Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-29T19:21:40.189Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Work-Related Communication Barriers for Individuals with Autism: A Pilot Qualitative Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 July 2018

Michelle McKnight-Lizotte*
Affiliation:
Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation, Emma Eccles Jones College of Education, Utah State University, USA
*
Address for correspondence: Michelle McKnight-Lizotte, Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation, Emma Eccles Jones College of Education, Utah State University, 2865 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-2865, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

This study identified situations where communication was a barrier to employment for adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Informant interviewees were six college graduates with ASD who have been employed for one year. Following the qualitative inductive analysis, five communication-related themes emerged: (1) job interviewing success, (2) negotiating co-worker interactions, (3) supervisory interactions, instruction, and feedback, (4) handling customer intercommunication, and (5) communication-oriented coping strategies. Participants were relatively more successful in communication coping strategies and supervisory interaction compared to difficulties with job interviewing and co-worker interactions. Vocational rehabilitation counsellors assisting clients with ASD should prioritize job interview communication skills and social skill education specific to appropriate interactions with co-workers and supervisors utilizing role play, social skill training, and job coaching.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ABS (2013). Disability, Ageing and Carers, Australia: Summary of Findings, 2012, Cat. No. 4430.0, Canberra: ABS.Google Scholar
ABS (2014). Autism in Australia, 2012, Cat. no. 4428.0. Canberra: ABS.Google Scholar
, American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. (4th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. (5th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Baio, J. (2014). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years: Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2010. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 63 (SS02), 121.Google Scholar
Barnhill, G.P. (2007). Outcomes in adults with Asperger syndrome. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 22 (2), 116126.Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34 (2), 163175.Google Scholar
Bissonnette, B. (2013). The Complete Guide to Getting a Job for People with Asperger's Syndrome. Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley.Google Scholar
Bolman, W.M. (2008). Brief report: 25 year follow-up of a high functioning autistic child. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 181183.Google Scholar
Carter, A.S., Davis, N.O., Klin, A., & Volkmar, F.R. (2005). Social development in autism. In Volkmar, F.R., Paul, R., Klin, A., & Cohen, D. (eds.). Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders: Vol. 1: Diagnosis, Development, Neurobiology, and Behavior (pp. 312334). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018). Autism Spectrum Disorder: Data & Statistics. Retrieved May 27, 2018. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html.Google Scholar
Cimera, R.E., Burgess, S., & Wiley, A. (2013). Does providing transition services early enable students with ASD to achieve better vocational outcomes as adults? Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 38 (2), 8893.Google Scholar
Creswell, J.W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Ford, C.D., & Townsend, B.K. (2009). An Investigation of Support Programs for College Students with High Functioning Autism or Asperger Syndrome. Columbia: University of Missouri-Columbia.Google Scholar
Gilbride, D., Stensrud, R., Vandergoot, D., & Golden, K. (2003). Identification of the characteristics of work environments and employers open to hiring and accommodating people with disabilities. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 46 (3), 130137.Google Scholar
Giorgi, A. (1994). A phenomenological perspective on certain qualitative research methods. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 25 (2), 190220.Google Scholar
Hagner, D., & Cooney, B.F. (2005). “I do that for everybody”: Supervising employees with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 20 (2), 9197.Google Scholar
Hendricks, D. (2010). Employment and adults with autism spectrum disorders: Challenges and strategies for success. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 32, 125134.Google Scholar
Howlin, P., Moss, P., Savage, S., & Rutter, M. (2013). Social outcomes in mid- to later adulthood among individuals diagnosed with autism and average nonverbal IQ as children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52 (6), 572581.Google Scholar
Hurlbutt, K., & Chalmers, L. (2004). Employment and adults with Asperger syndrome. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 19 (4), 215222.Google Scholar
Hycner, R.H. (1999). Some guidelines for the phenomenological analysis of interview data. In Bryman, A. & Burgess, R. G. (eds.). Qualitative Research (vol. 3, pp. 143164). London: Sage.Google Scholar
Kloosterman, P.H., Kelley, E.A., Craig, W.M., Parker, J.D., & Javier, C. (2013). Types and experiences of bullying in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7, 824832.Google Scholar
Lizotte, M.C. (2016). A phenomenological study of vocational experiences in adult college graduates with autism spectrum disorders (Doctoral dissertation). ProQuest LLC.Google Scholar
Lofland, J., & Lofland, L.H. (1999). Data logging in observation: Fieldnotes. In Bryman, A. & Burgess, R. G. (eds.). Qualitative Research (vol. 3). London: Sage.Google Scholar
Marriage, S., Wolverton, A., & Marriage, K. (2009). Autism spectrum disorder grown up: A chart review of adult functioning. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 18, 322327.Google Scholar
Migliore, A., Timmons, J., Butterworth, J., & Lugas, J. (2012). Predictors of employment and postsecondary education of youth with autism. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 55 (3), 176184.Google Scholar
Morgan, L., Leatzow, A., Clark, S., & Siller, M. (2014). Interview skills for adults with autism spectrum disorder: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44 (9), 22902300. doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2100-3Google Scholar
Moustakas, C.E. (1994). Phenomenological Research Methods. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Muller, E., Schuler, A., Burton, B.A., & Yates, G.B. (2003). Meeting the vocational support needs of individuals with Asperger syndrome and other autism spectrum disabilities. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 18 (3), 163175.Google Scholar
National Longitudinal Transition Study-2. (2009). NLTS2 Data Tables. Available at: http://www.nlts2.orgGoogle Scholar
Odom, S.L., McConnell, S.R., & Brown, W.H. (2008). Social competence of young children: Conceptualization, assessment, and influences. In Brown, W. H., Odom, S. L., & McConnell, S. R. (eds.). Social Competence of Young Children: Risk, Disability, & Intervention (pp. 330). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.Google Scholar
Richards, J. (2012). Examining the exclusion of employees with Asperger syndrome from the workplace. Personnel Review, 41 (5), 630646.Google Scholar
Roekel, E.V., Scholte, R.H.J., & Didden, R. (2010). Bullying among adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence and perception. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40 (1), 6373.Google Scholar
Roux, A.M., Shattuck, P.T., Cooper, B.P., Anderson, K.A., Wagner, M., & Narendorf, S.C. (2013). Postsecondary employment experiences among young adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52 (9), 931939.Google Scholar
Schroeder, J.H., Cappadocia, M.C., Bebko, J.M., Pepler, D.J., & Weiss, J.A. (2014). Shedding light on a pervasive problem: A review of research on bullying experiences among children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44 (7), 15201534.Google Scholar
Scott, M., Falkmer, M., Girdler, S., & Falkmer, T. (2015). Viewpoints on factors for successful employment for adults with autism spectrum disorder. PLoS One, 10 (10), e0139281.Google Scholar
Scott, M., Jacob, A., Hendrie, D., Parsons, R., Girdler, S., Falkmer, T., & Falkmar, M. (2017) Employers’ perception of the costs and the benefits of hiring individuals with autism spectrum disorder in open employment in Australia. PLoS One, 12 (5), e0177607Google Scholar
Shattuck, P.T., Narendorf, S.C., Cooper, B., Sterzing, P.R., Wagner, M., & Taylor, J.L. (2012). Postsecondary education and employment among youth with an autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics, 129 (6), 10421049.Google Scholar
Shenton, A. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for Information, 22, 6367.Google Scholar
Smith, M.J., Ginger, E.J., Wright, K., Wright, M.A., Taylor, J.L., Humm, L.B., . . . Fleming, M.F. (2014). Virtual reality job interview training in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44 (10), 24502463.Google Scholar
Spirito-Dalgin, R., & Bellini, J. (2008). Invisible disability disclosure in an employment interview: Impact on employers' hiring decisions and views of employability. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 52 (1), 615. doi: 10.1177/0034355207311311Google Scholar
Sung, C., Sánchez, J., Kuo, H., Wang, C., & Leahy, M.J. (2015). Gender differences in vocational rehabilitation service predictors of successful competitive employment for transition-aged individuals with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45 (10), 32043218.Google Scholar
Taylor, J., & Seltzer, M. (2011). Employment and post-secondary educational activities for young adults with autism spectrum disorders during the transition to adulthood. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41 (5), 566574.Google Scholar
Thomas, D.R. (2006). A general inductive approach for analyzing qualitative evaluation data. American Journal of Evaluation, 27 (2), 237246.Google Scholar
Tyree, M., Kendrick, M.J., & Block, S. (2011). Strengthening the role of the employee: An analysis of supported employment using social role valorization theory. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 35, 197208.Google Scholar
Vogeley, K., Kirchner, J.C., Gawronski, A., van Elst, L.T., & Dziobek, I. (2013). Toward the development of a supported employment program for individuals with high-functioning autism in Germany. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 263 (S2), 197203.Google Scholar
Wadsworth, S., Nelson, A., Rossi, K.D., & Hill, D.A. (2016). Connections: Parent feedback to improve social skills training for persons with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 47 (4), 20.Google Scholar
Wehman, P.H., Schall, C.M., McDonough, J., Kregel, J., Brooke, V., Molinelli, A., & Thiss, W. (2014). Competitive employment for youth with autism spectrum disorders: Early results from a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44 (3), 487500.Google Scholar
White, S.W., Kreiser, N.L., Pugliese, C., & Scarpa, A. (2012). Social anxiety mediates the effect of autism spectrum disorder characteristics on hostility in young adults. Autism, 16 (5), 453464.Google Scholar