Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-01T01:24:29.589Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Biological fitness and affective variation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Denys de Catanzaro
Denys de Catanzaro
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CanadaL8S 4K1
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 5 , Issue 1 , March 1982 , pp. 103 - 104
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1982

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aberg, A., & Holmberg, C. (1979) Preliminary clinical testing of zimelidine (H 102/09) a new reuptake inhibitor. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 59:45–58. [taHA]Google Scholar
Abramson, L. Y., Garber, J., & Seligman, M. E. P. Learned helplessness in humans: An attributional analysis. In: Human helplessness, ed. Garber, J. & Seligman, M. E. P., pp. 3–39. New York: Academic Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E. P., & Teasdale, J. D. (1978) Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 87:49–74. [tarHA, KMN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akiskal, H. S. (1979) A biobehavioral approach to depression. In: The psychobiology of depressive disorders: Implications for the effects of stress, ed. Depue, R., pp. 409–37. New York: Academic Press. [HSA]Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S. (1981) Clinical overview of depressive disorders and their pharmacological management. In: Neuropharmacology of central and behavioral disorders, ed. Palmer, G. C., pp. 37–72. New York: Academic Press. [HSA]Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S. ed. (1979) Affective disorders: Special clinical forms. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 2(3). [TLR]Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S., & McKinney, W. T. (1973) Depressive disorders: Toward a unified hypothesis. Science 182:20–29. [HSA, taHA]Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S., & McKinney, W. T. (1975) Overview of recent research in depression: Integration of ten conceptual models into a comprehensive clinical frame. Archives of General Psychiatry 32:285–305. [HSA, taHA]Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S., Rosenthal, T. L., Haykal, R. F., Lemmi, H., Rosenthal, R. H., & Scott-Strauss, A. (1980) Characterological depressions: Clinical and sleep EEC findings separating “subaffective dysthymias” from “characterspectrum disorders.” Archives of General Psychiatry 37:777–83. [TLR]Google Scholar
Albert, M. D., Feldman, R. G., & Willis, A. L. (1974) The subcortical dementia of progressive supranuclear palsy. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 37:121–30. [RMB]Google Scholar
Allen, M. C. (1976) Twin studies of affective illness. Archives of General Psychiatry 33:1476–78. [JED]Google Scholar
Angrist, B. M. & Gershon, S. (1970) The phenomenology of experimentally induced amphetamine psychosis: Preliminary observations. Biological Psychiatry 2:95–107. [LDH]Google Scholar
Angst, J., Waggon, B., & Schoepf, J. (1977) The treatment of depression with 1–5-hydroxytryptophan versus imipramine. Archives Psychiatrica Nervenkrankheit 224:175–86. [taHA]Google Scholar
Anisman, H. (1978) Neurochemical changes elicited by stress: Behavioral correlates. In: Psychopharmacology of aversively motivated behavior, ed. Anisman, H. & Bignami, G., pp. 119–72. New York: Plenum Press. [tarHA]Google Scholar
Anisman, H. (1982 in press) Vulnerability to depression. In: Neurobiology of mood disorders, ed. Post, R. M. & Ballenger, J. C.. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. [rHA]Google Scholar
Anisman, H., Irwin, J., & Sklar, L. S. (1979) Deficits of escape performance following catecholamine depletion: Implications for behavioral deficits induced by uncontrollable stress. Psychopharmacology 64:163–70. [rHA]Google Scholar
Anisman, H., Kokkinidis, L., & Sklar, L. S. (1981) Neurochemical consequences of stress: Contributions of adaptive processes. In: Physiological and psychological interactions in response to stress, ed. Burchfield, S.. New York: Hemisphere. [tarHA]Google Scholar
Anisman, H., Kokkinidis, L., & Sklar, L. S. (1981, in press) Contribution of neurochemical change to stress-induced behavioral deficits. In: Psychopharmacology Vol. 1., ed. Cooper, S. J.. London: Academic Press. [rHA]Google Scholar
Anisman, H. & Lapierre, Y. (1981 in press) Stress and depression: Formulations and caveats. In: Psychological stress and psychopathohgy, ed. Neufeld, W. J. M.. New York: McGraw Hill. [rHA]Google Scholar
Anisman, H., Pizzino, A., & Sklar, L. S. (1980) Coping with stress, norepinephrine depletion and escape performance. Brain Research 191:583–88. [tarHA]Google Scholar
Anisman, H., Remington, C., & Sklar, L. S. (1979). Effects of inescapable shock on subsequent escape performance: Catecholaminergic and cholinergic mediation of response initiation and maintenance. Psychopharmacology 61:107–24. [rHA]Google Scholar
Anisman, H., Ritch, M., & Sklar, L. S. (1981) Noradrenergic and dopaminergic interactions in escape behavior: Analysis of uncontrollable stress effects. Psychopharmacology 74:263–68. [rHA]Google Scholar
Anisman, H. & Sklar, L. S. (1979) Catecholamine depletion upon reexposure to stress: Mediation of the escape deficits produced by inescapable shock. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 93:610–25. [tarHA].CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Antelman, S. M. & Caggiula, A. R. (1977) Norepinephrine-dopamine interactions and behavior. Science 195:646–53. [rHA, GWK]Google Scholar
Aprison, M. H. (1977) Are some amino acid neurotransmitters involved in psychiatric disorders? In: Neuroregulators and psychiatric disorders, ed. Usdin, E., Hamburg, D. A., & Barchas, J. D., pp. 381–90. New York: Oxford University Press. [JNH]Google Scholar
Aprison, M. H., & Hingtgen, J. N. (1970) Neurochemical correlates of behavior. International Review of Neurobiology 13:325–341. [JNH]Google Scholar
Aprison, M. H., & Hingtgen, J. N. (1972) Serotonin and behavior: A brief summary. Federation Proceedings 31:121–29. [JNH]Google Scholar
Aprison, M. H., & Hingtgen, J. N. (1981) Hypersensitive serotonergic receptors: A new hypothesis for one subgroup of unipolar depression derived from an animal model. In: Serotonin: Current aspects of neurochemistry and function, ed. Haber, B., Gabay, S., Alivisatos, S., & Issidorides, M., pp. 627–56. New York: Plenum Press. [JNH]Google Scholar
Aprison, M. H., Hingtgen, J. N., & McBride, W. J. (1975) Serotonergic and cholinergic mechanisms during disruption of approach and avoidance behavior. Federation Proceedings 34:1813–1822. [JNH, KMN]Google Scholar
Aprison, M. H., Takahashi, R., & Tachiki, K. (1978) Hypersensitive serotonergic receptors involved in clinical depression: A theory. In: Neuropharmacology and behavior, ed. Haber, B. & Aprison, M. H., pp. 23–53. New York: Plenum Press. [JNH]Google Scholar
Arieti, S. & Bemporad, J. (1978) Severe and mild depression. New York: Basic Books. [SRB]Google Scholar
Asberg, M., Thoren, P., Traskman, L., Bertilsson, L., & Ringberger, V. (1976) Serotonin depression: A biochemical subgroup within the affective disorders? Science 191:478–80. [taHA]Google Scholar
Asberg, M., Traskman, L., & Thoren, P. (1976) 5-HIAA in the cerebrospinal fluid: A biochemical suicide predictor? Archives of General Psychiatry 33:1193–97. [KMN]Google Scholar
Ashcroft, G. W., Blackburn, I. M., Eecleston, D., Glen, A. I. M., Hartley, W., Kinloch, N. E., Lonergen, M., Murray, L. G., & Pullar, I. A. (1973) Changes on recovery in the concentrations of tryptophan and the biogenic amine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with affective illness. Psychological Medicine 3:319–25. [taHA]Google Scholar
Ashford, J. & Jones, B. J. (1976) The effects of intra-amygdaloid injections of 6-hydroxydopamine on avoidance responding in rats. British Journal of Pharmacology 56:255–61. [STM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Averill, J. R., DeWitt, G. W., & Zimmer, M. (1978). The self-attribution of emotion as a function of success and failure. Journal of Personality 46:323–47. [VH]Google Scholar
Baldessarini, R. (1981) A summary of biomedical aspects of mood disorders. McLean Hospital Journal 6:1–34. [JED]Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1981) Self-referent thought: A developmental analysis of selfefficacy. In: Social cognitive development: Frontiers and possible futures, ed. Flavell, J. H. & Ross, L., pp. 200–39. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [TLR]Google Scholar
Banerjee, S. P., Kung, L. S., Riggi, J. S., & Chanda, S. K. (1977) Development of β-adrenergic receptor subsensitivity by antidepressants. Nature (London) 268:455–56. [taHA]Google Scholar
Beck, A. (1976) Depression: Clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects. New York: Harper and Row. [taHA, DdeC, VH, WPS]Google Scholar
Beck, A., Sethi, B., & Tuthill, R. (1963) Childhood bereavement and adult depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 9:295–302. [taHA]Google Scholar
Beck, A. T. (1967) Depression: Causes and treatment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. [LDH]Google Scholar
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F. & Emery, G. (1979) Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press. [ATB, KMN]Google Scholar
Beck, A. T., Kovacs, M., & Weissman, A. (1975) Hopelessness and suicidal behavior: An overview. Journal of the American Medical Association 234:1146–19. [DdeC]Google Scholar
Beck, J. C., & Worthen, K. (1972) Precipitating stress, crisis theory, and hospitalization in schizophrenia and depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 26:123–29. [taHA, DL]Google Scholar
Beckman, H. & Goodwin, F. K. (1975) Antidepressant response to tricyclics and urinary MHPG in unipolar patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 32:17–21. [taHA]Google Scholar
Benner, P., Roskies, E., & Lazarus, R. (1980) Stress and coping under extreme conditions. In: Survivors, victims, and perpetrators: Essays on the Nazi holocaust, ed. Dimsdale, J., pp. 219–58. New York: Hemisphere Publishers. [JED]Google Scholar
Berger, A., Faull, K., Davis, K. L., & Barchas, J. D. (1979) Monoamine metabolites in CSF in psychiatric disorders. In: Catecholamines: Basic and clinical frontiers, vol. 2, ed. Usdin, E., Kopin, I. J., & Barchas, J.. pp. 1827–29. New York: Pergamon Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Berger, D. F., Starzec, J. J., & Mason, E. B. (1981) The relationship between plasma corticosterone levels and leverpress avoidance vs. escape in rats. Physiological Psychology 9:81–86. [RM]Google Scholar
Berl, S., Puszkin, S., & Nicklas, W. J. (1973) Actomyosin-like protein in brain. Science 179:441–45. [KMN]Google Scholar
Beskow, J., Gottfries, C. G., Roos, B. E., & Winoblad, B. (1976) Determination of monoamine and monoamine metabolites in the human brain: Postmortem studies in a group of suicides and in a control group. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 53:7–20. [taHA]Google Scholar
Birch, N. J. (1973) The role of magnesium and calcium in the pharmacology of lithium. Biological Psychiatry 7:269–72. [KMN]Google Scholar
Birkmayer, W. & Rederer, P. (1975) Biochemical post-mortem findings in depressed patients. Journal of Neural Transmission 37:95–109. [taHA]Google Scholar
Blanc, G., Herve, D., Simon, H., Lisoprawski, A., Glowinski, J., & Tassin, J. P. (1980) Response to stress of mesocortical-frontal dopaminergic neurons in rats after long-term isolation. Nature 284:265–76. [taHA]Google Scholar
Blomberg, P. A., Kopin, I. J., Gordon, E. K., Markey, S. P., & Ebert, M. H. (1980) Conversion of MHPG to vanillylmandelic acid: Implications for the importance of urinary MHPG. Archives of General Psychiatry 37:1095–98. [taHA]Google Scholar
Bobrow, D. G. & Norman, D. A. (1975) Some principles of memory schemata. In: Representation and understanding: Studies in cognitive science, ed. Bobrow, D. G. & Norman, D. A., pp. 131–49. New York: Academic Press. [VH]Google Scholar
Bond, P. A., Jenner, F. A., & Sampson, G. A. (1972) Daily variations of the urine content of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglyeol in two manic depressive patients. Psychological Medicine 2:81–85. [taHA]Google Scholar
Booth, D. (1968) Localization of the adrenergic feeding system in the rat diencephalon. Science 158:515–17. [KMN]Google Scholar
Bourne, H. R., Bunney, W. E., Colburn, R. W., Davis, J. M., Davis, N. J., Shaw, D. M., & Coppen, A. J. (1968) Noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in hindbrain of suicidal patients. Lancet 2:805–08. [taHA]Google Scholar
Bower, G. H. (1981) Mood and memory. American Psychologist 36:129–48. [VH]Google Scholar
Bowers, M. B. Jr. (1969) Deficient transport mechanism for the removal of acid monoamine metabolites from cerebrospinal fluid. Brain Research 15:522–24. [taHA]Google Scholar
Bowers, M. B. Jr, Heninger, G. R., & Gerbode, F. (1969) Cerebral spinal fluid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid in psychiatric patients. International Journal of Neuropharmacology 8:255–62. [taHA]Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1980) Attachment and loss: Vol. 3, Loss, sadness and depression. London: Hogarth. [VH]Google Scholar
Breznitz, S. (1971) A study of worrying. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 10:271–79. [SRB]Google Scholar
Briscoe, C. W., & Smith, J. B. (1975) Depression in bereavement and divorce. Archives of General Psychiatry 32:439–43. [taHA]Google Scholar
Broadbent, D. E. (1958) Perception and communication. New York: Pergamon Press. [STM]Google Scholar
Brodie, H. K. H., Sack, R., & Siever, L. (1973) Clinical studies of 5-hydroxytryptophan in depression. In: Serotonin and behavior, ed. Barchas, J. & Usdin, E., pp. 549–60. New York: Academic Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Brown, E., Brown, G. M., Kofman, O., & Quarrington, B. (1978) Sexual function and affect in Parkinsonian men treated with L-dopa. American Journal of Psychiatry 135:1552–55. [KMN]Google Scholar
Brown, F. (1961) Depression and childhood bereavement. Journal of Mental Sciences 107:754–77. [taHA]Google Scholar
Brown, G. W. (1979) The social etiology of depression: London studies. In: The psychobiology of the depressive disorders, ed. Depue, R. A., pp. 263–90. New York: Academic Press. [taHA, WPS]Google Scholar
Brown, G. W., & Birley, J. L. T. (1968) Crisis and life changes and the onset of schizophrenia. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 9:203–14. [RN]Google Scholar
Brown, C. W., Sklair, F., Harris, T. O., & Birley, J. L. T. (1973) Life-events and psychiatric disorders: 1. Some methodological issues. Psychosomatic Medicine 3:74–87. [RN]Google Scholar
Bunge, R., Johnson, M., & Ross, C. D. (1978) Nature and nurture in development of the autonomic neuron. Science 199:1409–16. [KMN]Google Scholar
Bunney, W. E. Jr, & Davis, J. M. (1965) Norepinephrine in depressive reactions. Archives of General Psychiatry 13:483–94. [KMN]Google Scholar
Bunney, W. E. Jr, Goodwin, F. K., & Murphy, D. L. (1972) The “switch process” in manic depressive illness: 1, 2, and 3. Archives of General Psychiatry 27:295–317. [taHA]Google Scholar
Bunney, W. E., Murphy, D. L., & Goodwin, F. K. (1970) The switch process from depression to mania: Relationship to drugs which alter brain amines. Lancet 1:1022–27. [taHA]Google Scholar
Bunney, W. E., van Kammen, D. P., Post, R. M., & Garland, B. L. (1979) A possible role for dopamine in schizophrenia and manic depressive illness (a review of evidence). In: Catecholamines: Basic and clinical frontiers II, ed. Usdin, E., Kopin, I. J., & Barchas, J., pp. 1807–19. New York: Pergamon Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Burchfield, S. R. (1979) The stress response: A new perspective. Psychosomatic Medicine 41:661–72. [SRB]Google Scholar
Butcher, L. L., ed. (1978) Cholinergic-monaminergic interactions in the brain. New York: Academic Press. [rHA]Google Scholar
Cameron, N. (1938a) Reasoning, regression and communication in schizophrenia. Psychological Monographs 50:1–30. [STM]Google Scholar
Cameron, N. (1938b) Study in thinking in senile deterioration and schizophrenic disorganization. American Journal of Psychology 51:650–64. [STM]Google Scholar
Cameron, N. (1939a) Deterioration and regression in schizophrenic thinking. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 34:265–70. [STM]Google Scholar
Cameron, N. (1939b) Schizophrenic thinking in problem-solving situations. Journal of Mental Science 85:1012–35. [STM]Google Scholar
Cannon, W. B. (1915) Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear and rage. New York: Appleton. [AIL]Google Scholar
Cantril, H. & Hunt, W. H. (1932) Emotional effects produced by the injection of adrenalin. American Journal of Psychology 44:300–07. [AIL]Google Scholar
Caplan, M. G. & Douglas, V. T. (1969) Incidence of parental loss in children with depressed mood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 10:225–32. [taHA]Google Scholar
Carlton, P. L. (1963) Cholinergic mechanisms in the control of behavior by the brain. Psychological Review 70:19–39. [KMN]Google Scholar
Carrol, B., Curtis, G. C., & Mendels, J. (1976) Neuroendocrine regulation in depression: 1. Limbic system - adrenocortical dysfunction. Archives of General Psychiatry 33:1039. [RM]Google Scholar
Carroll, B. J., Feinberg, M., Creden, J. F. et al. (1981) A specific laboratory tes for the diagnosis of melancholia. Archives of General Psychiatry 38:15–22. [JED]Google Scholar
Casey, R. L., Masuda, M., & Holmes, T. H. (1967) Quantitative study of recall of life events. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 11:239–47. [RN]Google Scholar
Cassens, G., Roffman, M., Kuruc, A., Orsulak, P. J., & Schildkraut, J. J. (1980) Alterations in brain norepinephrine metabolism, induced by environmental stimuli previously paired with inescapable shock. Science 209:1138–40. [taHA]Google Scholar
Chapman, L. J. (1956) Distractability in the conceptual performance of schizophrenics. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 53:286–91. [STM]Google Scholar
Charney, D., Menkes, D., & Heninger, G. (1981) Receptor sensitivity and the mechanism of action of antidepressant treatment: Implications for the etiology and therapy of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry (in press). [GRH]Google Scholar
Checkley, S. A., Slade, A. P., & Shur, E. (1981) Growth hormone and other responses to clonidine in patients with endogenous depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 138:51–55. [GRH]Google Scholar
Cherek, D. R., Lane, J. D., Freeman, M. E., & Smith, J. E. (1980) Receptor changes following shock avoidance. Society Neuroscience Abstracts 6:543. [taHA]Google Scholar
Chikamori, Y., Sasa, M., Fujimoto, S., Takaori, S., & Matsuoka, I. (1980) Locus coeruleusndash;induced inhibition of dorsal cochlear nucleus neurons in comparison with lateral vestibular nucleus neurons. Brain Research 199:53–63. [STM]Google Scholar
Chiodo, L. A., & Antelman, S. M. (1980) Electroconvulsive shock: Progressive dopamine autoreceptor subsensitivity independent of repeated treatment. Science 210:799–801. [JWK]Google Scholar
Chiodo, L. A., & Antelman, S. M. (1980) Repeated tricyclics induce a progressive dopamine autoreceptor subsensitivity independent of daily drug treatment. Nature 287:451–54. [rHA]Google Scholar
Clayton, P., Halikas, J., & Maurice, W. (1972) The depression of widowhood. British Journal of Psychiatry 120:71–77. [taHA, WPS]Google Scholar
Coover, G. D., Ursin, H., & Levine, S. (1973) Plasma corticosterone levels during active avoidance learning in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiobgical Psychology 82:170–74. [RM]Google Scholar
Coppen, A., Prange, A. J., Whybrow, P. C., & Nogura, R. (1972) Abnormalities of indoleamines in affective disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 26:474–78. [KMN]Google Scholar
Coppen, A., Rama Rao, V. A., Ruthven, C. R. J., Goodwin, B. L., & Sandler, M. (1979) Urinary 4ndash;hydroxyndash;3ndash;methoxyndash;phenylglycol is not a predictor for clinical response to amitriptyline in depressive illness. Psychopharmacology 64:95–97. [taHA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppen, A., Shaw, D., Hersberg, B., & Maggs, R. (1967) Tryptophan in the treatment of depression. Lancet 2:1178–80. [taHA]Google Scholar
Costa, E., Tagliamonte, A., Brunello, N., & Cheney, D. L. (1980) Effect of stress on the metabolism of acetylcholine in the cholinergic pathways of extrapyramidal and limbic systems. In: Catecholamines and stress: Recent advances, ed. Usdin, E., Kvetnansky, R., & Kopin, I. J., pp. 59–68. New York: Elsevier. [taHA]Google Scholar
Costello, C. G. (1978) A critical review of Seligman's laboratory experiments on learned helplessness and depression in humans. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 87:21–31. [taHA]Google Scholar
Crews, F. T., Paul, S. M. & Goodwin, F. K. (1981) Acceleration of βtor esensitization in combined administration of antidepressants and henoxybenzamine. Nature 290:787–89. [rHA]Google Scholar
Crews, F. T. & Smith, C. B. (1978) Presynaptic alphandash;receptor subsensitivity fter longndash;term antidepressant treatment. Science 202:322–24. [taHA]Google Scholar
Crook, T., & Eliot, J. (1980) Parental death during childhood and adult depression: A critical review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin 87:252–59. [taHA, WPS]Google Scholar
Crow, T. J. (1971) The relationship between electrical selfndash;stimulation sites and cateeholaminendash;containing neurons in the rat mesencephalon. Experientia 27:662. [KMN]Google Scholar
Curzon, G. & Green, A. R. (1971) Regional and subcellular changes on the concentration of 5ndash;hydroxytryptamine and 5ndash;hydroxy indoleacetic acid in rat brain caused by hydrocortisone, DLndash;andash;methyltryptophan, Lndash;kynurenine, and immtinobilization. British Journal of Pharmacology 43:39. [ADS]Google Scholar
Daly, M. & Wilson, M. (1978) Sex, evolution, and behavior. North Scituate, Mass.: Duxbury Press. [DdeC]Google Scholar
Damasio, A. The frontal lobes. (1979) In: Clinical neuropsychology, ed. Heilman, K. M. & Valenstein, E., pp. 360–412. New York: Oxford University Press. [RMB]Google Scholar
Davis, G. C., Buchsbaum, M. S., & Bunney, W. E. Jr. (in press) Alterations of evoked potentials link research on attention dysfunction to peptide response symptoms of schizophrenia. In: Neurology, peptides, and neuronal communication, ed. Trabucci, M. & Costa, E.. New York: Raven Press. [TLR]Google Scholar
Davis, J. M., & Janowsky, O. (1975) Cholinergic and adrenergic balance in mania and schizophrenia. In: Neurotransmitter balances regulating behavior, ed. Domino, E. F. & Davis, J. M., pp. 135–48. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Edwards Brothers. [taHA]Google Scholar
Davis, K. L., Mohs, R. C., & Tinklenberg, J. R. (1979) Enhancement of memory by physostigmine. New England Journal of Medicine 301:946. [KMN]Google Scholar
Davis, K. L., Mohs, R. C., Tinklenberg, J. R., Pfefferbaum, A., Hollister, L. E., & Kopell, B. S. (1978) Physostigmine: Improvement in longndash;term memory processes in normal humans. Science 201:272–74. [KMN]Google Scholar
de Catanzaro, D. (1980) Human suicide: A biological perspective. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:265–90. [DdeC]Google Scholar
de Catanzaro, D. (1981) Suicide and selfndash;damaging behavior: A sociobiological perspective. New York: Academic Press. [DdeC]Google Scholar
Delongis, A., Coyne, J. C., Dakoff, G., Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (in press) Daily hassles, uplifts and life events in relation to health status. Journal of Health Psychology. [WPS]Google Scholar
De Montigny, C. & Aghajanian, G. K. (1978) Tricyclic antidepressants: Longterm treatment increases responsivity of rat forebrain neurons to serotonin. Science 202:1303–06. [rHA]Google Scholar
Dennehy, C. (1966) Childhood bereavement and psychiatric illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 112:1049–69. [taHA]Google Scholar
Depue, R. A., ed. (1979) The psychobiology of the depressive disorders. New York: Academic Press. [HSA, KMN]Google Scholar
Depue, R. A., & Monroe, S. M. (1978) Learned helplessness in the perspective of the depressive disorders: Conceptual and definitional issues. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 87:3–21. [taHA]Google Scholar
Depue, R. A., & Monroe, S. M. (1978) The unipolarndash;bipolar distinction in the depressive disorders: Implications for stressndash;onset interaction. Psychological Bulletin 85:1001–29. [KMN]Google Scholar
Depue, R. A., & Monroe, S. M. (1979) The unipolarndash;bipolar distinction in the depressive disorders: Implications for stressndash;onset interactions. In: The psychobiology of depressive disorders, ed. Depue, R. A., pp. 23–54. New York: Academic Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Devenport, L. D., Devenport, J. A., & Holloway, F. A. (1981) Rewardndash;induced stereotypy: Modulation by the hippocampus. Science 212:1288–89. [LDH]Google Scholar
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (1980) 3rd ed.American Psychiatric Association. [HSA, WPS]Google Scholar
Dohrenwend, B. P., & Dohrenwend, B. S. (1979) The conceptualization and measurement of stressful life events. In: The psychobiology of the depressive disorders, ed. Depue, R. A., pp. 105–21. New York: Academic Press. [taHA, WPS]Google Scholar
Dohrenwend, B. S. & Dohrenwend, B. P. (1974) Stressful life events: Their nature and effects. New York: John Wiley. [JED]Google Scholar
Dresse, A., & Scuvee-Moreau, J. (1980) Selective action of the tricyclic antidepressants on the spontaneous firing of noradrenergic or serotonergic cerebral neurons. In: New advances in the diagnosis and treatment of depressive illness, ed. Mendlewiez, J.. Amsterdam: Excerpta medica. [JWK]Google Scholar
Dunner, D. L., Gershon, G. S., & Goodwin, F. K. (1976) Heritable factors in the severity of affective illness. Biological Psychiatry 11:31–42. [KMN]Google Scholar
Dunner, D. L. & Goodwin, F. K. (1972) Effect of 1ndash;tryptophan on brain serotonin metabolism in depressed patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 26:364–66. [taHA]Google Scholar
Edwards, J., Spiker, D. G., Kupfer, D. J., & Neil, J. F. (1979) Platelet MAO and urinary MHPG in affective disorders. In: Catecholamines: Basic and clinical frontiers, ed. Usdin, E., Kopin, I. J., & Barchas, J., pp. 1869–71. New York: Pergamon Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Eitinger, L. (1964) Concentration camp survivors in Norway and Israel. London: Allen and Unwin. [taHA]Google Scholar
Eitinger, L. (1973) A followndash;up of Norwegian concentration camp survivors' mortality and morbidity. Israel Annals of Psychiatry and Related Disciplines 11:199–209. [taHA]Google Scholar
Ellertsen, B., Johnsen, T. B., & Ursin, H. (1978) Relationship between the hormonal responses to activation and coping. In: Psychobiology of stress: A study of coping men, ed. Ursin, H., Baade, E., & Levine, S., pp. 105–22. New York: Academic Press. [RM]Google Scholar
Engel, G. L. (1961) Is grief a disease? A challenge for medical research. Psychosomatic Medicine 23:18–22. [SRB]Google Scholar
Evetts, K. D., Uretsky, N. J., Iversen, L. L., & Iversen, S. D. (1970) Effects of 6ndash;hydroxydopamine on CNS catecholamines, spontaneous motor activity and amphetaminendash;induced hyperactivity in rats. Nature 225:961–62. [STM]Google Scholar
Ewer, R. F. (1968) Ethology of mammals. London: Elek Science. [DdeC]Google Scholar
Falek, A. & Britton, S. (1974) Phases in coping: The hypothesis and its implications. Social Biology 21:1–7. [SRB]Google Scholar
Farber, M. L. (1968) Theory of Suicide. New York: Funk and Wagnalls. [DdeC]Google Scholar
Fawcett, J., Maas, J. W., & Dekirmenjian, H. (1972) Depression and MHPG excretion. Archives of General Psychiatry 26:246–51. [taHA]Google Scholar
Ferster, C. B. (1973) A functional analysis of depression. American Psychologist 28:857–70. [KMN]Google Scholar
Fleisher, L. N., Simon, J. R., & Aprison, M. H. (1979) A biochemical-behavioral model for studying serotonergic super-sensitivity in brain. Journal of Neurochemistry 32:1613–20. [JNH]Google Scholar
Flor-Henry, P. (1976) Lateralized temporal-limbic dysfunction and psychopathology. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 280:777–95. [LDH]Google Scholar
Forrest, A. D., Fraser, R. H., & Priest, R. G. (1965) Environmental factors in depressive illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 111:243–53. [taHA]Google Scholar
Fowles, D. C. & Gersh, F. S. (1979) Neurotic depression: The endogenous- neurotic distinction. In: The psychobiology of the depressive disorders, ed. Depue, R. A., pp. 55–80. New York: Academic Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Fraser, A., Pandy, G. N., & Mendels, J. (1973) Metabolism of tryptophan in depressive disease. Archives of General Psychiatry 29:528–35. [taHA]Google Scholar
Garber, J., Miller, W. R., & Seaman, S. F. (1979) Learned helplessness, stress, and the depressive disorders. In: The psychobiology of the depressive disorders, ed. Depue, R. A., pp. 335–363. New York: Academic Press. [taHA, WPS]Google Scholar
Garattini, S. (1981) A propos du mode d' action de la minaprine, Le Concours Medical (supplement no. 28, pp. 28–30). [HL]Google Scholar
Gershon, E. S. (1978) The search for genetic markers in affective disorders. In: Psychopharmacology: A generation of progress, ed. Lipton, M. A., DiMascio, A., & Killam, K. F.. New York: Raven Press. [DdeC]Google Scholar
Gershon, E., Dunner, D., & Goodwin, F. (1971) Toward a biology of affective disorders: Genetic contributions. Archives of General Psychiatry 25:1–15. [HSA]Google Scholar
Ghose, K., Gupta, R., Coppen, A., & Lund, J. (1977) Antidepressant evaluation and the pharmacological actions of FG-4963 in depressive patients. European Journal of Pharmacology 42:31–37. [GRH]Google Scholar
Gillin, J. C., Duncan, W., Pettigrew, K. D. et al. (1979) Successful separation of depressed normal and insomniac subjects by EEC sleep data. Archives of General Psychiatry 36:85–90. [JED]Google Scholar
Glass, D. C. (1977) Behavior patterns, stress and coronary disease. New York: John Wiley. [taHA]Google Scholar
Gold, B. I., Bowers, M. B., Roth, R. H., & Sweeney, D. W. (1980) GABA levels in CSF of patients with psychiatric disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 137:362–64. [KMN]Google Scholar
Goodlet, F., Mireylees, S. E., & Sugrue, M. F. (1977) Effects of mianserin, a new antidepressant, on the in vitro and in vivo uptake of monoamines. British Journal of Pharmacology 61:307–13. [GRH]Google Scholar
Goodwin, F. & Bunney, W. E. Jr. (1973) A psychobiological approach to affective illness. Psychiatric Annals 3:19–53. [HSA]Google Scholar
Goodwin, F. & Bunney, W. E. Jr. (1973) Psychobiological aspects of stress and affective illness. In: Separation and depression: Clinical and research aspects, ed. Scott, J. P. & Senay, E. C., pp. 91–112. Washington, D.C.: AAAS. [taHA]Google Scholar
Goodwin, F. K., Cowdry, R. W., & Webster, M. H. (1978) Predictors of drug response in the affective disorders: Toward an integrated approach. In: Psychopharmacology: A generation of progress, ed. Lipton, M. A., DiMascio, A., & Killam, K. F., pp. 1277–88. New York: Raven Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Goodwin, F. K., & Post, R. M. (1974) Brain serotonin affective illness and antidepressant drugs: Cerebrospinal fluid studies with probenecid. In: Serotonin -new vistas: Biochemistry, behavioral and clinical studies, ed. Costa, E., Gessa, G. L., & Sandler, M., pp. 341–56. New York: Raven Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Goodwin, F. K., & Post, R. M. (1975) Cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites in affective illness and schizophrenia: Clinical and pharmacological studies. Psychopharmacology Communications 1:641–53. [taHA]Google Scholar
Goodwin, F. K. & Potter, W. Z. (1979) Norepinephrine metabolite studies in affective illness. In: Catecholamines: Basic and clinical frontiers, Vol. 2, ed. Usdin, E., Kopin, I. J., & Barchas, J., pp. 1863–65. New York: Pergamon Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Gordon, E. K. & Oliver, J. (1971) 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol in human cerebrospinal fluid. Clinical Chemistry Acta 35:145–50. [taHA]Google Scholar
Greenspan, K., Schildkraut, J. J., Gordon, E. K., Baer, L., Aranoff, M. S., & Durrell, J. (1970) Catecholamine metabolism in affective disorders: 3. MHPG and other catecholamine metabolites in patients treated with lithium carbonate. Journal of Psychiatric Research 7:171–83. [taHA]Google Scholar
Greenspan, J., Schildkraut, J. J., Gordon, E. K., Levy, B., & Durrell, J. (1969) Catecholamine metabolism in affective disorders: 2. Norepinephrine, nor-metanephrine, epinephrine, metanephrine and VMA excretion in hypomanic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 21:710–16. [taHA]Google Scholar
Greer, S. (1964) The relationship between parental loss and attempted suicide: A control study. British Journal of Psychiatry 110:698–705. [taHA]Google Scholar
Griswold, M. J. (1970) Life events, divorce, and sequelae of divorce: A pilot study. Unpubl. manuscript. Seattle: University of Washington. [SRB]Google Scholar
Hall, K. S., Dunner, D. L., Zeller, C., & Fieve, R. R. (1979) Bipolar illness: A prospective study of life events. Comprehensive Psychiatry 18:497–502. [RN]Google Scholar
Hamilton, V. (1979a) Personality and stress. In: Human stress and cognition: An information-processing approach, ed. Hamilton, V. & Warburton, D. M., pp. 67–114. Chichester: Wiley. [VH]Google Scholar
Hamilton, V. (1979b) Information-processing aspects of neurotic anxiety and the schizophrenias. In: Human Stress and cognition: An information-processing approach, ed. Hamilton, V. & Warburton, D. M., pp. 383–430. Chichester: Wiley. [VH]Google Scholar
Hamilton, V. & Warburton, D. M. (1979) Human stress and cognition: An information-processing approach. Chichester: Wiley. [VH]Google Scholar
Hammen, C. L. & Cochran, S. D. (1981) Cognitive correlates of life stress and depression in college students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 90:23–27. [WPS]Google Scholar
Harlow, H. F. (1974) Induction and alleviation of depressive states in monkeys. In: Ethology and psychiatry, ed. White, N. F.. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. [DdeC]Google Scholar
Harlow, H. & Harlow, M. (1965) The affectional system. In: Behavior of nonhuman primates: Modern research trends, vol. 2., ed. Schrier, A., Harlow, H., & Stollnitz, F., pp. 287–334. New York: Academic Press. [JED]Google Scholar
Heinicke, C. (1973) Parental deprivation in early childhood. In: Separation and depression: Clinical and research aspects, ed. Scott, J. and Senay, E.. Washington, D.C.: AAAS. [taHA]Google Scholar
Hellhammer, D. H., Hingtgen, J. N., Wade, S. E., Shea, P. A., & Aprison, M. H. (1982, in press) Biogenic amine changes in specific areas of rat brain associated with gastric lesions produced by two types of behavioral stress. Proceedings of the First World Congress of International Brain Research Organization. Lausanne. [JNH]Google Scholar
Hendrie, H. (1978) Organic brain disorders: Classification, the symptomatic psychoses, misdiagnosis. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 1:3–19. [HSA]Google Scholar
Hendrie, H. C. (1981) Depression in the course of physical illness. In: Machine pacing and occupational stress, ed. Salvendy, G.. In press. London: Taylor and Francis Ltd. [JNH]Google Scholar
Henry, A. & Short, J. (1954) Suicide and homicide. Glencoe, Ill. Free Press. [DL]Google Scholar
Henry, J. P. & Stephens, P. M. (1977) Stress, health, and the social environment: A sociobiologic approach to medicine. New York: Springer-Verlag. [JED]Google Scholar
Herman, B. H., & Panskepp, J. (1981) Ascending endorphin inhibition of distress vocalization. Science 211:1060–62. [LDH]Google Scholar
Hill, O. (1969) The association of childhood bereavement with suicidal attempt in depressive illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 115:301–04. [taHA]Google Scholar
Hill, O. W. & Price, J. S. (1967) Childhood bereavement and adult depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 113:743–51. [taHA]Google Scholar
Hinkle, L. E. (1974) The effect of exposure to culture change, social change, and changes in interpersonal relationships on health. In: Stressful life events: Their nature and effects, ed. Dohrenwend, B. P. & Dohrenwend, B. S., pp. 9–44. New York: John Wiley. [taHA]Google Scholar
Hingtgen, J. N., Smith, J. E., Shea, P. A., Aprison, M. H., & Gaff, T. M. (1976) Cholinergic changes during conditioned suppression in rats. Science 193:332–34. [taHA, JNH]Google Scholar
Hollister, A. S., Breese, G. R., Kuhn, C. M., Cooper, B. R., & Schanberg, S. M. (1976) An inhibitory role for brain serotonin-containing systems in the locomotor effects of d-amphetamine. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 198:12–22. [KMN]Google Scholar
Hollister, L. E., Davis, K. L., & Berger, P. A. (1980) Subtypes of depression based on excretion of MHPG and response to nortripyline. Archives of General Psychiatry 37:1107–10. [taHA]Google Scholar
Hollon, S. D., & Beck, A. T. (1979) Cognitive therapy of depression. In: Cognitive-behavioral interventions, ed. Kendall, P. C. & Hollon, S. D.. New York: Academic Press. [WPS]Google Scholar
Holmes, T. H. & Rahe, R. H. (1967) The social readjustment scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 11:213–18. [taHA]Google Scholar
Hopkinson, G. & Reed, G. F. (1966) Bereavement in childhood and depressive psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 112:459–63. [taHA]Google Scholar
Horowitz, M. (1979) Psychological response to serious life events. In: Human Stress and cognition: An information-processing approach, ed. Hamilton, V. & Warburton, D. M., pp. 237–264. Chichester: Wiley. [VH]Google Scholar
Horowitz, M., Schaefer, C., Hiroto, D. et al. (1977) Psychosomatic Medicine 39:413–31. [RN]Google Scholar
Huang, Y. (1979) Chronic desipramine treatment increases activity of noradrenergic postsynaptic cells. Life Sciences 25:709–16. [tarHA, STM]Google Scholar
Huang, Y. H., & Maas, J. W. (1980) The time course of noradrenergic presynaptic and postsynaptic activity during chronic desipramine treatment. European Journal of Pharmacology 68:41–47. [STM]Google Scholar
Hudgens, R., Morrison, J., & Barchha, R. (1967) Life events and onset of primary affective disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 16:134–45. [taHA]Google Scholar
Hudgens, R. W., Robins, E., & Delong, W. B. (1970) The reporting of recent stress in the lives of psychiatric patients. British Journal of Psychiatry 117:635–43. [RN]Google Scholar
Isen, A. M., Shalker, T. E., Clark, M., & Karp, L. (1978). Affect, accessibility of material in memory and behavior: A cognitive loop? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36:1–12. [VH]Google Scholar
Jacobs, S. & Douglas, L. (1979) Grief: A mediating process between a loss and illness. Comprehensive Psychiatry 20:165–76. [SRB]Google Scholar
Jacobs, S. C., Prusoff, B. A., & Paykel, E. S. (1974) Recent life events in schizophrenia and depression. Psychological Medicine 4:444–53. [taHA, DL]Google Scholar
Janowsky, D. S., & Davis, J. M. (1979) Psychological effects of cholinomimetic agents. In: Brain acetylcholine and neuopsychiatric disease, ed. Davis, K. L. & Berger, P. A., pp. 3–14. New York: Plenum Press. [KMN]Google Scholar
Janowsky, D. S., el-Yousef, M. K., Davis, J. M., Hubbard, B., & Sekerke, H. J. (1972) Cholinergic reversal of manic symptoms. Lancet 1:1236–1237. [taHA]Google Scholar
Janowsky, D. S., el-Yousef, M. K., Davis, J. M., & Sekerke, H. J. (1972) A cholinergic-adrenergic hypothesis of mania and depression. Lancet 2:632–35. [taHA, KMN]Google Scholar
Janowsky, D. S., el-Yousef, M. K., Davis, J. M., & Sekerke, H. J. (1973a) Parasympathetic suppression of manic symptoms by physostigmine. Archives of General Psychiatry 28:542–547. [taHA]Google Scholar
Janowsky, D. S., el-Yousef, M. K., Davis, J. M., & Sekerke, H. J. (1973b) Provocation of schizophrenic symptoms by intravenous methylpheni-date. Archives of General Psychiatry 28:185–191. [taHA]Google Scholar
Jenkins, C. D., Hurst, M. W., & Rose, R. M. (1979) Life changes: Do people really remember? Archives of General Psychiatry 36:379–84. [taHA, RN]Google Scholar
Kalisker, A., Rutledge, C. O., & Perkins, J. P. (1973) Effect of nerve degeneration by 6-hydroxydopamine on catecholamine-stimulated adenosine 3' 5'-monophosphate formation in rat cerebral cortex. Molecular Pharmacology 9:619–29. [EAS]Google Scholar
Karczmar, A. G. (1975) Cholinergic influences on behavior. In: Cholinergic mechanisms, ed. Waser, P. G., pp. 501–29. New York: Raven Press. [rHA]Google Scholar
Karczmar, A. G., Scudder, C. L., & Richardson, D. L. (1973) Interdisciplinary approach to the study of behavior in related mice types. In: Chemical approaches to brain function, ed. Ehrenpreis, S. & Kopin, I. J., pp. 159–244. New York: Academic Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Katz, R. I., Chase, T. N., & Kopin, I. J. (1969) Effect of ions on stimulus-induced release of amino acids from mammalian brain slices. Journal of Neurochemistry 16:961–67. [KMN]Google Scholar
Katz, R. J., Roth, K. A., & Carroll, B. A. (1981) Acute and chronic stress effects on open field activity in the rat: Implications for a model of depression. Neuroscicnce and Biobchavioral Reviews 5:247. [ADS]Google Scholar
Kiely, W. F. (1975) From the symbolic stimulus to the pathophysiological response: Immune mechanisms. International Journal of Psychiatric Medicine 5:517–29. [SRB]Google Scholar
Klein, D. C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1976) Reversal of performance deficits in learned helplessness and depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 85:11–26. [taHA]Google Scholar
Klinger, E. (1975) Consequences of commitment to and disengagement from incentives. Psychological Review 82:1–25. [SRB]Google Scholar
Kobayashi, R. M., Palkovits, M., Kizer, J. S., Jacobowitz, D. M., & Kopin, I. J. (1976) Selective alterations of catecholamines and tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the hypothalamus following acute and chronic stress. In: Catecholamines and stress, ed. Usdni, E., Kvetnansky, R., & Kopin, I. J., pp. 29–38. Oxford: Pergamon Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Koella, W. P. (1974) Serotonin: A hypnagogic transmitter and an anti-waking agent. Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology 11:181–86. [KMN]Google Scholar
Kokkinidis, L. & Anisman, H. (1980) Amphetamine models of paranoid schizophrenia: An overview and elaboration of animal experimentation. Psychological Bulletin 88:551–79. [rHA]Google Scholar
Korf, J., Sebens, J. B., & Postema, F. (1979) Cyclic AMP in the rat cerebral cortex after stimulation of the locus coeruleus: Decrease by antidepressant drugs. European Journal of Pharmacology 59:23–30. [rHA]Google Scholar
Kraemer, G. W., Breese, G. R., Prange, A. J., Moran, E. C., Lewis, J. K., Kemnitz, J. W., Bushnell, P. J., Howard, J. L., & McKinney, W. T. (1981) Use of 6-hydroxydopamine to deplete brain catecholamines in the rhesus monkey: Effects on urinary catecholamine metabolites and behavior. Psychopharmacology 73:1–11. [GWK]Google Scholar
Kraemer, G. W. & McKinney, W. T. (1979) Interactions of pharmacological agents which alter bigenic amine metabolism and depression: An analysis of contributing factors within a primate model of depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 1:33–54. [HSA, GWK]Google Scholar
Kraepelin, E. (1923) lehrbuch der Psychiatric. New York: A. R. Diependorf, Macmillan. [STM]Google Scholar
Kragh, U. (1960) The defence mechanism test: A new method for diagnosis and personnel selection. Journal of Applied Psychology 44:303–09. [RM]Google Scholar
Kupfer, D. J., & Detre, T. P. (1978) Tricyclic and monoamine-oxidase-inhibitor antidepressants: Clinical use. In: Handbook of psychopharmacology, vol. 14, ed. Iversen, L. L., Iversen, S. D., & Snyder, S. H., pp. 199–232. New York: Plenum Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Kupfer, D. J. & Foster, F. G. (1972) Interval between onset of sleep and rapid eye movement sleep as an indicator of depression. Lancet 2:684–86. [JED]Google Scholar
Kvetnansky, R. (1980) Recent progress in catecholamines under stress. In: Catecholamines and stress: Recent advances, ed. Usdin, E., Kvetnansky, R., & Kopin, I. J., pp. 7–20. New York: Elsevier. [taHA]Google Scholar
Kvetnansky, R., Mitro, A., Palkovits, M., Brownstein, M., Torda, T., Vigas, M., & Mikulaj, L. (1976) Catecholamines in individual hypothalamic nuclei in stressed rats. In: Catecholamines and stress, ed. Usdin, E., Kvetnansky, R., & Kopin, I. J., pp. 39–50. Oxford: Pergamon Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Laborit, H. (1974) Proposition d'un modèle intégré des comportements normaux et anormaux à partir de données biochimiques, neurophysiologiques, éthologiques, chimiques et sociologiques. Annales Médico-Psychotogiques. 1:47–60. [HL]Google Scholar
Laborit, H. (1976) On the mechanism of activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal reaction to changes in the environment (the “alarm reaction”). Resuscitation 5(1): 19–30. [HL]Google Scholar
Laborit, H. (1979) L'Inhibition de l'ction: Biologie, physiologie, psychologie, sociologie, vol. 1. Paris: Masson et cie. [HL]Google Scholar
Laborit, H. (1981) Physiopathologie de l'inhibition et proposition d'une réponse thérapeutique originale. Agressologie 22(2):45–53. [HL]Google Scholar
Laborit, H., Baron, C., Ferran, C., Bonifacj, J.-F., Topall, G., & Henriet, I.nb(1980) Variations de la toxicité. du cadmium en rapport avec les possibilités de contrôle des situations environnementales par l'activitémotrice chez le rat. Agressologie 21(6):269–90. [HL]Google Scholar
Laborit, H., Brunaud, M., Savy, J.-M., Baron, C., Vallee, E., Lamothe, C., Thuret, F., Muyard, J.-P., & Calvino, B. (1972) Etude biochimique et pharmacologique du 3/2 morpholinoéthylamino 4-méthyl 6-phenyl pyridazine déchlorhydrate (Agr 1240), Agressologie 13(5):291–318. [HL]Google Scholar
Lader, M. (1975) The psychophysiology of mental illness. London: Routledge or Kegan Paul. [VH]Google Scholar
Lapin, I. P. & Oxenkrug, G. F. (1969) Intensification of the central serotonergic process as a possible determinant of the thymoleptic effect. Lancet 2:132–36. [KMN]Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. S. & Launier, R. (1978) Stress-related transactions between person and environment. In: Internal and External Determinants of Behavior, ed. Pervin, L. A. & Lewis, M.. New York: Plenum Press. [SRB, WPS]Google Scholar
Leconte, P. & Hennevin, E. (1981) Post-learning paradoxical sleep, reticular activation and noradrenergic activity. Physiology and Behavior 26:587–94. [STM]Google Scholar
Leff, M. J., Roatch, J. F., & Bunney, W. E. (1970) Environmental factors preceding the onset of severe depressions. Psychiatry 33:298–311. [taHA]Google Scholar
Leshner, A. I. (1977) Hormones and emotion: In: Emotion, ed. Candland, D. K., Fell, J. P., Keen, E., Leshner, A. I., Plutchik, R., & Tarpy, R. M., pp. 85–148. Monterey: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. [AIL]Google Scholar
Leshner, A. I. (1978) An introduction to behavioral endocrinology. New York: Oxford University Press. [AIL]Google Scholar
Leshner, A. I. (1979) Kinds of hormonal effects on behavior: A new view. Neuroscicnce and Biobehavioral Reviews 3:69–73. [AIL]Google Scholar
Levi, L. D., Fales, C. H., Stein, M., & Sharp, V. H. (1966) Separation and attempted suicide. Archives of General Psychiatry 15:158–65. [taHA]Google Scholar
Levine, S., Madden, J., Conner, R. L., Moskal, J. R., & Anderson, D. C. (1973) Physiological and behavioral effects of prior aversive stimulation (preshock) in the rat. Physiology and Behavior 10:467–71. [RM]Google Scholar
Lewinsohn, P. M. & Amenson, C. S. (1978) Some relations between pleasant and unpleasant mood-related events and depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 87:644–54. [taHA]Google Scholar
Lewinsohn, P. M., Youngren, M. A., & Grosscup, S. J. (1979) Reinforcement and depression. In: The psychobiology of the depressive disorders, ed. Depue, R. A., pp. 291–316. New York: Academic Press. [KMN]Google Scholar
Lindemann, E. (1944) Symptomatology and management of acute grief. American Journal of Psychiatry 101:141–48. [SRB]Google Scholar
Lints, C. E., & Harvey, J. A. (1969) Drug induced reversal of brain damage in the rat. Physiology and Behavior 4:29–31. [KMN]Google Scholar
Lloyd, C. (1980a) Life events and depressive disorder reviewed: 1. Events as predisposing factors. Archives of General Psychiatry 37:529–35. [taHA, WPS]Google Scholar
Lloyd, C. (1980b) Life events and depressive disorder reviewed: 2. Events as precipitating factors. Archives of General Psychiatry 37:541–48. [taHA, ATB, WPS]Google Scholar
Lloyd, K. G., Farley, J. J., Deck, G. H. N., & Hornykiewicz, O. (1974) Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in discrete areas of the brainstem of suicide victims and control patients. Advances in Biochemistry and Psychopharmacology 11:387–97. [taHA]Google Scholar
Luria, A. (1973) The working brain. New York: Basic Books. [RMB]Google Scholar
Lytle, L. D., Messing, R. B., Fisher, L., & Phebus, L. (1975) Effects of long-term corn consumption on brain serotonin and the response to electric shock. Science 190:692–94. [KMN]Google Scholar
Maas, J. W. (1975) Catecholamines and depression: A further specification of the catecholamine hypothesis of the affective disorders. In: Catecholamines and behavior, vol. 2, ed. Friedhoff, A. J., pp. 119–34. New York: Plenum Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Maas, J. W., Fawcett, J. A., & Dekirmenjian, H. (1972) Catecholamine metabolism, depressive illness and drug response. Archives of General Psychiatry 26:252–61. [taHA]Google Scholar
Maas, J. W., Dekirmenjian, H., Garver, D., Redman, D. E., & Landis, D. H. (1973) Excretion of catecholamine metabolites following intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine in the macaca speciosa. European Journal of Pharmacology 23:121–30. [taHA]Google Scholar
Maas, J. W., Dekirmenjian, H., & Jones, F. (1973) The identification of depressed patients who have a disorder of norepinephrine metabolism and/or disposition. In: Frontiers of catecholamine research, ed. Usdin, E. & Snyder, S., pp. 1091–96. New York: Pergamon Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Maas, J. W., Greene, N. M., Hattox, S. E., & Landis, D. H. (1979) Neurotransmitter metabolite production by human brain. In: Catecholamines: Basic and clinical frontiers, ed. Usdin, E., Kopin, I. J., & Barchas, J., pp. 1878–80. New York: Pergamon Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Maas, J. W. & Huang, Y. (1980) Noradrenergic function and depression: Too much or too little? Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 7:267–68. [tarHA, STM, DKR]Google Scholar
Mackintosh, N. J. (1965) Selective attention in animal discrimination learning. Psychological Bulletin 64:124–50. [STM]Google Scholar
Marañon, G. (1924) Contribution a l'étude de I'action émotive de l'adrénaline. Revue Française d'Endocrinologie 2:301–25. [AIL]Google Scholar
Mason, S. T. (1979a) Noradrenaline and behavior. Trends in Neuroscience 2:82–84. [STM]Google Scholar
Mason, S. T. (1979b) Noradrenaline: Reward or extinction? Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews 3:1–10. [STM]Google Scholar
Mason, S. T. (1980) Noradrenaline and selective attention: A review of the model and the evidence. Life Sciences 27:617–31. [STM]Google Scholar
Mason, S. T. (1981) Noradrenaline in the brain: Progress in theories of behavioural function. Progress in Neurobiology (in press). [STM]Google Scholar
Mason, S. T. & Fibiger, H. C. (1978a) Evidence for a role of brain noradrenaline in attention and stimulus sampling. Brain Research 159:421–26. [STM]Google Scholar
Mason, S. T. & Fibiger, H. C. (1978b) 6-OHDA lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle alters extinction of passive avoidance. Brain Research 152:209–14. [STM]Google Scholar
Mason, S. T. & Fibiger, H. C. (1979) Noradrenaline and extinction of conditioned taste aversion. Behavioral and Neural Biology 25:206–16. [STM]Google Scholar
Mason, S. T. & Iversen, S. D. (1975) Learning in the absence of forebrain noradrenaline. Nature 258:422–24. [STM]Google Scholar
Mason, S. T. & Iversen, S. D. (1977) Effects of selective forebrain noradrenaline loss on behavioral inhibition in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 91:165–73. [STM]Google Scholar
Mason, S. T. & Iversen, S. D. (1979) Theories of the dorsal bundle extinction effect. Brain Research Reviews 1:107–37. [STM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, J. R. & Johnson, H. J. (1973) Physiological activity to internally elicited arousal and inhibitory thoughts. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 82:239–45. [ATB]Google Scholar
McDonald, B. S., Pugh, W. M., Gunderson, E. K. E., & Rahe, R. H. (1972) Reliability of life change cluster scores. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 11:407–09. [RN]Google Scholar
McLure, D. J. (1973) The role of dopamine depression. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal 18:309–12. [taHA]Google Scholar
Mendels, J., Fraser, A., Fitzgerald, R. G., Ramsay, T. A., & Stokes, J. W. (1972) Biogenic amine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid in depressed and manic patients. Science 175:1380–82. [taHA]Google Scholar
Miller, W. R. & Seligman, M. E. P. (1976) Learned helplessness, depression and the perception of reinforcement. Behavior Research and Therapy 14:7–17. [taHA]Google Scholar
Modigh, K. (1976) Influence of social stress on brain catecholamine mechanisms. In: Catecholamines and stress, ed. Usdin, E., Kvetnansky, R., & Kopin, I. J., pp. 17–28. Oxford: Pergamon Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Morris, J. & Beck, A. (1974) The efficacy of antidepressant drugs: A review of research (1958–1972). Archives of General Psychiatry 30:667–74. [DLC]Google Scholar
Morrison, J., Hudgens, R., & Barchha, R. (1968) Life events and psychiatric illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 114:423–32. [taHA]Google Scholar
Moruzzi, G. & Magoun, H. W. (1949) Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1:455–73. [RM]Google Scholar
Munro, A. (1966) Parental deprivation in depressive patients. British Journal of Psychiatry 112:443–457. [taHA]Google Scholar
Munro, A. & Griffiths, A. B. (1969) Some psychiatric nonsequelae of childhood bereavement. British Journal of Psychiatry 115:305–11. [taHA]Google Scholar
Murison, R. & Isaksen, E. (1980) The effects of preshock on adrenocortical and somatic responses to later restraint stress. IRCS Medical Science 8:888–89. [RM]Google Scholar
Murphy, D. L., Campbell, I., & Costa, J. L. (1978) Current status of the indoleamine hypothesis of the affective disorders. In: Psychopharmacology: A generation of progress, ed. Lipton, M. A., DiMascio, A., & Killam, K. F., pp. 1235–48. New York: Raven Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Nagayama, H., Hingtgen, J. N., & Aprison, M. H. (1980) Pre-and post-synaptic serotonergic manipulations in an animal model of depression. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 13:575–79. [JNH]Google Scholar
Nagayama, H., Hingtgen, J. N., & Aprison, M. H. (1981) Postsynaptic action by four antidepressive drugs in an animal model of depression. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 15:125–30. [JNH]Google Scholar
Nakai, Y. & Takaori, S. (1974) Influence of norepinephrine-containing neurone derived from locus coeruleus on lateral geniculate neuronal activities in cats. Brain Research 71:47–60. [STM]Google Scholar
Nordin, G., Ottosson, J. O., & Roos, B. E. (1971) Influence of convulsive therapy of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid in cerebrospinal fluid in endogenous depression. Psychopharmacologia 20:315–20. [taHA]Google Scholar
Olds, M. E., & Olds, J. (1962) Approach–escape interactions in rat brain. American Journal of Physiology 203:803–10. [KMN]Google Scholar
Olpe, H.-R. & Schellenberg, A. (1980) Reduced sensitivity of neurons to noradrenaline after chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs. European Journal of Pharmacology 63:7–13. [rHA]Google Scholar
Oswald, I., Brezinova, V., & Dunleavy, D. L. F. (1972) On the slowness of action of tricyclic antidepressant drugs. British Journal of Psychiatry 120:673–77. [GRH]Google Scholar
Overall, J. E., Hollister, L. E., Pokorny, A. D., Casey, J. F., & Katz, G. (1962) Drug therapy in depressions: Controlled evaluation of imipramine, isocar-boxazid, dextroamphetamine, amobarbitol, and placebo. Clinical Pharmacology Therapeutics 3:16. [GRH]Google Scholar
Owen, S., Boarder, M. R., & Gray, J. A. (1977) The effects of depletion of forebrain noradrenaline on runway behavior in rats. Experimental Brain Research 28:R22–R23. [STM]Google Scholar
Palkovits, M., Brownstein, M., Kizer, J. S., Saavedra, J. M., & Kopin, I. J. (1976) Effect of stress on serotonin and tryptophan hydroxylase activity of brain nuclei. In: Catecholamines and stress, ed. Usdin, E., Kvetnansky, R., & Kopin, I. J., pp. 51–59. Oxford: Pergamon Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Papeschi, R. & McLure, D. J. (1971) Homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in cerebrospinal fluid in depressed patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 25:355–58. [taHA]Google Scholar
Pare, C. M. B., Yeung, D. P. H., Price, K., & Stacey, R. S. (1969) 5-hydroxytryptamine in brainstem, hypothalamus and caudate nucleus of controls and of patient committing suicide by coal-gas poisoning. Lancet 2:133–35. [taHA]Google Scholar
Parkes, C. M. (1964) Recent bereavement as a cause of mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 110:198–204. [taHA]Google Scholar
Paykel, E. S. (1974) Life stress and psychiatric disorder. In: Stressful life events: Their nature and effects, ed. Dohrenwend, B. S. & Dohrenwend, B. P.. New York: John Wiley. [taHA]Google Scholar
Paykel, E. S. (1976) Life stress, depression, and attempted suicide. Journal of Human Stress 2:3–12. [HSA]Google Scholar
Paykel, E. S. (1979) Recent life events in the development of the depressive disorders. In: The psychobiology of the depressive disorders, ed. Depue, R. A., pp. 245–62. New York: Academic Press. [taHA, WPS]Google Scholar
Paykel, E. S., DiMascio, A., Haskell, D., & Prusoff, B. A. (1975) Effects of maintenance amitriptyline and psychotherapy on symptoms of depression. Psychological Medicine 5:67–77. [taHA]Google Scholar
Paykel, E., Myers, J. K., Dienelt, M. N., Klerman, G. L., Lindenthal, J. J., & Pepper, M. P. (1969) Life events and depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 21:753–60. [taHA]Google Scholar
Paykel, E. S., Prusoff, B. A., & Uhlenhuth, E. H. (1971) Scaling of life events. Archives of General Psychiatry 25:340–47. [taHA, WPS]Google Scholar
Paykel, E. S. & Tanner, J. (1976) Life events, depressive relapse and maintenance treatment. Psychological Medicine 6:481–85. [taHA]Google Scholar
Payne, R. W., Ancevich, S. S., & Laverty, S. G. (1963) Overinelusive thinking in symptom-free schizophrenics. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal 8:225–34. [STM]Google Scholar
Payne, R. W. & Friedlander, D. (1962) A battery of simple tests for measuring overinelusive thinking. Journal of Mental Science 108:362–67. [STM]Google Scholar
Peters, D. A. V., Anisman, H. & Pappas, B. A. (1978) Monoamines and aversively motivated behaviors. In: Psychopharmacology of aversively motivated behaviors, ed. Anisman, H. & Bignami, G., pp. 257–343. New York: Plenum Press. [rHA]Google Scholar
Petty, F. & Sherman, A. D. (1980a) Reversal of learned helplessness by imipramine. Communications in Psychopharmacology 3:371. [ADS]Google Scholar
Petty, F. & Sherman, A. D. (1980b) A neurochemical differentiation between exposure to stress and evelopment of learned helplessness. Drug Development Research (in Press). [ADS]Google Scholar
Pisa, M. & Fibiger, H. C. (1980) Noradrenaline and discrimination learning: Failure to support the attentional hypothesis. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 6:724. [rHA]Google Scholar
Plaznik, A. & Kostowski, W. (1980) Locus coeruleus lesions and avoidance behaviour in rats. Acta Neurobiology Experentia 40:217–25. [STM]Google Scholar
Poschel, B. P. H. & Ninteman, F. W. (1971) Intracranial reward and the forebrain's serotonergic mechanism: Studies employing para chlorophenylalanine and para-chloroamphetamine. Physiology and Behavior 7:39–46. [KMN]Google Scholar
Post, R. M. (1978) Frontiers in affective disorder research: New pharmacological agents and new methodologies. In: Psychopharmacology: A generation of progress, ed. Lipton, M. A., DiMascio, A., & Killma, K. F., pp. 1323–36. New York: Raven Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Post, R. M., & Goodwin, F. K. (1978) Approaches to brain amines in psychiatric patients: A reevaluation of cerebrospinal fluid studies. In: Handbook of Psychopharmacology, vol. 13, ed. Iversen, L. L., Iversen, S. D., & Snyder, S. H.. New York: Plenum Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Post, R. M., Gordon, E. K., Goodwin, F. K., & Bunney, W. E. Jr. (1973) Central norepinephrine metabolism in affective illness: MHPG in the cerebrospinal fluid. Science 179:1002–03. [taHA]Google Scholar
Post, R. M., Jimerson, D. C., Reus, V. I., Goodwin, F. K., Silberman, E., & Bunney, W. E. (1979) Dopaminergic agents in affective illness: Studies with pirebidil, amphetamine, and pimozide. In: Catecholamines: Basic and clinical frontiers, vol. 2, ed. Usdin, E., Kopin, I. J., & Barchas, J., pp. 1899–1901. New York: Pergamon Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Post, R. M., Kopin, J., & Goodwin, F. K. (1974) The effects of cocaine on depressed patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 131:511–17. [GRH]Google Scholar
Post, R. M., Kotin, J. K., Goodwin, F. K., & Gordon, E. K. (1973) Psychomotor activity and cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites in affective illness. American Journal of Psychiatry 130:67–72. [taHA]Google Scholar
Prange, A., Wilson, I., Lynn, C. W. et al. (1974) L-tryptophan in mania: Contribution to a permissive hypothesis of affective disorders. Archives of Gentral Psychiatry 30:56–62. [KMN, WTM]Google Scholar
Rabkin, J. G. & Streuning, E. L. (1976) Life events, stress, and illness. Science 194:1013–20. [taHA]Google Scholar
Rahe, R. H., Romo, M., Bennett, L., & Siltanen, P. (1974) Recent life changes, myocardial infarction, and abrupt coronary death. Internal Medicine 133:221–28. [RN]Google Scholar
Ray, O. S. & Barrett, R. J. (1975) Behavioral, pharmacological and biochemical analysis of genetic differences in rats. Behavioral Biology 15:391–418. [taHA]Google Scholar
Redmond, D. E. Jr & Huang, Y. H. (1979) New evidence for a locus coeruleus-norepinephrine connection with anxiety. Life Sciences 25:2149–62. [rHA]Google Scholar
Rennie, T. C. (1942) Prognosis in manic-depressive psychoses. American Journal of Psychiatry 98:801–14. [DL]Google Scholar
Reynolds, S. H., ed. (1892) The table talk of John Selden. London: Oxford University Press. [RN]Google Scholar
Ridley, R. M., Haystead, T. A. J., Baker, H. F., & Crow, T. J. (1981) A new approach to the role of noradrenaline in learning: Problem-solving in the marmoset after alpha-noradrenergic receptor blockade. Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior 14:849–55. [STM]Google Scholar
Rimm, D. C. & Litvak, S. B. (1969) Self-verbalization and emotional arousal. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 74:181–87. [ATB]Google Scholar
Ritter, S. & Pelzer, N. L.Magnitude of stress-induced brain norepinephrine depletion varies with age. Brain Research 152:170–75. [taHA]Google Scholar
Ritter, S., Pelzer, N. L., & Ritter, R. C. (1978) Absence of glucoprivic feeding after stress suggests impairment of noradrenergic neuron function. Brain Research 149:399–411. [STM]Google Scholar
Roberts, D. C. S., Price, M. T. C., & Fibiger, H. C. (1976) The dorsal tegmental noradrenergic projection: Analysis of its role in maze learning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 90:363–72. [STM]Google Scholar
Rogers, T. & Craighead, W. E. (1977) Physiological responses to selfstatements: The effects of statement valence and discrepancy. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1:99–120. [ATB]Google Scholar
Roos, B. E., & Sjostrom, R. (1969) 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (and homovanillic acid) levels in the CSF after probenecid application in patients with manic depressive psychosis. Clinical Pharmacology 1:153–55. [taHA]Google Scholar
Rosenthal, T. L. (1980) Social cueing processes. In: Progress in behavior modification, ed. Hersen, M., Eisler, R., & Miller, P. M., vol. 10, pp. 111–46. New York: Academic Press. [TLR]Google Scholar
Rosenthal, T. L. (in press) On the significance of differences between social learning and cognitive-behavioral conceptions: Type I and type II errors. In: Handbook of behavior therapy, ed. Franks, C. M. & Wilson, G. T.. New York: Guilford Press. [TLR]Google Scholar
Rosenthal, T. L., Akiskal, H. S., Scott-Strauss, A., Rosenthal, R. H., & David, M. (1981) Familial and developmental factors in charaeterological depressions. Journal of Affective Disorders 3:183–92. [TLR]Google Scholar
Rosenthal, T. L. & Bandura, A. (1978) Psychological modeling: Theory and practice. In: Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change, ed. Garfield, S. L. & Bergin, A. E., 2nd ed., pp. 621–58. New York: Wiley. [TLR]Google Scholar
Rosloff, B. N. & Davis, J. M. (1974) Effects of iprindole on norepinephrine turnover and transport. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 40:53–64. [GRH]Google Scholar
Roy, A. (1978) Vulnerability factors and depression in women. Psychiatry 133:106–10. [taHA]Google Scholar
Russell, P. L. & Brandsma, J. M. (1974) A theoretical and empirical investigation of the rational–emotive and classical conditioning theories. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 42:389–97. [ATB]Google Scholar
Sachar, E. J. & Coppen, A. J. (1975) Biological aspects of affective psychoses. In: Biology of brain dysfunction, ed. Gaull, G. E., pp. 215–45. New York: Plenum Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Sachar, E. J., Hellman, L., Roffwarg, H. et al. (1973) Disrupted 24-hour patterns of Cortisol secretion in psychotic depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 28:19–24. [JED]Google Scholar
Salzinger, K., Portnoy, S., & Feldman, R. S. (1966) In: Psychopathology of schizophrenia, ed. Hoch, P. H. & Zubin, J.. New York: Grune & Stratton. [STM]Google Scholar
Sasa, M., & Takaori, S. (1973) Influence of the locus coeruleus on transmission in the spinal trigeminal nucleus neurons. Brain Research 55:20308. [STM]Google Scholar
Schildkraut, J. J. (1965) The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: A review of supporting evidence. American Journal of Psychiatry 122:509–22. [KMN]Google Scholar
Schildkraut, J. J. (1970) Neuropsychopharmacology and the affective disorders. Boston: Little Brown. [taHA]Google Scholar
Schildkraut, J. J. (1973) Norepinephrine metabolites as biochemical criteria for classifying depressive disorders and predicting responses to treatment: Preliminary findings. American Journal of Psychiatry 130:695–99. [taHA]Google Scholar
Schildkraut, J. J. (1974) Biogenic amines and affective disorders. Annual Review of Medicine 25:333–48. [taHA]Google Scholar
Schildkraut, J. J. (1978) Current status of the catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders. In: Psychopharmacology: A generation of progress, ed. Lipton, M. A., DiMascio, A., & Killam, K. F., pp. 1223–34. New York: Raven Press. [taHA, GWK]Google Scholar
Schildkraut, J. J. (1978) Current status of the catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders. In: Progress in neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 2, pp. 5–31. Oxford: Pergamon Press. [JED]Google Scholar
Schildkraut, J. J., Keeler, B. A., Grob, E. L., Kantrowich, J., & Hartmann, E. (1973) MHPG excretion as clinical classification in depression. Lancet 1:1251–52. [taHA]Google Scholar
Schildkraut, J. J., Orsulak, P. J., Schatzberg, A. F., Gudeman, J. E., Cole, J. O., LaBrie, R. A., & Rohde, W. A. (1979) Biochemical discrimination of subtypes of depressive disorders. In: Catecholamines: Basic and clinical frontiers, vol. 2, ed. Usdin, E., Kopin, I. J., & Barchas, J., pp. 1860–62. New York: Pergamon Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Schildkraut, J. J., Winokur, A., & Applegate, C. W. (1970) Norepinephrine turnover and metabolism in rat brain after long-term administration of imipramine. Science 1168:867–69. [taHA]Google Scholar
Schless, A. P. & Mendels, J. (1978) The value of interviewing family and friends in assessing life stressors. Archives of General Psychiatry 35:565–67. [RN]Google Scholar
Schmale, A. H. (1958) Relationship of separation and depression to disease. Psychosomatic Medicine 20:259. [SRB]Google Scholar
Schuster, D. H. & Schuster, L. (1969) Study of stress and sex ratio in humans. Proceedings, 77th Annual Convention, APA, pp. 335–336. [SRB]Google Scholar
Segal, D. S., Kuczenski, R., & Mandell, A. J. (1974) Theoretical implications of a drug-induced adaptive regulation for a biogenic amine hypothesis of affective disorder. Biological Psychiatry 9:147–59. [taHA]Google Scholar
Segal, M. & Sandberg, D. (1977) Analgesia produced by electrical stimulation of catecholamine nuclei in the rat brain. Brain Research 123:369–72. [STM]Google Scholar
Seiden, L. S. (1976) The role of catecholamines in the action of drugs affecting behavior. Pharmacological Therapy 2:155–65. [KMN]Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. P. (1975) Helplessness: On depression, development and death. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. [taHA, JED]Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. P. & Groves, D. (1970) Non-transient learned helplessness. Psuchonomic Science 19:191–92. [DKR]Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. P., Klein, D. C., & Miller, W. R. (1976) Depression. In: Handbook of behavior modification and behavior therapy, ed. Leitenberg, H.. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. [taHA]Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. P. & Maier, S. F. (1967) Failure to escape traumatic shock. Journal of Experimental Psychology 74:1. [ADS]Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. P., Weiss, J. M., Weinraub, M., & Schulman, A. (1980) Coping behavior: Learned helplessness, physiological change and learned inactivity. Behavior Research & Therapy 18:459–512. [DKR]Google Scholar
Selye, H. (1936) A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. Nature 138:32. [RM]Google Scholar
Selye, H. (1973) The evolution of the stress concept. American Scientist 61:692–99. [taHA, DdeC]Google Scholar
Serra, G., Argiolas, A., Fadda, F. & Gessa, G. L. (1980) Hyposensitivity of dopamine “autoreeeptors” induced by chronic administration of tricyclic antidepressants. Pharmacological Research Communications 12:619–24. [rHA]Google Scholar
Sethi, B. B. (1964) Relationship of separation to depression. Archives of Psychiatry 10:486–96. [taHA]Google Scholar
Shaw, D. M., Kemps, F. E., & Eeelestone, E. J. (1967) 5-hydroxytryptamine in hindbrain of depressive suicides. British Journal of Psychiatry 113:1407–11. [taHA]Google Scholar
Sherman, A. D. & Petty, F. (1980) Neurochemical basis of the action of antidepressants on learned helplessness. Behavioral and Neural Biology 30:119–34. [tarHA]Google Scholar
Shopsin, B., Janowsky, D., Davis, J., & Gershon, S. (1975) Rebound phenomena in manic patients following physostigmine: Towards an understanding of the aminergic mechanisms underlying affective disorders. In: Neurotransmitter balances regulating behavior, ed. Domino, E. F. & Davis, J. M., pp. 149–58. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Shopsin, B., Wilk, S., Cershon, S., Davis, K., & Suhl, M. (1973) An assessment of norepinephrine metabolism in affective disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 28:230–33. [taHA]Google Scholar
Sitaram, N., Nurnberger, J. I. Jr, Cershon, E. S., & Gillin, J. C. (1980) Faster cholinergic REM sleep induction in euthymic patients with primary affective illness. Science 208:200–02. [KMN]Google Scholar
Sitaram, N., Weingartner, H., & Gillin, J. C. (1978) Human serial learning: Enhancement with arecholine and choline and impairment with scopolamine. Science 201:274–76. [KMN]Google Scholar
Skirboll, L. R., Grace, A. A., & Bunney, B. S. (1979) Dopamine auto and postsynaptic receptors: Electrophysiological evidence for differential sensitivity to dopamine agonists. Science 206:80–82. [JWK]Google Scholar
Sklar, L. S. & Anisman, H. (1980) Social stress influences tumor growth. Psychosomatic Medicine 42:347–65. [taHA]Google Scholar
Sklar, L. S. & Anisman, H. (1981) Stress and cancer. Psychological Bulletin 89:369–406. [tarHA]Google Scholar
Slater, S. & Roth, M. (1969) Mayer Gross clinical psychiatry. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins. [taHA]Google Scholar
Smith, R. D., Cooper, B. P., & Breese, G. R. (1973) Growth and behavioral changes in developing rats treated intracisternally with 6-hydroxydopamine: evidence for involvement of brain dopamine. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 185:609–19. [STM]Google Scholar
Snyder, S. (1974) Madness and the brain. New York: McGraw-Hill. [DL]Google Scholar
Sobrian, S. K. & Cornwell-Jones, C. (1977) Neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine alters olfactory development. Behavioral Biology 21:329–40. [STM]Google Scholar
Spitzer, R. & Endicott, J. (1978) Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia, 3rd ed.New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute. [JED]Google Scholar
Star, S. A. (1949) Psychoneurotic symptoms in the army. In: Studies in social psychology in World War II. The American soldier: Combat and its aftermath, ed. Stouffer, S. A., Guttman, L., Suchman, E. A., Star, S. A., & Clausen, J. A., pp. 411–55. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Steele, G. P., Henderson, S., & Duncan-Jones, P. (1980) The reliability of reporting adverse experiences. Psychological Medicine 10:301–06. [RN]Google Scholar
Stein, L. (1962) Effects and interactions of imipramine, chlorpromazine, reserpine and amphetamine on self-stimulation: Possible neurophysiological basis of depression. In: Recent advances in biological psychiatry, vol. 4. New York: Plenum Press. [JWK]Google Scholar
Stein, L. (1974) Norepinephrine reward pathways: Role in self-stimulation, memory consolidation, and schizophrenia. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 22:113–59. [KMN]Google Scholar
Stolk, J. M., Conner, R. L., Levine, S., & Barchas, J. D. (1974) Brain norepinephrine metabolism and shock-induced fighting behavior in rats: Differential effects of shock and fighting on the neurochemical response to a common footshock stimulus. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 190:193–209. [taHA]Google Scholar
Stone, E. A. (1971) Hypothalamic norepinephrine after acute stress. Brain Research 35:260–63. [EAS]Google Scholar
Stone, E. A. (1973) Adrenergic activity in the rat hypothalamus following extreme muscular exertion. American Journal of Physiology 224:165–69. [EAS]Google Scholar
Stone, E. A. (1975) Stress and catecholamines. In: Catecholamines and behavior, vol. 2, ed. Friedhoff, A. J.. New York: Plenum Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Stone, E. A. (1978) Effect of stress on norepinephrine-stimulated accumulation of cyclic AMP in rat brain slices. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 8:583–91. [EAS]Google Scholar
Stone, E. A. (1979a) Reduction by stress of norepinephrine-stimulated accumulation of cyclic AMP in rat cerebral cortex. Journal of Neurochemistry 32:1335–37. [taHA, EAS]Google Scholar
Stone, E. A. (1979b) Subsensitivity to norepinephrine as a link between adaptation to stress and antidepressant therapy: An hypothesis. Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavior 4:241–55. [taHA, EAS]Google Scholar
Stoner, H. B. & Elson, P. M. (1971) The effect of injury on monoamine concentrations in the rat hypothalamus. Journal of Neurochemistry 18:1837–46. [EAS]Google Scholar
Stoner, H. B. & Hunt, A. (1976) The effect of trauma on the activity of central noradrenergic neurones. Brain Research 112:337–46. [EAS]Google Scholar
Sugrue, M. F. (1981) Chronic antidepressant administration and adaptive changes in central monoaminergic systems. In: Antidepressants: Neurochemical, behavioral, and clinical perspectives, ed. Enna, S. J.. New York: Raven Press. [GRH]Google Scholar
Sulser, F. (1978) Functional aspects of the norepinephrine receptor coupled adenylate cyclase system in the limbic forebrain and its modification by drugs which precipitate or alleviate depression: Molecular approaches to an understanding of affective disorders. Pharmakopsychiatrie Neuropsychopharmako 11:43–52. [tarHA]Google Scholar
Sulser, F., Vetulani, J., & Mobley, P. L. (1978) Commentary: Mode of action of antidepressant drugs. Biochemical Pharmacology 27: 257–61. [tarHA, DKR]Google Scholar
Sutherland, N. S. (1964) The learning of discriminations by animals. Endeavour 23:148–52. [STM]Google Scholar
Svensson, T. H. & Usdin, T. (1978) Feedback inhibition of brain noradrenaline neurons by tricyclic antidepressants: Alpha-receptor mediation. Science 202:1089–91. [taHA]Google Scholar
Swank, R. L. (1949) Combat exhaustion. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 109:475–508. [taHA]Google Scholar
Symons, D. (1980) Precis of The evolution of human sexuality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:171–214. [DdeC]Google Scholar
Takahashi, R., Condo, H., & Keto, N. (1975) Effect of 1–5-hydroxytryptophan on brain monoamine metaboUsm and evaluation of its clinical effect in depressed patients. Journal of Psychiatric Research 12:177–87. [taHA]Google Scholar
Takahashi, R., Utina, H., Mashiyama, Y., Kurihama, M., Otsuka, T., Nakamura, T., & Konamura, H. (1968) Tyrosine metabolism in manic depressiveillness. Life Sciences 7:1219–31. [taHA]Google Scholar
Tang, S. W., Seeman, P., & Kwan, S. (1981) Differential effect of chronic desipramine and amitriptyline treatment on rat brain adrenergic and serotonergic receptors. Psychiatry Research 4:129–38. [rHA]Google Scholar
Teasdale, J. D. & Bancroft, J. (1977) Manipulation of thought content as a determinant of mood and corrugator electromyographic activity in depressed patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 86:235–41. [ATB]Google Scholar
Telegdy, G., & Vermes, I. (1979) Changes induced by stress in the activity of the serotonergic system in limbic brain structures. In: Catecholamines and Stress, ed. Usdin, E., Kvetnansky, R., & Kopin, I. J., pp. 145–56. Oxford: Pergamon Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Thierry, A. M. (1973) Effects of stress on the metabolism of serotonin and norepinephrine in the central nervous system of the rat. In: Hormones, metabolism and stress: Recent progress and perspectives, ed. Nemeth, S.. Bratislava: Publishing House of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. [taHA]Google Scholar
Thierry, A. M., Fekete, M., & Glowinski, J. (1968) Effects of stress on the metabolism of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) in the central nervous system of the rat: 2. Modification of serotonin metabolism. European Journal of Pharmacology 4:384–89. [taHA]Google Scholar
Thierry, A. M., Javoy, F., Glowinski, J., & Kety, S. S. (1968) Effects of stress on the metabolism of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in the central nervous system of the rat. Journal of Pharmacological and Experimental Therapeutics 163:163–71. [taHA]Google Scholar
Thierry, A. M., Tassin, J. P., Blanc, G., & Glowinski, J. (1976) Selective activation of the mesocortical DA system by stress. Nature 263:242–44. [taHA]Google Scholar
Thomson, K. & Hendrie, H. (1972) Environmental stress in primary depressiveillness. Archives of General Psychiatry 26:130–32. [taHA]Google Scholar
Thornton, E. W., Goudie, A. J., & Bithell, V. (1975) The effects of neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine-induced sympathectomy on response inhibition in extinction. Life Sciences 17:363–68. [STM]Google Scholar
Thurlow, H. J. (1971) Illness in relation to life situation and sick role tendency. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 15:73–88. [RN]Google Scholar
Torda, T., Yamaguchi, I., Hirata, F., Kopin, I. J., & Axelrod, J. (1981) Mepacrine treatment prevents immobilization-induced desensitization of beta-adrenergic receptors in rat hypothalamus and brain stem. Brain Research 205:441–44. [EAS]Google Scholar
Tremmel, F., Morris, M. D., & Gebhart, G. F. (1977) The effect of forebrain norepinephrine depletion on two measures of response suppression. Brain Research 126:185–88. [STM]Google Scholar
Ungerstedt, U. (1971) Adipsia and aphagia after 6-hydroxydopamine induced degeneration of the nigro-striatal dopamine system. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica Suppl. 367:95–122. [KMN]Google Scholar
U'Prichard, D. C. & Kvetnansky, R. (1980) Central and peripheral adrenergic receptors in acute and repeated immobilization stress. In: Second international symposium on catecholamines and stress, ed. Usdin, E., Kvetnansky, R., & Kopin, I., pp. 299–308. New York: Elsevier/North Holland. [EAS]Google Scholar
Ursin, H. (1978) Activation, coping and psychosomatics. In: Psychobology of stress: A study of coping men, ed. Ursin, H., Baade, E., & Levine, S., pp. 202–28. New York: Academic Press. [RM]Google Scholar
Ursin, H. (1980) Personality, activation and somatic health: A new psychosomatic theory. In: Coping and health, ed. Levine, S. & Ursin, H., pp. 259–79. New York: Plenum Press. [RM]Google Scholar
Ursin, H., Baade, E., & Levine, S., eds. (1978) Psychobiology of stress: A study of coping men. New York: Academic Press. [RM]Google Scholar
Usdin, E., Kvetnansky, R., & Kopin, I. J. (1980) Catecholamines and stress: Recent advances. New York: Elsevier. [tarHA]Google Scholar
Vœrnes, R. (1981) Perceptual defence reactions predict inadequate performance under stress. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, in press. [RM]Google Scholar
Valenstein, E. & Heilman, K. M. (1979) Emotional disorders resulting from lesions in the central nervous system. In: Clinical Neuropsychology, ed. Heilman, K. M. & Valenstein, E., pp. 413–38. New York: Oxford University Press. [RMB]Google Scholar
van Praag, H. M. (1977) Significance of biochemical parameters in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of depressive disorders. Biological Psychiatry 12:101–31. [KMN]Google Scholar
van Praag, H. M. (1978a) Amine hypotheses of affective disorders. In: Handbook of psychopharmacology, vol. 13, ed. Iversen, L. L., Iversen, S. D., & Snyder, S. H.. New York: Plenum Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
van Praag, H. M. (1978b) Neuroendocrine disorders in depression and their significance for the monoamine hypothesis of depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 57:389–404. [taHA]Google Scholar
van Praag, H. M. (1979) Central serotonin. Its relation to depression vulnerability and depression prophylaxis. In: Biological psychiatry today, ed. Objols, E., Ballus, C., Monclus, E. Gonzales, & Pujol, J., pp. 485–98. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Holland. [JNH]Google Scholar
van Praag, H. M. (1980) Central monoamine metabolism in depressions: I. Serotonin and related compounds. Comprehensive Psychiatry 21(1):30–43.Google Scholar
van Praag, H. M. (1981) Management of depression with serotonin precursors. Biological Psychiatry 16:291–310. [JNH]Google Scholar
van Praag, H. M. & deHaan, S. (1980) Depression vulnerability and 5-hydroxytryptophan prophylaxis. Psychiatry Research 3:75–83. [taHA]Google Scholar
van Praag, H. M. & Korf, J. (1971) Endogenous depressions with and without disturbances in the 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism: A biochemical classification? Psychopharmacologia 19:148–52. [taHA]Google Scholar
van Praag, H. M. & Korf, J. (1975) The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia in some direct observations. In: On the origin of schizophrenic psychoses, ed. van Praag, H. M., pp. 81–98. Amsterdam: De Erven Bohn BV. [taHA]Google Scholar
van Pragg, H. M., Korf, J., Dols, L. C. W., & Schut, T. (1972) A pilot study of the predictive value of the probenicid test in application of 5-hydroxytryptophan as an antidepressant. Psychopharmacologia 25:14–21. [taHA]Google Scholar
van Praag, H. M., Korf, J., & Puite, J. (1970) 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of depressive patients treated with probenecid. Nature (London) 225:1259–60. [taHA]Google Scholar
van Scheijen, J. D., van Praag, H. M., & Korf, J. (1977) A controlled study comparing nomifensine and clomipramine in unipolar depression using probenecid techniques. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 4:1795–1845. [taHA]Google Scholar
Vellueei, S. V. (1977) The effects of ether stress and betamethasone treatment on the concentration of noradrenaline and dopamine in various regions of the rat brain. British Journal of Pharmacology 60:601. [ADS]Google Scholar
Vinokur, A., & Selzer, M. L. (1975) Desirable and undesirable events: Their relationship to stress and mental distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32:329–37. [taHA]Google Scholar
Wahlsten, D. (1979) A critique of the concepts of heritability and heredity in behavioral genetics. In: Theoretical Advances in Behavior Genetics, ed. Royce, T. R. & Mos, L. P., pp. 425–81. Germantown, Sijthoff & Noordhoff. [rHA]Google Scholar
Walinder, J., Scott, A., Nagy, A., Carlson, A., & Roos, B. E. (1975) Potentiation of antidepressant action of clomipramine by tryptophan. Lancet 1:984. [taHA]Google Scholar
Wang, R. Y. & Aghajanian, G. K. (1980) Enhanced sensitivity of amygdaloid neurons to serotonin and norepinephrine after chronic antidepressant treatment. Communications in Psychopharmacology 4:83–90. [rHA]Google Scholar
Warheit, G.J. (1979) Life events, coping, stress, and depressive symptomology. American Journal of Psychiatry 136(4B):502–07. [HSA, WPS]Google Scholar
Weiss, J. M. (1971a) Effects of coping behavior in different warning signal conditions on stress pathology in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 77:1–13. [taHA]Google Scholar
Weiss, J. M. (1971b) Effects of punishing the coping response (conflict) on stress pathology in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 77:14–21. [taHA]Google Scholar
Weiss, J. M. (1971c) Effects of coping behavior with and without a feedback signal on stress pathology in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 77:22–30. [taHA]Google Scholar
Weiss, J. M. & Glazer, H. I. (1975) Effects of acute exposure to stressors on subsequent avoidance-escape behavior. Psychosomatic Medicine 37:499. [ADS]Google Scholar
Weiss, J. M., Glazer, H. I., & Pohorecky, L. A. (1976) Coping behavior and neurochemical changes: An alternative explanation for the original “learned helplessness” experiments. In: Animal Models in Human Psychobiology, ed. Serban, G. & Kling, A., pp. 141–73. New York: Plenum Press. [tarHA, DKR]Google Scholar
Weiss, J. M., Glazer, H. I., Pohorecky, L. A., Bailey, W. H., & Schneider, L. H. (1979) Coping behavior and stress-induced behavioral depression: Studies of the role of brain catecholamines. In: The psychobiology of the depressive disorders, ed. Depue, R. A.. New York: Academic Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Weiss, B. L., Kupfer, D. J., Foster, F. G., & Delgado, J. (1974) Psychomotor activity, sleep and biogenic amine metabolites in depression. Biological Psychiatry 9:45–54. [taHA]Google Scholar
Weiss, J. M., Pohorecky, L. A., Salman, S., & Gruenthal, M. (1976) Attenuation of gastric lesions by psychological aggression in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 90:252–59. [taHA]Google Scholar
Welch, B. L., & Welch, A. S. (1970) Control of brain catecholamines and serotonin during acute stress and after d-amphetamine by natural inhibition of monoamine oxidase: An hypothesis. In: Amphetamines and related compounds, ed. Costa, E. & Garattini, S.. New York: Raven Press. [taHA]Google Scholar
Whybrow, P., & Parlatore, A. (1973) Melancholia, a model in madness: A discussion of recent psychobiologic research into depressive illness. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 4:351–78. [HSA]Google Scholar
Williams, C. C., Williams, R. A., Griswold, M. J., & Holmes, T. H. (1975) Pregnancy and life change. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 19:123–29. [SRB]Google Scholar
Wilner, P. & Montgomery, T. (1980) Neurotransmitters and depression: Too much, too little, too unstable - or not unstable enough? Trends in Neuroscience 3:201. [STM]Google Scholar
Wimer, R. E., Norman, R., & Eleftheriou, B. E. (1974) Serotonin levels in hippocampus: Striking variations associated with mouse strain and treatment. Brain Research 63:397–401. [taHA]Google Scholar
Wise, R. A. (1978) Catecholamine, theories of reward: A critical review. Brain Research 152:215–18. [tarHA]Google Scholar
Wise, R. A. (1981) Neuroleptics and operant behavior: The anhedonia hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5:39–87. [rHA]Google Scholar
Wortman, C. B. & Dintzer, L. (1978) Is an attributional analysis of the learned helplessness phenomenon viable? A critique of the Abramson-Seligman Teasdale reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 87:75–90. [taHA]Google Scholar
Yager, J., Grant, I., Sweetwood, H. L., & Gerst, M. (1981): Life event reports by psychiatric patients, nonpatients, and their partners. Archives of General Psychiatry 38:343–47. [RN]Google Scholar
Zajaczkowska, M. N. (1975) Acetylcholine content in the central and peripheral nervous system and its synthesis in the rat brain during stress and post-stress exhaustion. Acta Physiologica Polska 26:493–97. [taHA]Google Scholar