretical counterfactuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78(5):853-70. [ABM]Google Scholar
Thompson, T. I. (1963) Visual reinforcement in Siamese fighting fish. Science 141:55-57. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Thompson, W. E., Harred, J. L. & Burks, B. E. (2003) Managing the stigma of topless dancing: A decade later. Deviant Behavior 24:551-70. [arSEGL]Google Scholar
Tinbergen, N. (1951) The study of instinct. Oxford University Press. [GMB, aSEGL]Google Scholar
Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (1992) Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In: The adapted mind. Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture, ed. Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J., pp. 163-228. Oxford University Press. [SD]Google Scholar
Trivers, R. L. (1971) The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology 46:35-57. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Trope, Y. & Fishbach, A. (2000) Counteractive self-control in overcoming temptation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79:493-506. [SD]Google Scholar
Truman, G. E., Sandoe, K., & Rifkin, T. (2003) An empirical study of smart card technology. Information and Management 40:591-606. [aSEGL].Google Scholar
van der Geest, S. (1997) Money and respect: The changing value of old age in rural Ghana. Africa 67:534-59. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Van Veldhoven, G. M. M. (1985) Economic-psychological aspects of money: An overview. In: Economic Psychology, ed. Brandstätter, H. & Kirchler, E.. Trauner. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Veblen, T. (1979) The theory of the leisure class, Penguin. (Originally published 1899). [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Vogler, C. (1998) Money in the household: Some underlying issues of power. Sociological Review 46:687-713. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Volkow, N. D. & Wise, R. A. (2005) How can drug addiction help us understand obesity? Nature Neuroscience 8:555-60. [GAA]Google Scholar
Walsh, A. J. (2004) The morality of the market and the medieval schoolmen. Politics, Philosophy and Economics 3(2):241-59. [AJW]Google Scholar
Ward, P. & Zahavi, A. (1973) The importance of certain assemblages of birds as “information-centres” for food-finding. Ibis 115:517-34. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Wärneryd, K.-E. (1999) The psychology of saving: A study on economic psychology. Edward Elgar. [SD, rSEGL]Google Scholar
Watson, J. B. (1924) Behaviorism. The Peoples Institute. [GA]Google Scholar
Weber, M. (1976) The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism, trans. Parsons, T. 2nd edition. Allen & Unwin. (Originally published 1904). [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Webley, P. (2004) Children's understanding of economics. In: Childrens understanding of society, ed. Barrett, M. & Buchanan-Barrow, E.. Psychology Press. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Webley, P. & Lea, S. E. G. (1993a) The partial unacceptability of money in repayment for neighborly help. Human Relations 46: 65-76. [arSEGL]Google Scholar
Webley, P. & Lea, S. E. G. (1993b) Towards a more realistic psychology of economic socialization. Journal of Economic Psychology 14:461-72. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Webley, P. & Webley, E. (1990) The playground economy. In: Applied economic psychology in the 1990s, ed. Lea, S. E. G., Webley, P. & Young, B. M.. Washington Singer Press. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Webley, P. & Wilson, R. (1989) Social relationships and the unacceptability of money as a gift. Journal of Social Psychology 129:85-91. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Webley, P., Burgoyne, C. B., Lea, S. E. G. & Young, B. M. (2001) The economic psychology of everyday life. Psychology Press. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Webley, P., Lea, S. E. G. & Portalska, R. (1983) The unacceptability of money as a gift. Journal of Economic Psychology 4:223-38. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Weiner, B. (1992) Human motivation: Metaphors, theories and research. Sage Wordsworth. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Wike, E. L., ed. (1966) Secondary reinforcement: Selected experiments. Harper and Row. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Wilden, A. (1968) The language of the self: The function of language in psychoanalysis. Johns Hopkins Press. [PJ]Google Scholar
Williams, Z. M., Bush, G., Rauch, S. L., Cosgrove, G. R. & Eskandar, E. N. (2004) Human anterior cingulate neurons and the integration of monetary reward with motor responses. Nature Neuroscience 7(12):1370-75. Epub: 21 November 2004. [HM]Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. (1975) Sociobiology. Harvard University Press. [RBG]Google Scholar
Wojcicki, J. M. (2002) Commercial sex work or ukuphanda? Sex-for-money exchange in Soweto and Hammanskraal area, South Africa. Culture Medicine and Psychiatry 26:339-70. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Wolf, E. (1988) Treating the self: Elements of clinical self psychology. Guilford Press. [R-PB]Google Scholar
Woodruff, D. M. (1999) Money unmade: Barter and the fate of Russian capitalism. Cornell University Press. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Wynn, T. (2002) Archeology and cognitive evolution. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25:389-402. [DAB]Google Scholar
Yamauchi, K. T. & Templer, D. I. (1982) The development of a Money Attitudes Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment 46:522-8. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Zahavi, A. & Zahavi, A. (1997) The handicap principle: A missing piece of Darwins puzzle. Oxford University Press. [PB, SC]Google Scholar
Zelizer, V. A. (1989) The social meaning of money: “Special monies”. American Journal of Sociology 95:342-77. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Zelizer, V. A. (1994a) The creation of domestic currencies. American Economic Review 84:138-42. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Zelizer, V. A. (1994b) The social meaning of money. Basic Books. [ABM]Google Scholar
Zelizer, V. A. (1996) Payments and social ties. Sociological Forum 11:481-95. [aSEGL]Google Scholar
Zink, C. F., Pagnoni, G., Martin-Skurski, M. E., Chappelow, J. C. & Berns, G. S. (2004) Human striatal responses to monetary reward depend on saliency. Neuron 42:509-17. [aSEGL]Google Scholar