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The Molding of Engelbert Dollfuß as an Agrarian Reformer

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 February 2009

R. John Rath
R. John Rath
Affiliation:
Professor Emeritus of History, Rice University and the University of Minnesota
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Extract

Engelbert Dollfuss has not been enshrined in history as a popular political figure. The National Socialists vilified him as a Satanic evildoer who embodied everything they hated. Dollfuß's widow and two children found it imperative to flee to Switzerland immediately after the Anschluss and eventually went to Canada, where Mrs. Dollfuß and their daughter remained until 1956. Their son still lives there.

Type
Articles
Information
Austrian History Yearbook , Volume 28 , January 1997 , pp. 173 - 215
Copyright
Copyright © Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota 1997

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References

1 Nicoladoni-Dollfuß, Eva, “Wo bin ich zu Hause? Wo ist meine Heimat?” Die Presse, 04 21–22, 1979Google Scholar. Few reliable source materials are available for a study of Dollfuß's life. Aside from a small number of tracts dealing with agricultural problems, the chancellor wrote very little. Much of what has been written about him in various biographies or other accounts dealing with his early life must be used with care. The biographies written shortly after his death (Maurer, Hans, Kanzler Dollfuß, 2nd ed. [Graz, 1934]Google Scholar; Messner, Johannes, Dollfuss [Innsbruck, 1935]Google Scholar; Bleibtreu, A. R., Der Heldenkanzler. Ein Lied von der Scholle [Vienna, 1934]Google Scholar; von Hildebrand, Dietrich, Engelbert Dollfuß. Ein katholischer Staatsmann [Salzburg, 1934]Google Scholar; and Gregory, J. D., Dollfuss and His Times [London, 1935]Google Scholar) are hagiographies seeking to enshrine him as the prophet of the new age. Equally laudatory is Rambaud, Louis's Le Grand petit Chancelier Dollfuss 1892–1934 (Lyon, 1948)Google Scholar. More reliable is a work influenced to a considerable extent by interviews with many people who knew Dollfuß personally in which some of the unproven stories in the above works are repeated, Brook-Shepherd, Gordon's Dollfuss (London, 1961)Google Scholar; except for the omission of all photographs appearing in that volume, another edition was published as Prelude to Infamy: The Story of Chancellor Dollfuss of Austria (New York, 1961)Google Scholar. More reliable still is the study of Dollfuß's life before he became chancellor by Miller, James William, “Engelbert Dollfuss and Austrian Agriculture: An Authoritarian Democrat and His Policies” (Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota, 1985)Google Scholar, a German translation of which was published as Engelbert Dollfuss als Agrarfachmann. Eine Analyse bäuerlicher Führungsbegriffe und österreichischer Agrarpolitik 1918–1934 (Vienna, 1989)Google Scholar. By far the most reliable study of Dollfuß's early life is Jagschitz, Gerhard, “Die Jugend des Bundeskanzlers Dr. Engelbert Dollfuss. Ein Beitrag zur geistig-politischen Situation der sogenannten ‘Kriegsgeneration’ des 1. Weltkriegs” (D.Phil, diss., University of Vienna, 1967).Google Scholar

2 The information is based on my own observations during my visit on Apr. 20, 1979, and on Gregory, , Dollfuss and His Times, 34–38Google Scholar; Miller, , -Engelbert Dollfuss als Agrarfachmann, 20–21Google Scholar; Weber, Edmund, ed., Dollfuß an Oesterreich. Eines Mannes Wort und Ziel, authorized edition with fourteen photos (Vienna, 1935), 3Google Scholar; and Hantsch, Hugo, ed., “Engelbert Dollfuss (1892–1934)” in Gestalter der Geschicke Österreichs (Innsbruck, 1962), 611–12.Google Scholar

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52 For a good account of Sonnenschein's life and works, see Thrasolt, Ernst, Dr. Carl Sonnenschein. Der Mensch und sein Werk (Munich, 1930), especially 147–55, 215–221Google Scholar. See also Jagschitz, , “Die Jugend des Bundeskanzlers,” 75–78.Google Scholar

53 Part of this treatise was published in the Agrarische Rundschau in 1934. Dollfuß, Engelbert, “Begriff der Genossenschaft. Bemerkungen über Einheit und Freiheit im Gemeinschaftsleben,” Agrarische Rundschau 2, no. 1 (Summer 1934): 1–17 (quote at 1).Google Scholar

54 Ibid., 1; as translated by Miller, in his “Engelbert Dollfuss and Austrian Agriculture,” 41.Google Scholar

55 Dollfuß, , “Begriff der Genossenschaft,” 1–2.Google Scholar

56 Ibid., 2–3.

57 Ibid., 5.

58 Ibid., 6.

59 Ibid., 8. Here and in preceding sentence Dollfuß is quoting Otto von Gierke.

60 Ibid., 13–14.

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108 For Dollfuß's awareness of the difficulties raised by these factors, see especially Dollfuß, Engelbert, “Sozialversicherung in der Land- und Forstwirtschaft,” Die Landwirtschaft, Jahrgang 1927, no. 11 (11 1927): 407–8Google Scholar. For the objections of the Social Democrats, see Bauer, Otto's speech in the Nationalrat on 03 3, 1927Google Scholar, as printed in Zum Wort gemeldet. Otto Bauer (Vienna, 1968), 167–72.Google Scholar

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110 Kraus, , Bauern, 47–48Google Scholar; Otruba, , ‘“Bauer’ und ‘Arbeiter,’” 57Google Scholar; “Gegen die Verschleppung der Zolltarifnovelle. Eine Entschließung der Vollversammlung der n.-ö. Landes-Landwirtschaftskammer,” Die Landwirtschaft, Jahrgang 1927, no. 7 (07 1927): 247–48Google Scholar; Hofrat, Dr. Winter, “Die derzeitige zollpolitische Lage der österreichischen Landwirtschaft,” Die Landwirtschaft, Jahrgang 1927, no. 8 (08 1927): 287–89.Google Scholar

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112 For accusations against Zwetzbacher, see Winkler, Franz, Die Diktatur in Oesterreich (Zürich, 1935), 16Google Scholar. On Dollfuß's reputation as an expert, see Kluge, , Bauern, Agrarkrise und Volksernährung, 372–73Google Scholar (on Reither, 's appointment, 371)Google Scholar; Strobl, , “Kanzler Dollfuß als Agrarier,” 64–65Google Scholar; Maurer, , Kanzler Dollfuß, 29–30Google Scholar; and Brook-Shepherd, , Dollfuss, 41–12.Google Scholar

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114 For Dollfuß, 's appointment on 07 22Google Scholar, see Minister for Trade and Commerce Schuster to Chancellor Schober, , Vienna, , 08 8, 1930Google Scholar, Allgemeines Verwalrungsarchiv (Vienna), BK Inneres. Präsidium, carton 58, no. 8097, Pr./1930; Neue Freie Presse, 10 2, 1930 (morning edition), 6Google Scholar; and Maurer, , Kanzler Dollfuß, 30.Google Scholar

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118 Neue Freie Presse, 09 29, 1930 (evening edition), 2Google Scholar; ibid, Oct. 2, 1930 (morning edition), 6; ibid., Oct. 15, 1930 (evening edition), 6; ibid., Oct. 22, 1930 (evening edition), 1; Nachlaß, Schumy, pt. 3: “Heimwehr” (unpublished manuscript in the library of the Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Vienna), 67–68.Google Scholar

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