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From the Reconquest to the Revolutionary Wars: Recent Trends in Austrian Diplomatic History, 1683–1800

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 February 2009

Charles Ingrao
Charles Ingrao
Affiliation:
Professor of History at Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
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Type
Review Article
Information
Austrian History Yearbook , Volume 24 , January 1993 , pp. 201 - 218
Copyright
Copyright © Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota 1993

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References

1 Plaschka, Richard Georg, Klingenstein, Grete et al. , ed., Österreich im Europa der Aufklärung: Kontinuität und Zäsur in Europa zur leit Maria Theresias und Josephs II. Internationales Symposium in Wien 20–23. Oktober 1980 (Vienna, 1985)Google Scholar.

2 Spielman, John P., Leopold I of Austria (New Brunswick, N. J., 1977)Google Scholar; German-language edition, Leopold I. Zur Macht nicht geboren (Graz, 1981).

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4 Barker, Thomas M., “New Perspectives on the Historical Significance of the ‘Year of the Turk,’” Austrian History Yearbook 19/20 (1983–1984): p3–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

5 Broucek, Peter, “Österreich als Führende Macht der Heiligen Liga im Krieg gegen das Osmanische Reich,” Acta Historica. Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 33 (1987): 351–60Google Scholar. For two articles by Ludwig Hüttl that deal specifically with Bavarian elector Max Emanuel's diplomatic and military contribution to the reconquest, see Hüttl, Ludwig, “Die bayerisch-österreichischen Beziehungen 1679–1683,” Mitteilungen des österreichischen Staatsarchivs (MÖSA) 36 (1983): 83–119Google Scholar, and “Die Beziehungen zwischen Wien, Miinchen und Versailles während des groβien Türkenkrieges 1684 bis 1688,” ibid. 38 (1985): 81–122. For a colorfully illustrated, though essentially derivative collection that gives considerable attention to Leopold's foreign allies, see Broucek, Peter et al. , Der Sieg bei Wien 1683 (Vienna, 1983)Google Scholar, especially Walter Leitsch, “Die Allianz gegen die Osmanen,” 33–71. Other tercentenary collections include Tietze, Andreas, ed., Habsburgisch-osmanische Beziehungen (Relations Habsbourg-ottomanes) (Vienna, 1985)Google Scholar, and Zöllner, Erich and Gutkas, Karl, eds., Österreich und die Osmanen–Prinz Eugen und seine Zeit (Vienna, 1988)Google Scholar.

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7 Kálmán Benda, “The Rákóczi War of Independence and the European Powers,” and Béla Köpeczi, “The Hungarian Wars of Independence of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries in Their European Context,” in Király, Béla and Bak, Janos, eds., From Hunyadi to Rákóczi: War and Society in Early Modern Hungary, vol. 12 of Brooklyn College Studies on Society in Change (New York, 1982), 433–44, 445–53Google Scholar.

8 Köpeczi, Béla, La France et La Hongrie au début du XVIIIe siècle: Étude d'histoire des relations diplomatiques et d'histoire des idées (Budapest, 1971)Google Scholar. A shorter, more sweeping survey, Hongrois et Français: De Louis XIV á la Révolution française (Gyomaendröd, 1983), is devoted almost exclusively to Franco-Hungarian cultural perspectives and relations.

9 Köpeczi, Béla, Staatsräson und christliche Solidarität: Die ungarischen Aufstände und Europa in der zweiten Häljte des 17. Jahrhunderts (Vienna, Köln, Graz, 1983)Google Scholar.

10 Maximilian Grothaus, “Zum Türkenbild in der Kultur der Habsburgermonarchie zwischen dem 16. und 18.Jahrhundert,” in Andreas Tietze, ed., Habsburgisch-osmanische Beziehungen, 67–89; and Grothaus, , “Eine untersteirische Turquerie, ihre graphischen Vorbilder und ihre kulturhistorische Bedeutung,” Mitteilungen des lnstituts für österreichische Geschichtsforschung 95 (1987): 271–95Google Scholar. A full-length study will be published by the Kommission für neuere Geschichte Österreichs. See also Karl Vocelka, “Das Türkenbild des christlichen Abendlandes in der frühen Neuzcit,” in Zöllner and Gutkas, eds., Österreich und die Osmanen, 20–31.

11 Kennedy, Paul, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York, 1987), 90–91Google Scholar. Italics in the original.

12 Evans, R. J. W., The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1550–1700 (Oxford, 1979)Google Scholar.

13 For a new interpretation of Leopold I, seeLinda, and Frey, Marsha, A Question of Empire: Leopold I and the War of Spanish Succession, 1701–1705, vol. 36 of Brooklyn College Studies on Society in Change (New York, 1983)Google Scholar. Although the book is pedestrian in nature, surfers from numerous editorial oversights, and extracts nothing new from the voluminous sources cited in the notes, it does try to rehabilitate Leopold by arguing that he was more realistic and resolute than historians allow. Unless otherwise indicated, this review article's analysis of Joseph I is derived from Ingrao, Charles, In Quest and Crisis: Emperor Joseph I and the Habsburg Monarchy (West Lafayette, Ind., 1979)Google Scholar. For a superbly balanced study of Prince Eugene's contributions and shortcomings, see McKay, Derek, Prince Eugene of Savoy (London, 1977)Google Scholar.

14 Ingrao, Charles, “Conflict or Consensus? Habsburg Absolutism and Foreign Policy 1700–1748,” Austrian History Yearbook 19/20 (1983–1984): 33–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

15 Ingrao, Charles, “Habsburg Strategy and Geopolitics in the Eighteenth Century,” in Király, Béla, Rothenberg, Gunther E., and Sugar, Peter, eds., East Central European Society and War in the Pre-Revolutionary Eighteenth Century, vol. 11 of Brooklyn College Studies on Society in Change (New York, 1982), 49–66Google Scholar.

16 Aretin, K. Frh. v., “Kaiser Joseph I. zwischen Kaisertradition und österreichischer Groβmachtpolitik,” in Das Reich. Friedensordnung und europäisches Gleichgewicht 1648–1806 (Stuttgart, 1986), 255–322Google Scholar. The original article appeared in the Historische Zeitschrift 215 (1972): 529–606.

17 Recently Volker Press has taken a middle ground between these two poles, reasserting the primacy of Austrian interests in Joseph's actions, but acknowledging his attempt to employ policies that were simultaneously compatible with the interests of the monarchy, empire, and dynasty; see Press, Volker, “Josef I. (1705–1711)—Kaiserpolitik zwischen Erblanden, Reich und Dynastie,” in Melville, R. et al. , eds., Deutschland und Europa in der Neuzeit. Festschrift für Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin zum 65. Geburtstag (Stuttgart, 1988), 277–97Google Scholar.

18 Walker, Mack, German Home Towns: Community, State and General Estate, 1648–1871 (Ithaca, N. Y., 1971)Google Scholar.

19 Hughes, Michael, Law and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Germany: The Imperial Aulic Council in the Reign of Charles VI, vol. 55 in Royal Historical Society Studies in History (Wolfboro, N.H., 1988)Google Scholar. For a closer examination of the emperor's use of imperial commissions, see Augner, Gerd, Die kaiserliche Kommission der jahre 1708 bis 1712. Hamburgs Beziehung zu Kaiser und Reich zu Anfang des 18. Jahrhunderts, vol. 23 of Beiträge zur Geschichte Hamburgs (Hamburg, 1983)Google Scholar, which focuses more on local issues and the juridical, rather than diplomatic, context of its work.

20 Ingrao, Charles, “The Pragmatic Sanction and the Theresian Succession: A Re-Evaluation,” in McGill, William, ed., The Habsburg Dominions under Maria Theresa, Topic: A Journal of the Liberal Arts 34 (Fall 1980): 3–18Google Scholar.

21 Linda and Marsha Frey, A Question of Empire, and “Rákóczi and the Maritime Powers: Uncertain Friendship,” in Király and Bak, From Hunyadi to Rákóczi, 455–66.

22 McKay, Derek, Allies of Convenience: Diplomatic Relations between Great Britain and Austria, 1714–1719 (New York, 1986)Google Scholar. Notwithstanding its recent imprint, this book is essentially a photographic reproduction of McKay's 1971 dissertation typescript. The apparently very limited run is already out of print.

23 Black, Jeremy, “When ‘Natural Allies’ Fall Out: Anglo-Austrian Relations, 1725–1740,” MÖSA 36 (1983): 120–49Google Scholar.

24 Kunisch, Johannes, Das Mirakel des Hauses Brandenburg: Studien zum Verhältnis von Kabinettspolitik und Kriegsführung im Zeitalter des Siebenjährigen Krieges (Munich, 1978)Google Scholar; Kunisch, , “Die militärische Bedeutung Schlesiens und das Scheitern der österreichischen Rückeroberungspläne im Siebenjährigen Krieg,” in Baumgart, Peter, ed., Kontinuität und Wandel: Schlesien zwischen Österreich und Preuβen, vol. 4 of Schlesische Forschungen (Sigmaringen, 1990), 19–39Google Scholar; Kunisch, , “Die groβe Allianz der Gegner Preuβens in Siebenjährigen Krieg,” in Kroener, Bernhard, ed., Europa im Zeitalter Friedrichs des Groβen. Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Kriege (Munich, 1989), 79–97Google Scholar. One exception is Reiner Pommerin's narration of Austro-Russian relations from the alliance of 1726 and the Peace of Teschen (1779), “Bündnispolitik und Mächtesystem: Österreich und der Aufstieg Russlands im 18. Jahrhundert, ,” in Kunisch, Johannes, ed., Expansion und Gleichgewicht: Studien zur europäischen Mächtepolitik des Ancien Régime (Berlin, 1986), 113–64Google Scholar. Although Pommerin offers no sweeping analysis or overview and devotes virtually equal attention to Prussia, he and fellow Kunisch student Lothar Schilling have edited and appended Kaunitz's exhaustive discourse on the state of the international system from 23 March 1749, “Denkschrift des Grafen Kaunitz zur mächtepolitischen Konstellation nach dem Aachener Friede von 1748,” ibid., 165–239.

25 Bernard, Paul, “Kaunitz and Austria's Secret Fund,” East European Quarterly 16 (1982): 129–36Google Scholar, and “Kaunitz and the Cost of Diplomacy,” ibid. 17 (1983): 1–14; Matsch, Erwin, Geschichte des Auswärtigen Dienstes von Österreich (-Ungam) 1720–1920 (Vienna, 1980)Google Scholar.

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28 Beales, Derek, Joseph II. vol. 1: In the Shadow of Maria Theresa (1741–1780) (Cambridge, 1987)Google Scholar. In an earlier article, “Joseph II's Rêveries,” MÖSA 33 (1980): 142–60Google Scholar, Beales contrasts the Rêveries that Joseph wrote in 1765, which focus on domestic needs, with Frederick the Great's Rêveries politique, which explicitly advocate prospective foreign conquests.

29 Derek Beales, “Die auswärtige Politik der Monarchic vor und nach 1780: Kontinuität Oder Zäsur?” in Plaschka, Klingenstein, et al., eds., Österreich im Europa der Aufklärung, 567–73.

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31 See, for example, Volker Press, “Bayern am Scheideweg,” 280; and an earlier work by Bernard, Paul, Joseph II and Bavaria: Two Eighteenth-Century Attempts at German Unification (The Hague, 1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

32 Köster, Maren, Russische Truppen für Prinz Eugen: Politik mit militärischen Mitteln im frühen 18. Jahrhundert, vol. 6 of Militärgeschichtliche Dissertationen Österreichischer Universitäten (Vienna, 1986)Google Scholar.

33 The sense of déjà vu emerges clearly enough in Roider, Karl, The Reluctant Ally: Austria's Policy in the Austro-Turkish War of 1737–1739 (Baton Rouge, 1972)Google Scholar.

34 Kaplan, Herbert, The First Polish Partition (New York and London, 1962), 111Google Scholar.

35 Roider, Karl, Austria's Eastern Question, 1700–1790 (Princeton, 1982)Google Scholar.

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