Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T06:25:13.442Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

An essay on the circulation as behavior

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Bernard T. Engel
Bernard T. Engel
Affiliation:
Gerontology Research Center (Baltimore) NationalInstitute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Md. and Francis Scott Key Medical Center, Baltimore, Md. 21224
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Most conceptual models of the organization of the cardiovascular system begin with the premise that the nervous system regulates the metabolic and nonmetabolic reflex adjustments of the circulation. These models assume that all the neurally mediated responses of the circulation are reactive, i.e., reflexes elicited by adequate stimuli. This target article suggests that the responses of the circulation are conditional in three senses. First, as Sherrington argued, reflexes are conditional in that they never operate in a vacuum but in a context together with other reflexes. Guided by functional utility, they interact rather than add. Second, as Pavlov argued, stimuli acquire meanings as a result of experience. This notion of stimulus effect plus the Sherringtonian notion of conditionality suggest that association is one of the ways stimuli eliciting cardiovascular reflexes acquire their meanings and thus their relative strengths. Finally, as Skinner and others have argued, operants are responses that act upon the environment to obtain consequences – that is, stimuli. As operants, cardiovascular responses fulfill a major biological need, functioning proactively. The cardiovascular response is an integral component of the animal's behavior regardless of whether it is an elicited reflex or the eliciting stimulus acquired its properties as a result of the genetic inheritance of the animal or through experience, or the cardiovascular response is emitted in anticipation of an environmental consequence. The main theses of this essay are: (1) behavior is an integrated set of responses and the circulation is one of the response systems comprising behavior; (2) behavior is, in part, determined by its functional significance within a context; (3) the contextual factors operative at the time of the behavior have a major role in determining which of the set of possible responses will determine the final act, that is, which behavior will be the effective response and which other behaviors will be concomitants.

Keywords

behaviorbiofeedbackcardiovascular responsescirculationconditioninglearningmotor equivalenceneural regulation of circulationreflexes
Type
Target Article
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 9 , Issue 2 , June 1986 , pp. 285 - 295
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1986

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adair, J. R. & Manning, J. W. (1975) Hypothalamic modulation of baroreceptor afferent unit activity. American Journal of Physiology 229:1357–64. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ainslie, G. W. & Engel, B. T. (1974) Alteration of classically conditioned heart rate by operant reinforcement in monkeys. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 87:373–82. [tarBTE, LER]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alam, M. & Smirk, F. H. (1937) Observations in man upon a blood pressure raising reflex arising from the voluntary muscles. Journal of Physiology (London) 89:372–83. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, D. E. & Brady, J. V. (1971) Pre-avoidance blood pressure elevations accompanied by heart rate decreases in the dog. Science 172:595–97. [BHN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, D. E., Kearns, W. D. & Better, W. E. (1983) Progressive hypertension in dogs by avoidance conditioning and saline infusion. Hypertension 5:286–91. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, H. T. (1961) Physiological adjustments to prolonged diving in the American alligator. Alligator mississippiensis. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 53:23–45. [SW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baccelli, G., Albertini, R., Del Bo, A., Mancia, G. & Zanchetti, A. (1981) Role of sinoaortic reflexes in hemodynamic patterns of natural defense behaviors in the cat. American Journal of Physiology 240:H421–29. [taBTE, AD-B]Google ScholarPubMed
Baile, W. F. & Engel, B. T. (1978) A behavioral strategy for promoting treatment compliance following myocardial infarction (MI). Psychosomatic Medicine 40:413–19. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bardos, G., Talan, M. I. & Engel, B. T. Learned control of systolic blood pressure raising and lowering in the monkey. In preparation. [rBTE]Google Scholar
Barry, R. J. (1984) Stimulus emission and the orienting response. Psychophysiology 535–40. [ENS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bering, E. A. (1955) Choroid plexus and arterial pulsation of cerebrospinal fluid. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 73:165–72. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bevan, R. D. (1984) Trophic effects of peripheral adrenergic nerves on vascular structure. Hypertension 6 (Supplement III):III-19–26. [JPM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Billman, G. E. & Randall, D. C. (1980) Classic aversive conditioning of coronary blood flow in mongrel dogs. Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science 15:93–101. [taBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Billman, G. E. & Randall, D. C. (1981) Mechanisms mediating the coronary vascular response to behavioral stress in the dog. Circulation Research 48:214–23. [GEB, rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, A. H. (1967) Operant conditioning of heart rate under curare. Technical Report No. 12, Department of Psychology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario. [JB]Google Scholar
Blanchard, E. B., Haynes, M. R., Young, L. D. & Scott, R. W. (1977) The use of feedback training and a stimulus control procedure to obtain large magnitude increases in heart rate outside of the laboratory. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation 2:81–92. [AMY]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanchard, E. B. & Young, L. D. (1973) Self-control of cardiac functioning: A promise as yet unfulfilled. Psychological Bulletin 79:145–63. [AMY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanchard, E. B., Young, L. D., Scott, R. W. & Haynes, M. R. (1974) Differential effects of feedback and reinforcement in voluntary acceleration of human heart rate. Perceptual and Motor Skills 38:683–91. [AMY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bleecker, E. R. & Engel, B. T. (1973a) Learned control of ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation. Psychosomatic Medicine 35:161–75. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bleecker, E. R. & Engel, B. T. (1973b) Learned control of cardiac rate and cardiac conduction in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 288:560–62. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bleecker, E. R. & Engel, B. T. (1974) Application of operant conditioning techniques to the control of the cardiac arrhythmias. In: Cardiovascular psychophysiology, ed. Obrist, P. A., Black, A. H., Brener, J. & DiCara, L. V.. Aldine. [rBTE]Google Scholar
Blix, A. S. (1976) Cardiac receptors in ducks – a link between vasoconstriction and bradycardia during diving. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 97:13–19. [SW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blix, A. S., Rettedal, S. & Stokkan, K.-A. (1976) On the elicitation of the diving responses in ducks. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 98:478–83. [taBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonvallet, M., Dell, P. & Hiebel, G. (1954) Tonus sympathique et activité électrique corticale. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 6:119. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brazier, M. A. B., ed. (1959) The central nervous system and behavior. Transactions of the First Conference. Josiah Macy Jr., Foundation. [SW]Google Scholar
Brazier, M. A. B., ed. (1960) The central nervous system and behavior. Transactions of the Second Conference. Josiah Macy Jr., Foundation. [SW]Google Scholar
Brazier, M. A. B., ed. (1961) The central nervous system and behavior. Transactions of the Third Conference. Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation. [SW]Google Scholar
Brazier, M. A. B., ed. (1962) Brain and behavior. First Conference, Brain Research Institute. American Institute of Biological Sciences. [SN]Google Scholar
Brazier, M. A. B., ed. (1963) Brain and behavior. Second Conference, Brain Research Institute. American Institute of Biological Sciences.Baltimore. [SW]Google Scholar
Brener, J. (1974) A general model of voluntary control applied to the phenomena of learned cardiovascular change. In: Cardiovascular psychophysiology. ed. Obrist, P. A., Black, A. H., Brener, J. & DiCara, L. V.. Aldine. [rBTE]Google Scholar
Brener, J. (1983) Feedback process in motor learning. Psychophysiology 20:424. [LER]Google Scholar
Brener, J., Phillips, K. & Connally, S. R. (1977) Oxygen consumption and ambulation during operant conditioning of heart rate increases and decreases in rats. Psychophysiology 14:483–91. [JB, rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brener, J., Phillips, K. & Connally, S. R. (1980) Oxygen consumption, heart rate and ambulation during operant conditioning of heart rate increases and decreases in rats. Psychophysiology 17:64–74. [JB, rBTE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bristow, J. D., Brown, E. B. Jr., Cunningham, D. J. C., Howson, M. G., Petersen, E. S., Pickering, T. G. & Sleight, P. (1971) Effect of bicycling on the baroreflex regulation of pulse interval. Circulation Research 28:582–91. [taBTE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brobeck, J. R. (1963) Review and synthesis. In: Brain and behavior. Second Conference, Brain Research Institute. American Institute of Biological Sciences. [SW]Google Scholar
Brooks, C. McC., Koizumi, K. & Sato, A. (1979) Integrative functions of the autonomic nervous system. University of Tokyo Press.Google Scholar
Brooks, D., Fox, P., Lopez, R. & Sleight, P. (1978) The effect of mental arithmetic on blood pressure variability and baroreflex sensitivity in man. Journal of Physiology 280:75P–76P. [taBTE, HLR]Google ScholarPubMed
Brown, T. G. (1911) The intrinsic factors in the act of progression in the mammal. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 84:308–19. [RDW]Google Scholar
Burgio, K. L., Whitehead, W. E. & Engel, B. T. (1985) Behavioral treatment of urinary incontinence in the elderly: Bladder—sphincter biofeedback and toileting skills training. Annals of Internal Medicine 103:507–15. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cabanis, P. J. G. (1975) Rapports du physique et du morale de l'homme, ed. Mora, G.. Trans. Saidi, M. D.. Johns Hopkins University Press. [SW]Google Scholar
Cacioppo, J. T. & Sandman, C. A. (1978) Physiological differentiation of sensory and cognitive tasks as a function of warning, processing demands and reported unpleasantness. Biological Psychology 6:181. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Callaway, E. & Buchsbaum, M. (1965) Effects of cardiac and respiratory cycles on averaged visual evoked potentials. EEG and Clinical Neurophysiology 19:476–80. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callaway, E. & Layne, R. (1964) Interaction between the visual evoked response and two spontaneous biological rhythms: The EEG alpha cycle and the cardiac arousal cycle. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 112:424–31. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cannon, W. B. (1929) Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear and range: An account of recent researches into the function of emotional excitement. Appleton. [CAS]Google Scholar
Carroll, D. & McGovern, M. (1983) Cardiac, respiratory and metabolic changes during static exercise and voluntary heart rate acceleration. Biological Psychology 17:121–30. [JB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caul, W. F. & Miller, R. E. (1968) Effects of shock probability on heart rate of rats during classical conditioning. Physiology and Behavior 3:865–69. [BHN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clausen, J. P. & Trap-Jensen, J. (1976) Heart rate and arterial blood pressure during exercise in patients with angina pectoris: Effects of training and of nitroglycerin. Circulation 53:436–42. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clemens, W. J. & Shattock, R. J. (1979) Voluntary heart rate control during static muscular effort. Psychophysiology 16:327–32. [taBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, D. H. & Randall, D. C. (1984) Classical conditioning of cardiovascular responses. In: Annual review of physiology, ed. Berne, R. M. & Hoffman, J. F.. Annual Reviews. [taBTE]Google Scholar
Cohn, J. N. & Yellin, A. M. (1984) Learned precise cardiovascular control through graded central sympathetic stimulation. Journal of Hypertension 2 (supplement 3):77–79. [AMY]Google ScholarPubMed
Coleridge, H. M., Coleridge, J. C. G. & Rosenthal, F. (1976) Prolonged inactivation of cortical pyramidal tract neurons in cats by distension of the carotid sinus. Journal of Physiology 256:635–49. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colgan, M. (1977) Effects of binary and proportional feedback on bidirectional control of heart rate. Psychophysiology 14:187–91. [AMY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coote, J. H., Hilton, S. M. & Perez-Gonzalez, J. F. (1979) Inhibition of the baroreceptor reflex on stimulation in the brain stem defense centre. Journal of Physiology 288:549–60. [taBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corbalan, R., Verrier, R. & Lown, B. (1974) Psychological stress and ventricular arrhythmias during myocardial infarction in the conscious dog. American Journal of Cardiology 34:692–96. [taBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corley, K. C. (1985) The pathophysiology of stress: Autonomic involvement in myocardial dysfunction and pathology. In: Stress: Psychological and physiological interactions, ed. Burchfield, S. R.. Hemisphere Publishing. [KCC]Google Scholar
Corley, K. C., Mauck, H. P. & Shiel, F. O'M. (1975) Cardiac responses associated with “yoked-chair” shock avoidance in squirrel monkeys. Psychophysiology 12:439–44. [KCC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corley, K. C., Mauck, H. P., Shiel, F. O'M., Barber, J. H., Clark, L. S. & Blocher, C. R. (1979) Myocardial dysfunction and pathology associated with environmental stress in squirrel monkey: Effect of vagotomy and propranolol. Psychophysiology 16:554–60. [KCC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corley, K. C., Shiel, F. O'M., Mauck, H. P., Clark, L. S. & Barber, J. H. (1977) Myocardial degeneration and cardiac arrest in squirrel monkey: Physiological and psychological correlates. Psychophysiology 14:322–28. [KCC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corley, K. C., Shiel, F. O'M., Mauck, H. P. & Greenhoot, J. (1973) Electrocardiographic and cardiac morphological changes associated with environmental stress in squirrel monkey. Psychosomatic Medicine 35:361–64. [KCC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corr, P. B., Pearle, D. L., Henton, J. R., Roberts, W. C. & Gillis, R. A. (1976) Site of myocardial infarction: A determinant of the cardiovascular changes induced in the cat by coronary occlusion. Circulation Research 39:840–46. [GEB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Creighton, D., Natelson, B., Ferrara, M., Cook, J., Curtis, J. & Tapp, W. (1983) Behavioral predictors of differential heart rate conditioning in dogs. Pavlovian Journal of Biological Sciences 18:106. [BHN]Google Scholar
Davidson, R. J. (1980) Consciousness and information processing. In: The psychobiology of consciousness, ed. Davidson, J. M. & Davidson, R. J.. Plenum Press. [AMY]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deese, J. & Hulse, S. H. (1967) The psychology of learning, 3d ed.McGraw-Hill. [AMY]Google Scholar
Del Bo, A., Baccelli, G., Cellina, G., Fea, F., Ferrari, A. & Zanchetti, A. (1985) Carotid sinus reflexes during postural changes, naturally elicited fighting behavior and phases of sleep in the cat. Cardiovascular Research. In press. [AD-B]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiCara, L. V. & Miller, N. E. (1969) Transfer of instrumentally learned heart rate changes from curarized to noncurarized state. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 68:159–62. [JB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dworkin, B. (1984) Operant mechanisms in physiological regulation. In: Self-regulation of the brain and behavior, ed. Elbert, T., Rockstroh, B., Lutzenberger, W. & Birbaumer, N.. Springer-Verlag. [LER]Google Scholar
Eldridge, F. L., Millhorn, D. E. & Waldrop, T. G. (1981) Exercise hyperpnea and locomotion: Parallel activation from the hypothalamus. Science 211:844. [taBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elsner, R., Franklin, D. L., Van Citters, R. L. & Kenney, D. W. (1966) Cardiovascular defense against asphyxia. Science 153:941–49. [SW, rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elsner, R. & Gooden, B. A. (1970) Reduction of reactive hyperemia in the human forearm by face immersion. Journal of Applied Physiology 29:627–30. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engel, B. T. (1974) Electroencephalographic and blood pressure correlates of operantly conditioned heart rate in the restrained monkey. Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science 9:222–32. [tarBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engel, B. T. (1986) Diurnal variations in cardiovascular integration. American Journal of Physiology. 250 (Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 19). R36–R40. [rBTE]Google ScholarPubMed
Engel, B. T. (in preparation) Psychosomatic medicine, behavioral medicine, just plain medicine. [rBTE]Google Scholar
Engel, B. T., Glasgow, M. S. & Gaarder, K. R. (1983) Behavioral treatment of high blood pressure: 3. Follow-up results and treatment recommendations. Psychosomatic Medicine 45:23–29. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engel, B. T. & Gottlieb, S. H. (1970) Differential operant conditioning of heart rate in the restrained monkey. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 73:217–25. [taBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engel, B. T. & Joseph, J. A. (1982) Attenuation of baroreflexes during operant cardiac conditioning. Psychophysiology 19:609–14. [taBTE, GEB, HLR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engel, B. T., Gottlieb, S. H. & Hayhurst, V. F. (1976) Tonic and phasic relationships between heart rate and somato-motor activity in monkeys. Psychophysiology 13:288–95. [rBTE]Google ScholarPubMed
Engel, B. T., Nikoomanesh, P. & Schuster, M. M. (1974) Operant conditioning of recto-sphincteric reflexes in the treatment of fecal incontinence. New England Journal of Medicine 290:646–49. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engel, B. T. & Schneiderman, N. (1984) Operant conditioning and the modulation of cardiovascular function. Annual Reviews of Physiology 46:199–210. [taBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fitts, P. M. (1962) Factors in complex skill training. In: Training research and education, ed. Glaser, R.. University of Pittsburgh Press. [AMY]Google Scholar
Fitts, P. M. (1964) Perceptual motor skill learning. In: Categories of human learning, ed. Melton, A. W.. Academic Press. [AMY]Google Scholar
Folkow, B. (1984) Brief historical background and principal nature of the process. Hypertension 6 (Supplement III):III-1–3. [JPM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folkow, B., Fuxe, K. & Sonnenschein, R. R. (1966) Responses of skeletal musculature and its vasculature during “diving” in duck: Peculiarities of the adrenergic vasoconstrictor innervation. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 67:327–42. [SW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forster, A. & Stone, T. W. (1976) Evidence for a cardiovascular modulation of central neuronal activity in man. Experimental Neurology 51:141–49. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freund, P. R., Hobbs, S. F. & Rowell, L. B. (1978) Cardiovascular responses to muscle ischemia in man – dependency on muscle mass. Journal of Applied Physiology 45:762–67. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furedy, J. J. & Riley, D. M. (1982) Classical and operant conditioning in the enhancement of biofeedback: Specifics and speculations. In: Clinical biofeedback: Efficacy and mechanisms, ed. White, L. & Tursky, B.. Guilford Press. [AMY]Google Scholar
Gabbott, G. R. J. & Jones, D. R. (1985) Psychogenic influences on the cardiac response of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos) to forced submersion. Proceedings of the Physiological Society. [DHB]Google Scholar
Gantt, W. H. (1960) Cardiovascular component of the conditional reflex to pain, food and other stimuli. Physiological Reviews 40 (Supplement 4):266–91. [BHN]Google Scholar
Gebber, G. L., Barman, S. M., Morrison, S. F. & Ardell, J. L. (1982) Basal autonomie tone and intrinsic rhythmicity. In: Circulation, neurobiology and behavior, ed. Smith, O. A., Galosy, R. A. & Weiss, S. M.. Elsevier. [rBTE]Google Scholar
Geis, G. S., Barratt, G. & Wurster, R. D. (1978) Role of the descending presser pathway in the conscious and pentobarbital-anesthetized dog. American Journal of Physiology 234:H152–56. [RDW]Google Scholar
Geis, G. S. & Wurster, R. D. (1980) Baroreceptor reflexes during exercise. In: Arterial baroreceptors and hypertension, ed. Sleight, P.. Oxford University Press. [RDW]Google Scholar
Gellhorn, E. (1967) Autonomic-somatic integrations. University of Minnesota Press. [AMY]Google Scholar
Goesling, W. J. & Brener, J. (1972) Effects of activity and immobility conditioning upon subsequent heart rate conditioning in curarized rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 81:311–17. [JB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gold, M. R. & Cohen, D. H. (1981) Modification of the discharge of vagal cardiac neurons during learned heart rate change. Science 214:345–47. [taBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gold, M. R. & Cohen, D. H. (1984) The discharge characteristics of vagal cardiac neurons during classically conditioned heart rate change. Journal of Neuroscience 4:2963–71. [taBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldstein, D. S., Harris, A. H. & Brady, J. V. (1977) Baroreflex sensitivity during operant blood pressure conditioning. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation 2:127–38. [taBTE, GEB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldstein, D. S., Ross, R. S. & Brady, J. V. (1977) Biofeedback heart rate training during exercise. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation 2:107–26. [taBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodwin, G. M., McCloskey, D. I. & Mitchell, J. H. (1972) Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to changes in central command during isometric exercise at constant muscle tension. Journal of Physiology (London) 226:173–90. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottlieb, S. H. & Engel, B. T. (1979) Autonomic interactions in the control of heart rate in the monkey. Psychophysiology 16:528–36. [taBTE, HLR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, F. K. (1984) An affair of the heart. In: Psychophysiological perspectives: Festschrift for Beatrice and John Lacey, ed. Coles, M. G. H., Jennings, J. R. & Stern, J. A.. Hutchinson & Ross. [JRJ]Google Scholar
Grillner, S. & Zanger, P. (1975) How detailed is the central pattern generation for locomotion? Brain Research 88:367–71. [RDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guthrie, E. R. & Horton, C. P. (1946) Cats in a puzzle box. Rinehart. [rBTE]Google Scholar
Hare, R. D. (1973) Orienting and defensive responses to visual stimuli. Psychophysiology 10:453–64. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, A. H., Gilliam, W. J., Findley, J. D. & Brady, J. V. (1973) Instrumental conditioning in large-magnitude, daily 12-hour blood pressure elevations in the baboon. Science 182:175–77. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, A. H. & Turkkan, J. S. (1981a) Generalization of conditioned blood pressure elevation: Schedule and stimulus control effects. Physiology and Behavior 26:935–40. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, A. H. & Turkkan, J. S. (1981b) Performance characteristics of conditioned blood pressure elevations in the baboon. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation 6:11–24. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, A. H. & Turkkan, J. S. (1982) Plasma lactate levels during baseline and blood pressure conditioning in the baboon. Physiology and Behavior 29:657–63. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henderson, Y. (1923) Volume changes of the heart. Physiological Reviews 3:165–205. [JPM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herd, J. A. (1984) Cardiovascular response to stress. Annual Review of Physiology 46:177–85. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hess, W. R. (1954) Diencephalon: Autonomic and extrapyramidal functions. Grune & Stratton. [AMY]Google Scholar
Hilton, S. M. (1975) Ways of viewing the central nervous control of the circulation – old and new. Brain Research 87:213–19. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hilton, S. M. (1980) Inhibition of the baroreceptor reflex by the brainstem defence centre. In: Arterial baroreceptors and hypertension, ed. Sleight, P.. Oxford University Press. [taBTE]Google Scholar
Hobbs, S. F. (1982) Central command during exercise: Parallel activation of the cardiovascular and motor systems by descending command signals. In: Circulation, neurobiology and behavior, ed. Smith, O. A., Galosy, R. A. & Weiss, S. M.. Elsevier. [taBTE, DHB]Google Scholar
Hockey, R., Gaillard, A. & Coles, M. In preparation. Energetics and human information processing. Martinus Nijhoff. [JRJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hong, S. K., Song, S. H., Kim, P. K. & Suh, C. S. (1967) Seasonal observations on the cardiac rhythm during diving in the Korean ama. Journal of Applied Physiology 23:18–22. [BHN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, D. E. & Roberts, L. E. (1985) Evidence of a role for response plans and self-monitoring in biofeedback. Psychophysiology 22:427–39. [LER, AMY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Humphrey, D. R. (1967) Neuronal activity in the medulla oblongata of cat evoked by stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve. In: Baroreceptors and hypertension, ed. Kezdi, P.. Pergamon Press. [CAS]Google Scholar
Ingvar, D. H. (1972) Patterns of thought recorded in the brain. Totus Homo, 4:98–103. [CAS]Google Scholar
James, W. (1892) Psychology. Henry Holt. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jennings, J. R. (1982) Beat-by-beat vascular responses during anticipatory heart rate deceleration. Physiological Psychology 10:422–30. [JRJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jerison, H. J. (1973) Evolution of the brain and intelligence. Academic Press. [AMY]Google Scholar
Jerison, H. J. (1976) Paleoneurology and the evolution of mind. Scientific American 234:90–101. [AMY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johansen, K. & Burggren, W. (1980) Cardiovascular function in the lower vertebrates. In: Heart and heart-like organs, vol. 1, Comparative anatomy and development, ed. Bourne, G. H.. Academic Press. [taBTE]Google Scholar
Johansson, J. E. (1895) Ueber die Einwirkung der Muskelthätigkeit auf die Athmung und die Herzthätigkeit. Scandinavian Archives of Physiology 5:20–66. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordan, D. & Spyer, K. M. (1980) Observations on the terminations of sinus and aortic nerve afferents. In: Arterial baroreceptors and hypertension, ed. Sleight, P.. Oxford University Press. [taBTE]Google Scholar
Joseph, J. A., & Engel, B. T. (1981) Instrumental control of cardioacceleration induced by central electrical stimulation. Science 214:341–43. [taBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kadden, R. M., Schoenfeld, W. N., McCullough, M. R., Steele, W. A. & Tremont, P. J. (1980) Classical conditioning of heart rate and blood pressure in Macaca mulatta. Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System 2:131–42. [taBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kanwisher, J. W., Gabrielsen, G. & Kanwisher, N. (1981) Free and forced diving in birds. Science 211:717–19. [taBTE, DHB, BHN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kawakami, Y., Natelson, B. & DuBois, A. (1967) Cardiovascular effects of face immersion and factors affecting diving reflex in man. Journal of Applied Physiology 23:964–70. [BHN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kennedy, J. L. (1959) A possible artifact in electroencephalography. Psychological Review 66:347–52. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kepeženas, A. and Žemaitytė, D. (1983) Dependence of heart rhythm pattern in sportsmen on physical work capacity. Rus. J. Fiziologiia Cheloveka 9:729–39. [DMZ]Google Scholar
Klivington, K. A. & Galambos, R. G. (1967) Resistance shifts accompanying the evoked cortical response in the cat. Science 157:211–13. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koch, E. (1932) Die Irradiation der pressoreceptorischen Krieslaufreflexe. Klinische Wochenschrift 11:225–27. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kooyman, G. L. & Campbell, W. B. (1972) Heart rates in freely diving Weddell seals, Leptonychotes Weddelli. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 43A:31–36. [BHN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kozelka, J. W., Christy, G. W. & Wurster, R. D. (1982) Somato-autonomic reflexes in anesthetized and unanesthetized dogs. Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System 5:63–70. [RDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krishna, G. G. & Danovitch, G. M. (1983) Renal response to central volume expansion is attenuated at night. American Journal of Physiology (Regulatory Integrative Comparative Physiology 13) 244:R481–86. [JPM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krogh, A. & Lindhard, J. (1913) The regulation of respiration and circulation during the initial stages of muscular work. Journal of Physiology (London) 47:112–36. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kupfermann, I. & Weiss, K. (1978) The command neuron concept. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:3–39. [ENS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lacey, B. C. & Lacey, J. I. (1974) Studies of heart rate and other bodily processes in sensorimotor behavior. In: Cardiovascular psychophysiology, ed. Obrist, P. A., Black, A. H., Brener, J. & DiCara, L. V.. Aldine. [CAS]Google Scholar
Lacey, J. I. (1959) Psychophysiological approaches to the evaluation of psychotherapeutic process and outcome. In: Research in psychotherapy, ed. Rubinstein, E. A. & Parloff, M. B.. American Psychological Association. [CAS]Google Scholar
Lacey, J. I. (1967) Somatic response patterning and stress: Some revisions of activation theory. In: Psychological stress, ed. Appley, M. H. & Trumbull, R.. Appleton. [CAS]Google Scholar
Lacey, J. I., Kagan, J., Lacey, B. C. & Moss, H. (1963) The visceral level: Situational determinants and behavioral correlates of autonomic response patterns. In: Expression of the emotions in man, ed. Black, P.. Academic Press. [CAS]Google Scholar
Lacey, J. I. & Lacey, B. C. (1970) Some autonomic-central nervous system interrelationships. In: Physiological correlates of emotion, ed. Black, P.. Academic Press. [CAS]Google Scholar
LaCroix, J. M. & Gowen, A. H. (1981) The acquisition of autonomic control through feedback: Some tests of discrimination theory. Psychophysiology 18:559–72. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lang, P. J., Troyer, W. C., Twentyman, C. T. & Gatchel, R. J. (1975) Differential effects of heart rate modification training on college students, older males, and patients with ischemic heart disease. Psychosomatic Medicine 37:429–46. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawler, J. E., Botticelli, L. J. & Lown, B. (1976) Changes in cardiac refractory period during signalled shock avoidance in dogs. Psychophysiology 13:373–77. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levy, M. N. & Zieske, H. (1969) Autonomic control of cardiac pacemaker activity and atrioventricular transmission. Journal of Applied Physiology 27:465–70. [taBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Libby, W. L., Lacey, B. C. & Lacey, J. I. (1973) Pupillary and cardiac activity during visual attention. Psychophysiology 10:270. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lind, A. R., McNicol, G. W., Bruce, R. A., MacDonald, H. R. & Donald, K. W. (1968) The cardiovascular responses to sustained contractions of a patient with unilateral syringomyelia. Clinical Science 35:45–53. [rBTE]Google ScholarPubMed
Longhurst, J. C. (1984) Cardiac receptors: Their function in health and disease. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 29:201–22. [GEB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lown, B., Verrier, R. & Corbalan, R. (1973) Psychologic stress and threshold for repetitive ventricular response. Science 182:834–36. [tarBTE, DHB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCloskey, D. I. & Mitchell, J. H. (1972) Reflex cardiovascular control in man. Clinical Experimental Hypertension 3:369–78. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonald, D. A. (1974) Blood flow in arteries. Williams & Wilkins Co. [taBTE]Google Scholar
Mackintosh, N. J. (1974) The psychology of animal learning. Academic Press. [LER]Google Scholar
Mancia, G., Ferrari, A., Ludbrook, J. & Zanchetti, A. (1980) Carotid baroreceptor influences on blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. In: Arterial baroreceptors and hypertension, ed. Sleight, P.. Oxford University Press. [taBTE]Google Scholar
Manning, J. W. (1980) Symposium – Central integration of cardiovascular control: A distributed neural network. Federation Proceedings 39:2485–2530. [SW]Google Scholar
Martin, A. H. (1980) Some invertebrate hearts: The hearts of worms and molluscs. In: Heart and heart-like organs, vol. 1, Comparative anatomy and development, ed. Bourne, G. H.. Academic Press. [taBTE]Google Scholar
Martner, J., Wadenvik, H. & Lisander, B. (1977) Apnoea and bradycardia from submersion in “chronically” decerebrated cats. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 101:476–80. [BHN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melcher, A. & Donald, D. E. (1981) Maintained ability of carotid baroreflex to regulate arterial pressure during exercise in conscious dogs. American Journal of Physiology 241:H838–49. [taBTE, GEB]Google Scholar
Miller, C. A., Galanger, E. & Pribram, K. H. (1960) Plan and the structure of behavior. Holt. [JRJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, N. E. (1978) Biofeedback and visceral learning. Annual Review of Psychology 29:373–404. [AMY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, N. E. (1982) Some directions for clinical and experimental research on biofeedback. In Clinical biofeedback: Efficacy and mechanisms, ed. White, L. & Tursky, B.. Guilford Press. [AMY]Google Scholar
Miller, N. E. & Brucker, B. S. (1979) A learned visceral response apparently indepedent of skeletal ones in patients paralyzed by spinal lesions. In: Biofeedback and self-regulation, ed. Birbaumer, N. & Kimmel, H. D.. Erlbaum. [AMY]Google Scholar
Mitchell, J. H. & Schmidt, R. F. (1983) Cardiovascular reflex control by afferent fibers from skeletal muscle receptors. In: Handbook of physiology, section 2: The cardiovascular system, vol. 3. Peripheral circulation and organ blood flow, part 2, ed. Shepherd, J. J., & Abboud, F. M.. American Physiological Society. [tarBTE, JB]Google Scholar
Moses, J., Clemens, W. J. & Brener, J. (1986) Bidirectional voluntary heart rate control during static exercise: Metabolic and respiratory correlates. Psychophysiology. In press. [JB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mott, F. W. & Sherrington, C. S. (1895) Experiments upon the influence of sensory nerves upon movement and nutrition of the limbs: Preliminary communication. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 57:481–88. [RDW]Google Scholar
Mudge, G. H., Grossman, W., Mills, R. M., Lesch, M. & Braunwald, E. (1976) Reflex increase in coronary vascular resistance in patients with ischemic heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine 295:1333–37. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nadel, E. R. (1980) Circulatory and thermal regulation during exercise. Federation Proceedings 39:1491–97. [taBTE]Google ScholarPubMed
Nadel, E. R., Cafarelli, E., Roberts, M. F. & Wenger, C. B. (1979) Circulatory regulation during exercise in different ambient temperatures. Journal of Applied Physiology 46:430–37. [taBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Natelson, B. H. (1983) Stress, predisposition and the onset of serious disease: Implications about psychosomatic etiology. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 7:511–27. [BHN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Natelson, B. H. & McCarty, R. (1980) Conditioned catecholamine changes in rhesus monkeys. Pavlovian Journal of Biological Sciences 15:188–96. [BHN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Natelson, B. H., Nary, C. A., Curtis, G. A. & Creighton, D. (1983) Roles of stress and adaptation in the elicitation of face-immersion bradycardia. Journal of Applied Physiology 54:661–65. [BHN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nathan, M. A., Tucker, L. W., Severini, W. H. & Reis, D. J. (1978) Enhancement of conditioned arterial pressure responses in cats after brainstem lesions. Science 201:71–73. [taBTE, DHB, GEB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newlin, D. B. & Levenson, R. W. (1978) Efficacy of pattern feedback for the dissociation of heart rate and respiration rate. Biological Psychology 7:277–85. [LER]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Obrist, P. A. (1976) The cardiovascular behavioral interaction – as it appears today. Psychophysiology 13:95–107. [AMY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Obrist, P. A. (1981) Cardiovascular psychophysiology: A perspective. Plenum Press. [JB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obrist, W. D. & Bissell, L. E. (1955) The electroencephalogram of aged patients with cardiac and cerebral vascular disease. Journal of Gerontology 10:315–30. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perski, A. & Engel, B. T. (1980) The role of behavioral conditioning in the cardiovascular adjustment to exercise. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation 5:91–104. [taBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perski, A., Tzankoff, S. P. & Engel, B. T. (1985) Central control of cardiovascular adjustments to exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 58:431–35. [taBTE, JB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Persson, B. & Svensson, T. H. (1981) Control of behavior and brain noradrenaline neurons by peripheral blood volume receptors. Journal of Neural Transmission 53:73–82. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petro, J. K., Hollander, A. P. & Bouman, L. N. (1970) Instantaneous cardiac acceleration in man induced by a voluntary muscle contraction. Journal of Applied Physiology 29:794–98. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prosser, C. L. (1973) Circulation of body fluids. In: Comparative animal physiology, 3d ed., ed. Prosser, C. L.. Saunders. [taBTE]Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1980) Cognition and computation: Issues in the foundations of cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:111–32. [HLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1984) Computation and cognition: Toward a foundation for cognitive science. MIT Press. [HLR]Google Scholar
Raftery, E. B. & Millar-Craig, M. W. (1979) Information derived from direct 24-hour recordings. In: Blood pressure variability, ed. Clement, D. L.. University Park Press. [JPM]Google Scholar
Randall, D. C., Cottrill, C. M., Todd, E. P., Price, M. A. & Wachtel, C. C. (1982) Cardiac output and blood flow distribution during rest and classical eversive conditioning in monkey. Psychophysiology 19:490–97. [taBTE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randall, D. C. & Hasson, D. M. (1978) Acute cardiovascular consequences of anterior descending coronary artery occlusion in unanesthetized monkey. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 58:135–40. [GEB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randall, D. C., Kaye, M. P., Randall, W. C., Brady, J. V. & Martin, K. H. (1976) Response of primate heart to emotional stress before and after cardiac denervation. American Journal of Physiology 230:988–95. [taBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Randall, D. J. & Davie, P. S. (1980) The hearts of urochordates and cephalocordates. In: Heart and heart-like organs, vol. 1, Comparative anatomy and development, ed. Bourne, G. H.. Academic Press. [taBTE]Google Scholar
Reily, T., Robinson, G. & Minors, D. S. (1984) Some circulatory responses to exercise at different times of day. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 16:477–82. [JPM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rescorla, R. A. (1968) Probability of shock in the presence and absence of the CS in fear conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 66:1–5. [BHN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, L. E. (1978) Operant conditioning of autonomic responses: One perspective on the curare experiments. In: Consciousness and self-regulation: Advances in research and theory, vol. 2, ed. Schwartz, G. E. & Shapiro, D.. Plenum Press. [LER]Google Scholar
Robinson, B. F., Epstein, S. E., Beiser, G. D. & Braunwald, E. (1966) Control of heart rate by the autonomic nervous system. Circulation Research 19:400–11. [LER]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rockstroh, B., Elbert, T., Lutzenberger, W. & Birbaumer, N. (1984) Operant control of slow brain potentials: A tool in the investigation of the potential's meaning and its relation to attentional dysfunctions. In: Self-regulation of the brain and behavior, ed. Elbert, T., Rockstroh, B., Lutzenberger, W. & Birbaumer, N.. Springer-Verlag. [AMY]Google Scholar
Roitblat, H. L. (1982) The meaning of representation in animal memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5:353–406. [HLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roitblat, H. L. & Weisman, R. G. (1986) Tactics of comparative cognition. In: Theories of animal memory, ed. Kendrick, D., Rilling, M. & Denny, M. R.. Erlbaum. [HLR]Google Scholar
Ross, A. & Steptoe, A. (1980) Attenuation of the diving reflex in man by mental stimulation. Journal of Physiology 302:387–93. [BHN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowell, L. B. (1980) What signals govern the cardiovascular responses to exercise? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 12:307–15. [tarBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowell, L. B., Hermansen, L. & Blackmon, (1976) Human cardiovascular and respiratory responses to graded muscle ischemia. Journal of Applied Physiology 41:693–701. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rushmer, F. F. & Smith, O. A. (1959) Cardiac control. Physiological Reviews 39:41–68. [SW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saltin, B., Sjogaard, G., Gaffney, F. A. & Rowell, L. B. (1981) Potassium, lactate, and water fluxes in human quadriceps muscle during static contractions. Circulation Research 48(Supplement 1):118–24.[rBTE]Google ScholarPubMed
Sanders, A. F. (1983) Towards a model of stress and human performance. Acta Psychologica 53:61–97. [JRJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandman, C. A. (1984) Augmentation of the auditory event related potential of the brain during diastole. International Journal of Psychophysiology 2:111–19. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sandman, C. A., McCanne, T. R., Kaiser, D. N. & Diamond, B. (1977) Heart rate and cardiac phase influences on visual perception. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 91:189–202. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sandman, C. A., O'Halloran, J. M. & Isenhart, R. (1984) Is there an evoked vascular response? Science 224:1355–57. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sandman, C. A. & Walker, B. B. (1985) Cardiovascular relationship to attention and thinking. In: Psychophysiological aspects of reading, ed. Rental, V., Carson, S. A. & Dunn, B. R.. Gordon and Breach. [CAS]Google Scholar
Sandman, C. A., Walker, B. B. & Berka, C. (1982) Influence of afferent cardiovascular feedback on behavior and the cortical evoked potential. In: Perspectives in cardiovascular psychophysiology, ed. Cacioppo, J. T. & Petty, R. E.. Guilford Press. [AMY, CAS]Google Scholar
Sarnoff, S. J. & Berglund, E. (1954) Ventricular function. Circulation 9:706–18. [JPM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Satinoff, E. (1978) Neural organization and evolution of thermal regulation in mammals. Science 201:16–22 [tarBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schoenfeld, W. N., Kadden, R. M., Tremont, P. J., McCullough, M. R. & Steele, W. A. (1980) Effects of pharmacological autonomic blockade upon cardiac rate and blood pressure conditioned and unconditioned responses in Macaca mulatta. Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System 2:365–75. [taBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scholander, P. F. (1962) Physiological adaptation to diving in animals and man. The Harvey Lectures. Series 57. Academic Press. [SW]Google Scholar
Schottstaedt, W. W. et al. (1958) Sociologic, psychologic and metabolic observations on patients in the community of a metabolic ward. American Journal of Medicine 25:248. [SW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schottstaedt, W. W. et al. (1959) Prestige and social interaction on a metabolic ward. Psychosomatic Medicine 21:131. [SW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, G. E. (1974) Toward a theory of voluntary control of response patterns in the cardiovascular system. In: Cardiovascular psychophysiology: Current issues in response mechanisms, biofeedback and methodology, ed. Obrist, P. A., Black, A. H., Brener, J. & DiCara, L. V.. Aldine. [AMY]Google Scholar
Sechenov, I. M. (1965) Reflexes of the brain, ed. Gibbons, G.. Translated from the Russian by Belsky, S.. MIT Press. [SW]Google Scholar
Sherrington, C. S. (1898) Decerebrate rigidity and reflex coordination of movements. Journal of Physiology (London) 22:319–32. [RDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sherrington, C. S. (1940) Man on his nature. Penguin Books.[JB]Google Scholar
Sherrington, C. S. (1946) The endeavor of Jean Fernel. Cambridge University Press. [SW]Google Scholar
Sherrington, C. S. (1973) The integrative action of the nervous system (reprint ed.). Arno Press. [taBTE, CAS]Google Scholar
Shik, M. L., Severin, F. V. & Orlovskii, G. N. (1966) Control of walking and running by means of electrical stimulation of the mid-brain. Biophysics 11:756–65. [RDW]Google Scholar
Simon, E. & Riedel, W. (1975) Diversity of regional sympathetic outflow in integrative cardiovascular control patterns and mechanisms. Brain Research 87:232–333. [taBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, J. E. & Entman, M. L. (1975) Modification of ventricular fibrillation latency following coronary artery occlusion in the conscious pig. Circulation 51:656–67. [taBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, O. A. (1974) Reflex and central mechanisms involved in the control of the heart and circulation. Annual Review of Physiology 36:92–123. [JB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, O. A., Astley, C. A., DeVito, J. L., Stein, J. M. & Walsh, K. E. (1980) Functional analysis of hypothalamic control of the cardiovascular responses accompanying emotional behavior. Federation Proceedings 39:2487–94. [taBTE, RDW]Google ScholarPubMed
Smith, O. A., Rushmer, R. F. & Lasher, E. P. (1960) Similarity of cardiovascular responses to exercise and to diencephalic stimulation. American Journal of Physiology 198:1139–42. [taBTE, JPM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, R. E. & Pearce, J. W. (1961) Microelectrode recordings from the region of the nucleus solitarius in the cat. Canadian Journal of Biochemical Physiology 39:933. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snapper, A. G., Ferraro, D. P., Schoenfeld, W. N. & Locke, B. (1965) Adaptation of the white rat's cardiac rate to testing conditions. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 59:128–30. [BHN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sokolov, E. N. (1963) Perception and the conditioned reflex. Pergamon Press. [ENS]Google Scholar
Solomon, R. L., Kamin, L. J. & Wynne, L. C. (1953) Traumatic avoidance learning: The outcomes of several extinction procedures with dogs. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 48:291–302. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sonnenblick, E. H. (1962) Force-velocity relations in mammalian heart muscle. American Journal of Physiology 202:931–39. [JPM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spyer, K. M. & Jordan, D. (1980) The baroreceptor input to vagai preganglionic neurons: The neural pathway and physiological control. In: Arterial baroreceptors and hypertension, ed. Sleight, P.. Oxford University Press. [taBTE]Google Scholar
Starling, E. H. (1918) The Linacre Lecture on the law of the Heart Longmans, Green and Company. [JPM]Google Scholar
Stephenson, R. B., Smith, O. A. & Scher, A. M. (1981) Baroreceptor regulation of heart rate in baboons during different behavioral states. American Journal of Physiology 241:R277–85. [taBTE, GEB]Google ScholarPubMed
Steptoe, A. (1981) Psychological factors in cardiovascular disorders. Academic Press. [JB]Google ScholarPubMed
Sterman, M. B. & MacDonald, L. R. (1978) Effects of central cortical EEG feedback training on incidence of poorly controlled seizures. Epilepsia 19:207–22. [AMY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stone, L. H., Dormer, K. J., Foreman, R. D., Theis, R. & Blair, R. W. (1985) Neural regulation of the cardiovascular system during exercise. Federation Proceedings 44:2271–78. [JPM]Google ScholarPubMed
Svensson, T. H. & Thoren, P. (1979) Brain noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus: Inhibition by blood volume load through vagal afferents. Brain Research 172:174–78. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swazey, J. P. (1969) Reflexes and motor integration: Sherrington's concept of integrative action. Harvard University Press. [taBTE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Talan, M. I. & Engel, B. T. (in press) Learned control of heart rate during dynamic exercise in nonhuman primates. Journal of Applied Physiology. [taBTE]Google Scholar
Terrace, H. S. (1982) Animal versus human minds. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5:391–92. [HLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terrace, H. S. (1984) Animal cognition. In: Animal cognition, ed. Roitblat, H. L., Bever, T. G. & Terrace, H. S.. Erlbaum. [HLR]Google Scholar
Thompson, F. J. & Barnes, C. D. (1979) Projection of low threshold venous afferents to the spinal cord. Brain Research 177:561–65. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, F. J., Yates, B. J., Franzen, O. & Wald, J. R. (1983) Lumbar spinal cord responses to limb vein distension. Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System 9:531–46. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomanek, R. J., Bhatnagar, R. K., Schmid, P. & Brody, M. J. (1982) Role of catecholamines in myocardial cell hypertrophy in hypertensive rats. American Journal of Physiology 242:H1015–21. [JPM]Google ScholarPubMed
Tournade, A. & Malmejac, J. (1929) Diversité des action réflexes qui déclenche l'excitation du sinus carotidien et de son nerf. Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société de Biologie 100:708–11. [CAS]Google Scholar
Verrier, R. L. & Lown, B. (1984) Behavioral stress and cardiac arrhythmias. Annual Review of Physiology 46:155–76. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walgenbach, S. C. & Donald, D. E. (1983) Inhibition by carotid baroreflex of exercise: Induced increases in arterial pressure. Circulation Research 52:253–62. [GEB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walgenbach, S. C. & Shepherd, J. T. (1984) Role of arterial and cardiopulmonary mechanoreceptors in the regulation of arterial pressure during rest and exercise in conscious dogs. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 59:467–75. [taBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, B. B. & Sandman, C. A. (1977) Physiological response patterns in ulcer patients: Phasic and tonic components of the electrograstrogram. Psychophysiology 14:393–400. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, B. B. & Sandman, C. A. (1982) Visual evoked potentials change as heart rate and carotid pressure change. Psychophysiology 19:520–27. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary (1956) G. & C. Merriam Co., Publishers. [SW]Google Scholar
Weiss, T. & Engel, B. T. (1971) Operant conditioning of heart rate in patients with premature ventricular contractions. Psychosomatic Medicine 33:301–21. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitehead, W. E., Burgio, K. L. & Engel, B. T. (1985) Biofeedback treatment of fecal incontinence in geriatric patients. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 33:320–24. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitehead, W. E., Drescher, V. M., Heiman, P. & Blackwell, B. (1977) Relation of heart rate control to heartbeat perception. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation 2:371–92. [rBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williamson, D. A. & Blanchard, E. B. (1979) Heart rate and blood pressure biofeedback: 1. A review of the recent experimental literature. Biofeedback and Self-regulation 4:1–34. [AMY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willison, J. R., DuBoulay, G. H., Paul, E. A., Russell, R. W. R., Thomas, D. J., Marshall, J., Pearson, T. C., Simon, L. & Wetherley-Mein, C. (1980) Effect of high haematocrit on alertness. Lancet 1:846–48. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolf, S. (1964) The bradycardia of the dive reflex – a possible mechanism of sudden death. Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 76:192–200. [SW]Google ScholarPubMed
Wolf, S. (1965) Further studies on the circulatory and metabolic alterations of the oxygen-conserving (diving) reflex in man. Transactions of the Association of American Physicians 78:242. [SW]Google ScholarPubMed
Wolf, S. (1970) Emotions and the autonomic nervous system. Archives of Internal Medicine 126:1024–1030. [SW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wurster, R. D. (1984) Central nervous system regulation of the heart: An overview. In: Nervous control of cardiovascular function, ed. Randall, W. C.. Oxford University Press. [RDW]Google Scholar
Yellin, A. M. (1984a) Learned prompt precise volitive control of heartbeat. Psychophysiohgy 21:565–66. [AMY]Google Scholar
Yellin, A. M. (1984b) Entrainment of heartbeat: Applications of evoked-potential averaging techniques. In: Computers in cardiology. IEE Computer Society Press. [AMY]Google Scholar
Yellin, A. M. (1985) Acquired precise volitive cardiac control. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. In press. [AMY]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Žemaitytė, D. & Brozhaitiene, J. (1984) Sinus heart rhythm in relation to cardiac function and death in patients with ischemic heart disease. In: Sudden cardiac death: Proceedings of the third USA-USSR joint symposium. NIH Publication No. 84–1604. [DMZ]Google Scholar
Žemaitytė, D., Varoneckas, G., Sokolov, E. (1984a) Heart rhythm control during sleep. Psychophysiology 21:279–89. [DMZ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Žemaitytė, D., Varoneckas, G., Sokolov, E. (1984b) Heart rhythm during sleep in ischemic heart disease. Psychophysiology 21:290–98. [DMZ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Žemaitytė, D., Varoneckas, G., Plauška, K., Kaukenas, J. (1985) Components of heart rate power spectra in wakefulness and individual sleep stages. International Journal of Psychophysiology. In press. [DMZ]Google Scholar
Žemaitytė, D., Varoneckas, G., Žiliukas, G., Valvoniene, V., Palaitis, R. (1985) The state of central blood flow in patients with ischemic heart disease having different heart rate responses during night sleep stages and orthostatic test. Rus. J. Fiziologiia Cheloveka. In press. [DMZ]Google Scholar