No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Complexity is complicated
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 May 2011
Abstract
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Open Peer Commentary
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1990
References
Albano, J. E., Mishkin, M., Westbrook, L. E. & Wurtz, R. H. (1982) Visuomotor deficits following ablation of monkey superior colliculus. Journal of Neurophysiology 48:338–51. {RD}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allman, J., Miezin, F. & McGuinnis, E. (1985) Stimulus specific responses from beyond the classical receptive field: Neuropliysiological mechanisms for local-global comparisons in visual neurons. Annual Review of Neuroscience 8:407–30. {aJKT}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, C. & van Essen, D. (1987) Shifter circuits: A computational strategy for dynamic aspects of visual processing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 84:6297–6301. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Ballard, D. (1986) Cortical connections and parallel processing: Structure and function. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9(1):67–90. {aJKT}Google Scholar
(1989) Animate vision. Proceedings of the International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence, Detroit. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Ballard, D., Hinton, G. & Sejnowski, T. (1983) Parallel visual computation. Nature 306(5938):21–26. {aJKT}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barlow, H. (1986) Why have multiple cortical areas? Vision Research 26(1):81–90. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Barlow, H., Fitzhugh, R. & Kuffler, S. (1957) Change of organization in the receptive fields of the cat’s retina during dark adaptation. Journal of Physiology 137:338–54. {SWZ}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrow, H. & Tenenbaum, J. M. (1978) Recovering intrinsic scene characteristics from images. In: Computer vision systems, ed. Hanson, A. & Riseman, E.. Academic Press. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Bellman, R. (1954) Some applications of the theory of dynamic programming: A review. Operations Research 2:275–88. {PRK, rJKT}Google Scholar
Bennett, B., Hoffman, D. & Prakash, C. (1989) Observer mechanics. Academic Press. {RE}Google Scholar
Biederman, I. (1988) Aspects and extensions of a theory of human image understanding. In: Computational processes in human vision, ed. Pylyshyn, Z.. Ablex Publishing Corp. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Broadbent, D. & Broadbent, M. (1978) From detection to identification: Response to multiple targets in rapid serial visual presentation. Perception and Psychophysics 42(2):105–13. {aJKT}CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bureck, C. & Yap, Y. (1990) Spatial-filter selection in large-scale spatial-interval discrimination. Vision Research 30(2):263–72. {rJKT}CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, P. & Adelson, E. (1983) The Laplacian pyramid as a compact image code. IEEE Transactions on Communications 31:4:532–40. {aJKT}CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavanagh, P. (1987) Reconstructing the third dimension: Interactions between color, texture, motion, binocular disparity, and shape. Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing 37:171–95. {PRK}Google Scholar
Cave, K. R. & Wolfe, J. M. (in press) Modeling the role of parallel processing in visual search. Cognitive Psychology, {KRC, AH, JMW, rJKT}Google Scholar
Chen, L. (1982) Topological structure in visual perception. Science 218:699. {MM}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1989) Topological perception: A challenge to computational approaches to vision. In: Perspective in connectionism, ed. Pfeiffer, R.. Elsevier Science Publisher. {MM}Google Scholar
Chignell, M. H. & Krueger, L. E. (1984) Further evidence for priming in perceptual matching: Temporal, not spatial, separation enhances the fast-same effect. Perception & Psychophysics 36:257–65 {LEK}Google Scholar
Church, A. (1936) An unsolvable problem of elementary number theory. American Journal of Mathematics 58:345–63. {aJKT}CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, S. (1971) The complexity of theorem-proving procedures. Proceedings of the 3d Annual ACM Symposium on the Theory of Computing. New York. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Cowey, A. (1979) Cortical maps and visual perception. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 31:1–17. {aJKT}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crick, F. & Asunama, C. (1986) Certain aspects of the anatomy and physiology of the cerebral cortex. In: Parallel distributed processing, ed. Rumelhart, D. & McClelland, J.. MIT Press. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Daniel, P. & Whitteridge, D. (1961) The representation of the visual field on the cerebral cortex in monkeys. Journal of Physiology 159:203–21. {aJKT}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dantzig, G. B. (1957) Discrete-variable extremum problems. Operations Research 5:266–77. {rJKT}CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, L. (1989) Mapping classifier systems into neural networks. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems I, ed. Touretzky, D. S.. Morgan Kaufmann. {GWS}Google Scholar
Desimone, R. (1990) Untitled abstract presented at Visual Search: Segmentation, Attention and Identification, January 19–21, 1990, Irvine, CA. {rJKT}Google Scholar
Desimone, R., Chein, S., Moran, J. & Ungerleider, L. (1985) Contour, color, and shape analysis beyond the striate cortex. Vision Research 25(3):441–52. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Desimone, R., Moran, J. & Spitzer, H. (in press) Neural mechanisms of attention in extrastriate cortex of monkeys. In: Competition and cooperation in neural nets 2, ed. Arbib, M. A.. {SWZ}Google Scholar
Desimone, R. & Ungerleider, L. G. (1989) Neural mechanisms of visual processing monkeys. In: Handbook of Neuropsychology, vol. II., ed. Boiler, E. & Grafman, J.. Elsevier Press. {RD}Google Scholar
Desimone, R., Wessinger, M., Thomas, L. & Schneider, W. (1989) Effects of deactivation of lateral pulvinar or superior colliculus on the ability to selectively attend to a visual stimulus. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 15:162. {RD}Google Scholar
Dobkin, D., Lipton, R. & Reiss, S. (1979) Linear programming is log space hard for P. Information Processing Letters 8:96–97. {rJKT}Google Scholar
Dobson, V. & Rose, D. (1985) Models and metaphysics: The nature of explanation revisited. In: Models of the visual cortex, ed. Rose, D. & Dobson, V.. John Wiley & Sons. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Downing, C. & Pinker, S. (1985) The spatial structure of visual attention. In: Attention and Performance XI, ed. Posner, M. & Marin, O.. Lawrence Erlbaum. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Duncan, J. (1980) The locus of interference in the perception of simultaneous stimuli. Psychological Review 87(3):272–300. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Duncan, J. & Humphreys, G. W. (1989) Visual search and stimulus similarity. Psychological Review 96:433–58. {KRC}Google Scholar
Eckhorn, R., Bauer, R., Jordon, W., Brosch, M., Kruse, W., Munk, M. & Reitboeck, H. J. (1988) Coherent oscillations: A mechanism of feature detection in the visual cortex? Multiple electrode and correlation analysis in the cat. Biological Cybernetics 60:121–30. {RMS}CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egeth, H., Virzi, R. & Garbart, H. (1984) Searching for conjunctively defined targets. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 10(1):32–39. {rJKT}Google ScholarPubMed
Eriksen, C. W., O’Hara, W. P. & Eriksen, B. A. (1982) Response competition effects in same-different judgments. Perception & Psychophysics 32:261–70. {LEK}Google Scholar
Farah, M. J. (1985) Psychophysical evidence for a shared representational medium for mental images and percepts. Journal on Experimental Psychology: General 114:91–103. {MM}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, J. (1985) Connectionist models and their applications. Cognitive Science 9(1): 1–169. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Feldman, J. & Ballard, D. (1982) Connectionist models and their properties. Cognitive Science 6:205–54. {aJKT}CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finke, R. A. (1985) Theories relating mental imagery to perception. Psychological Bulletin 98:236–59. {MM}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleet, D., Hallett, P. & Jepson, A. (1985) Spatio-temporal inseparability in early visual processing. Biological Cybernetics 52:153–64. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Fleet, D. & Jepson, A. (1989) Hierarchical construction of orientation and velocity selective filters. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. II, 3:315–25. {aJKT}CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1985) Précis of The modularity of mind. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:1–42. {LEK}CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Funt, B. V. (1980) Problem solving with diagrammatic representations. Artificial Intelligence 13:201–30. {MM}CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuster, J. (1988) Attentional modulation of inferotemporal neuron responses to visual features. Proceedings of the Society of Neuroscience, Toronto. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Gamble, E. & Koch, C. (1987) The dynamics of free calcium in dendritic spines in response to repetitive synaptic input. Science 236:1311—15. {RMS}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gardin, F. & Meltzer, B. (1989) The analogical representation of naive physics. Artificial Intelligence 38:139–59. {MM}Google Scholar
Garey, M. & Johnson, D. (1979) Computers and intractability: A guide to the theory of NP-completeness. W. H. Freeman & Co. {arJKT, PRK}Google Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1966) The senses considered as perceptual systems. Houghton Mifflin. {LEK}Google Scholar
Gleitman, H. & Jonides, J. (1976) The cost of categorization in visual search: Incomplete processing of targets and field items. Perception & Psychophysics 20:(4):281–88. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Goldberg, D. E. (1989) Genetic algorithms in search, optimization and machine learning. Addison-Wesley. {GWS}Google Scholar
Goldman-Rakie, P. S. (1988) Changing concepts of cortical connectivity: Parallel distributed cortical networks. In: Neurobiology of neocortex, ed. Rakic, P. & Singer, W.. John Wiley & Sons. {GWS}Google Scholar
Gray, C. M. & Singer, W. (1989) Stimulus specific neuronal oscillations in orientation columns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 86:1698–1702. {RMS}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grimson, W. E. L. (1986) The combinatorics of local constraints in model-based recognition and localization from sparse data. Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery 33(4):658–86. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Haenny, P., Maunsell, J. & Schiller, P. (1988) State dependent activity in monkey visual cortex II. Retinal and extraretinal factors in V4. Experimental Brain Research 69:245–59. {arJKT}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haenny, P. & Schiller, P. (1988) State dependent activity in money visual cortex I. Single cell activity in VI and V4 on visual tasks. Experimental Brain Research 69:225–44. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Hartline, H. (1940) The receptive fields of optic nerve fibers. American Journal of Physiology 130:690–99. {aJKT}CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hebb, D. O. (1958) Alice in Wonderland or psychology among the biological sciences. In: Biological and biochemical bases of behavior, ed. Harlow, H. F. & Woolsey, C. N.. University of Wisconsin Press. {AH}Google Scholar
Hinton, G. (1981) Shape representation in parallel systems. Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vancouver. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Hinton, G. E. (1989) Connectionist learning procedures. Artificial Intelligence 40:185–234. {DGL}CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, J., Nelson, B. & Houck, M. (1983) The role of attentional resources in automatic detection. Cognitive Psychology 51:379—410. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Hoffman, J. E. (1979) A two-stage model of visual search. Perception ir Psychophysics 25:319–27. {KRC}Google Scholar
Holland, J. H. (1975) Adaptation in natural and artificial systems. University of Michigan Press. {GWS, rJKT}Google Scholar
Hopfield, J. J. & Tank, D. W. (1986) Computing with neural circuits: A model. Science 233:625–33. {EMS}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hubel, D. & Wiesel, T. (1977) Functional architecture of macaque visual cortex. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B198:1–59. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Hummel, E. & Zucker, S. (1983) On the foundations of relaxation labeling processes. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 5:267–87. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Jonides, J. & Gleitman, H. (1976) The benefit of categorization in visual search: Target location without identification. Perception & Psychophysics 20(4):289–98. {aJKT}CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaas, J. H. (1989) Why does the brain have so many visual areas? Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1(2):121–35. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Treisman, A. (1984) Changing views of attention and automaticity. In: Varieties of attention, ed. Parasurarnan, E. & Beatty, J.. Academic Press. {AT}Google Scholar
Kaufman, L., Okada, Y., Tripp, J. & Weinberg, H. (1984) Evoked neuromagnetic fields. In: Brain and information: Event-related potentials, ed. Karrer, R., Cohen, J., & Tueting, P.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 425:722–42. {LEK}Google Scholar
Kertzman, C. & Robinson, D. L. (1988) Contributions of the superior colliculus of the monkey to visual spatial attention. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 14:831. {ED}Google Scholar
Krueger, L. E. (1978) A theory of perceptual matching. Psychological Review 85:278–304. {LEK}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1989) Cognitive impenetrability of perception. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12(4):769–70. {LEK}CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krueger, L. E. & Chignell, M. H. (1985) Same-different judgments under high speed stress: Missing-feature principle predominates in early processing. Perception & Psychophysics 38:183–93. {LEK}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuffler, S. (1953) Discharge patterns and functional organization of mammalian retina. Journal of Neurophysiology 16:37–68. {aJKT}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larkin, J. H. & Simon, H. A. (1987) Why a diagram is (sometimes) worth ten thousand words. Cognitive Science 11:65–99. {MM}Google Scholar
Lawler, E. (1976) Combinatorial optimization: Networks and matroids. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. {rJKT}Google Scholar
Liu, L., Zhao, N. & Bian, Z. (1989) Can early stage vision detect topology? Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence 11:1591–95. {MM}Google Scholar
Llinas, R. & Yarom, Y. (1986) Oscillatory properties of guinea-pig inferior olivary neurones and their pharmacological modulation: An in vitro study. Journal of Physiology 376:163–82. {RMS}Google Scholar
Lowe, D. G. (1985) Perceptual organization and visual recognition. Kluwer Academic Publishers. {DGL}Google Scholar
(1987) Three-dimensional object recognition from single two-dimensional images. Artificial Intelligence 31:355–95. {DGL, rJKT}Google Scholar
(1990) Visual recognition as probabilistic inference from spatial relations. In: AI and the eye, ed. Blake, A. & Troscianko, T.. Wiley. {DGL}Google Scholar
Mackworth, A. & Freuder, E. (1985) The complexity of some polynomial network consistency algorithms for constraint satisfaction problems. Artificial Intelligence 25:65–74. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Marr, D. (1982) Vision: A computational investigation into the human representation and processing of visual information. W. H. Freeman. {arJKT, LEK, RMS}Google Scholar
Maunsell, J. & Newsome, W. (1987) Visual processing in monkey extrastriate cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience 10:363–401. {arJKT}Google Scholar
Maunsell, J., Sclar, G. & Nealey, T. (1988) Task-specific signals in area V4 of monkey visual cortex. Proceedings of the Society of Neuroscience, Toronto. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Maunsell, J. & Van Essen, D. (1987) Topographic organization of the middle temporal visual area in the macaque monkey: Representational biases and the relationship to callosal connections and myeloarchitectonic boundaries. Journal of Comparative Neurology 266:535–55. {rJKT}Google Scholar
Maxwell, N. (1985) Methodological problems of neuroscience. In: Models of the visual cortex, ed. Rose, D. & Dobson, V.. John Wiley & Sons. {aJKT}Google Scholar
McLeod, P., Driver, J. & Crisp, J. (1988) Visual search for conjunctions of movements and form is parallel. Nature 332:154–55. {JMW}Google Scholar
Miller, J. P., Rail, W. & Rinzel, J. (1985) Synaptic amplification by active membrane in dendritic spines. Brain Research 325: 325–30. {RMS}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohnhaupt, M. & Neumann, B. (in press) Understanding object motion: Recognition, learning and spatio-temporal reasoning. Journal of Robotics and Autonomous Systems. North Holland. {MM}Google Scholar
Moore, E. F. (1956) Gedanken-experiments on sequential machines. In: Automata studies, ed. Shannon, C. E. & McCarthy, J.. Princeton University Press. {WRU}Google Scholar
Moran, J. & Desimone, R. (1985) Selective attention gates visual processing in the extrastriate cortex. Science 229:782–84. {arJKT, RD, SWZ}Google Scholar
Motter, B. (1988) Responses of visual cortical neurons during a focal attentive task. Proceedings of the Society of Neuroscience, Toronto. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Mountcastle, V. (1957) Modality and topographic properties of single neurons of cat’s somatic sensory cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology 20:408–34. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Mountcastle, V., Motter, B., Steinmetz, M. & Sestokas, A. (1987) Common and differential effects of attentive fixation on the excitability of parietal and prestriate (V4) cortical visual neurons in the Macaque monkey. Journal of Neuroscience 7(7):2239–55. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Nakayama, K. & Silverman, G. H. (1986) Serial and parallel processing of visual feature conjunctions. Nature 320:264–65. {JMW}Google Scholar
Neisser, U. (1967) Cognitive psychology. Appleton-Century-Crofts. {aJKT, KRC, J-OE, RMS}Google Scholar
Okada, Y. C, Tanenbaum, R., Williamsonn, S. J. & Kaufman, L. (1984) Somatotopic organization of the human somatosensory cortex revealed by neuromagnetic measurements. Experimental Brain Research 56:197–205. {LEK}Google Scholar
Parasuraman, R. & Davies, D., eds. (1984) Varieties of attention. Academic Press. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Pashler, H. (1987) Detecting conjunctions of color and form: Reassessing the serial search hypothesis. Perception and Psychophysics 41:191–201. {AH}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pippenger, N. (1978) Complexity theory. Scientific American 238(6): 114–24. {aJKT}CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, J. I., Choate, L. S., Rafal, R. K. & Vaughn, J. (1985) Inhibition of return: Neural mechanisms and function. Cognitive Neuropsychology 2:211–28. {RD}Google Scholar
Pour-El, M. B. & Richards, I. (1981) The wave equation with computable initial data such that its unique solution is not computable. Advances in Mathematics 39:215–39. {BWD}Google Scholar
(1982) Noncomputability in models of physical phenomena. International Journal of Theoretical Physics 21:553–55. {BWD}Google Scholar
Proctor, R. W. (1981) A unified theory for matching-task phenomena. Psychological Review 88:291–326. {LEK}CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Proctor, R. W. & Rao, K. V. (1983) Evidence that the same-different disparity in letter matching is not attributable to response bias. Perception & Psychophysics 34:72–76. {LEK}Google Scholar
(1989) The role of location indexes in spatial perception: A sketch of the FINST spatial-index model. Cognition 32:65–97. {RE}Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. & Biederman, I. (1988) Computational processes in human vision: An interdisciplinary perspective. Ablex. {RE}Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. & Storm, R. (1988) Tracking multiple independent targets: Evidence for a parallel tracking mechanism. Spatial Vision 3:179–97. {RE}Google Scholar
Quinlan, P. & Humphreys, G. (1987) Visual search for targets defined by combinations of color, shape and size: An examination of the task constraints on feature and conjunction searches. Perception and Psychophysics 41(5):455–72. {rJKT}Google Scholar
Rabbitt, P. (1978) Sorting, categorization and visual search. In: Handbook of perception: Perceptual processing, vol. IX, ed. Carterette, E. & Friedman, M.. Academic Press. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Ramachandran, V. S. (1985) Guest editorial: The neurobiology of perception. Perception 14:1–14. {RMS}CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rensinck, R. (1989) Personal communication, University of British Columbia, September. {rJKT}Google Scholar
Rosch, E. (1978) Principles of categorization. In: Cognition and categorization, ed. Rosch, E. & Lloyd, B. B.. Erlbaum. {MM}Google Scholar
Rosch, E., Mervis, C. B., Gray, W. D., Johnson, D. M. & Boyes-Bream, P. (1976) Basic objects in natural categories. Cognitive Psychology 8:382–439. {MM}Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, A. (1962) Automatic recognition of basic terrain types from aerial photographs. Photogrammetric Engineering 28:115–32. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Rosenkrantz, D. & Stearns, R. (1983) NP-complete problems. In: The encyclopedia of computer science and engineering, 2nd ed., ed. Ealston, A. & Reilly, E.. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. {rJKT}Google Scholar
Rubin, J. & Kanwisher, N. (1985) Topological perception: Holes in an experiment. Perception and Psychophysics 37. {MM}Google Scholar
Rumelhart, D. & McClelland, J. (1986a) PDF models and general issues in cognitive science. In: Parallel distributed processing, ed. Rumelhart, D. & McClelland, J.. MIT Press. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Runeson, S. (1977) On the possibility of “smart” perceptual mechanisms. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 18:172–79. {LEK, rJKT}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sagi, D. & Julesz, B. (1986) “Where” and “What” in vision. Science 228:1217–19. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Schwartz, E. (1977) Spatial mapping in the primate sensory projection: Analytic structure and relevance to perception. Biological Cybernetics 25:181–94. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Sclar, G., Lennie, P. & DePriest, D. (1989) Contrast adaptation in striate cortex of macaque. Vision Research 29:747–55. {SWZ}Google Scholar
Searle, J. (1990) Is the brain’s mind a computer program? Scientific American 262(1):26–31. {rJKT}Google Scholar
Selman, B. (1989) Personal communication, Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, January. {rJKT}Google Scholar
Shepard, G. M. & Brayton, R. K. (1987) Logic operations are properties of computer simulated interactions between excitable dendritic spines. Neuroscience 23:151–66. {RMS}Google Scholar
Siegel, R. M. (in press) Non-linear dynamical system theory and primary visual cortical processing. Physica D. {RMS}Google Scholar
Simon, H. (1962) The architecture of complexity. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 106:467–82. {aJKT, GWS}Google Scholar
Skarda, C. A. & Freeman, W. J. (1987) How brains make chaos in order to make sense of the world. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10:161–96. {RMS}Google Scholar
Sloman, A. (1975). Afterthoughts on analogical representations. In: Proceedings on Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing 164–68. {MM}Google Scholar
Spitzer, H., Desimone, R. & Moran, T. (1988) Both behavioral and neuronal performance are improved by increased attention. Proceedings of the Society for Neuroscience, Toronto. {aJKT}Google Scholar
(1988) Increased attention enhances both behavioral and neuronal performance. Science 240:338–40. {RD}Google Scholar
Sporns, O., Gaily, J. A., Reeke, G. N. & Edelman, G. M. (1989) Reentrant signaling among simulated neuronal groups lead to coherency in their oscillatory activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 86:7265–69. {RMS}Google Scholar
Stensaas, S., Eddington, D. & Dobelle, W. (1974) The topography and variability of the primary visual cortex in man. Journal of Neurosurgery 40:747–55. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Stockmeyer, L. & Chandra, A. (1979) Intrinsically difficult problems. Scientific American, May. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Stone, J., Dreher, B. & Leventhal, A. (1979) Hierarchical and parallel mechanisms in the organization of the visual cortex. Brain Research Reviews 1:345–94. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Strong, G. W. & Whitehead, B. A. (1989) A solution to the tag assignment problem for neural networks. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12:381–433. {GWS}Google Scholar
Treisman, A. (1982) Perceptual grouping and attention in visual search for features and for objects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 8:194–214. {AH}Google Scholar
(1985) Preattentive processing in vision. Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing 31:156–77. {arJKT, AH, AT}Google Scholar
1986) Features and objects in visual processing. Scientific American 255:1446–125. {KRC, AT}Google Scholar
(1988) Features and objects: The fourteenth Bartlett memorial lecture. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 40A(2):201–37. {aJKT, KRC, AH, AT}Google Scholar
Treisman, A. & Gelade, G. (1980) A feature-integration theory of attention. Cognitive Science 12:99–136. {aJKT, KRC}Google Scholar
Treisman, A. & Gormican, S. (1988) Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries. Psychological Review 95(1); 15–48. {aJKT, AT}Google Scholar
Treisman, A. & Sato, S. (1990) Conjunction search revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 16. {arJKT, AT, JMW}Google Scholar
Treisman, A. & Schmidt, H. (1982) Illusory conjunctions in the perception of objects. Cognitive Psychology 14:107–41. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Treisman, A. & Souther, J. (1985) Search asymmetry: A diagnostic for preattentive processing of separable features. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 114:285–310. {aJKT}CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsotsos, J. (1987a) Representational axes and temporal cooperative processes. In: Vision, brain and cooperative computation, ed. Arbib, M. & Hansen, A.. MIT Press/Bradford Books. {aJKT}Google Scholar
(1987b) Image understanding. In: The encyclopedia of artificial intelligence, ed. Shapiro, S.. John Wiley & Sons. {aJKT}Google Scholar
(1987c)Analyzing vision at the complexity level: Constraints on an architecture, an explanation for visual search performance, and computational justification for attentive processes, RBCV-TR-87–20, Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, September. {arJKT}Google Scholar
(1988) A “complexity level” analysis of immediate vision. International Journal of Computer Vision 1(4):303–20. {arJKT}Google Scholar
(1989) The complexity of perceptual search tasks. Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Detroit. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Turing, A. (1937) On computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungs problem. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 2(43):230–65. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Uhr, L. (1972) Layered “recognition cone” networks that preprocess, classify and describe. IEEE Transactions on Computers C-21:758–68. {aJKT}CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1980) Psychological motivation and underlying concepts. In: Structured computer vision, ed. Tanimoto, S. & Klinger, A.. Academic Press. {aJKT}Google Scholar
(1989) Aligning pictorial descriptions: An approach to object recognition. Cognition 32:193–254. {MM}Google Scholar
Ungerleider, L. & Mishkin, M. (1982) Two cortical visual systems. In: Analysis of visual behavior, ed. Ingle, D., Goodale, M. & Mansfield, R.. MIT Press. {aJKT, RD}Google Scholar
Van Doom, A., van de Grind, W. & Koenderink, J., ed. (1984) Limits in perception. VNU Science Press. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Van Essen, D. & Anderson, C. (in press) Information processing strategies and pathways in the primate retina and visual cortex. In: Introduction to Neural and Electronic Networks, ed. Zornetzer, S., Davis, J. & Lau, C.. Academic Press. {arJKT}Google Scholar
Van Essen, D. & Maunsell, J. (1983) Hierarchical organization and functional streams in the visual cortex. Trends in Neuroscience 6:370–75. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Vergis, A., Steiglitz, K. & Dickinson, B. (1986) The complexity of analog computation. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 28:91–113. {BWD}Google Scholar
Von Bekesy, G. (1956) Current status of theories of hearing. Science 123:779–83. {LEK}Google Scholar
Watson, A. & Ahumada, A. (1987) An orthogonal oriented quandrature hexagonal image pyramid. NASA Technical Memorandum 100054. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Wise, S. & Desimone, R. (1988) Behavioral neurophysiology: Insights into seeing and grasping. Science 242:736–41. {RD}Google Scholar
Wolfe, J., Cave, K. & Franzel, S. (1989) Guided search: An alternative to the feature integration model for visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 15:419–33. {arJKT, KRC, AH, AT, JMW}Google Scholar
Wolfe, J., Cave, K. & Yu, K. (1988) Direction attention to complex objects. Proceedings of the Society for Neuroscience, Toronto. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Zeki, S. (1978) Uniformity and diversity of structure and function in rhesus monkey prestriate visual cortex. Journal of Physiology 277:273–90. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Zucker, S. (1985) Does connectionism suffice? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8(2):301–2. {aJKT}Google Scholar
Zucker, S. W. (1983) Cooperative grouping and early orientation selection. In: Physical and biological processing of images, ed. Sleigh, A.. Springer. {RMS}Google Scholar