Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T20:05:51.617Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Assessing Emotional Intelligence in Leaders and Organisations: Reliability and Validity of the Emotional Capital Report (ECR)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 August 2015

Martyn Newman
Affiliation:
RocheMartin Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Judith Purse
Affiliation:
RocheMartin Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Ken Smith*
Affiliation:
Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
John Broderick
Affiliation:
Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
*
Address for correspondence: Ken Smith, Australian Catholic University, 115 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy VIC 3065, Australia. Email: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

This study examined the reliability and validity over a 5-year period of a new measure of emotional intelligence (EI), the Emotional Capital Report (Newman & Purse, 2007), in a sample of 6,874 professional people from 11 different geographical regions. Results indicated that the ECR had adequate factor structure and the component scales had good internal consistency and test–retest reliability. Age and gender analyses revealed minor differences between males and females on seven ECR scales and significant age-related differences across all scales. The ECR scales had a meaningful pattern of convergent validities in relation to measures of normal personality, depression, and psychopathology. Construct validity revealed that although measuring similar constructs to personality and another well-known general measure of EI, the ECR was measuring something distinctive that pertains to the experience of people in professional roles. Furthermore, high scores on the ECR correlated with jobs involving high emotional labour requirements. Results indicated that these groups scored consistently higher on all ECR scales. It is recommended future research develop strategies for further validation of the ECR, as well as the construct of EI.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Australian Psychological Society Ltd 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdul, L.A., & Ehiobuche, C. (2011). Emotional intelligence and managerial competence. Insights to a Changing World Journal, September, 4158.Google Scholar
Adeoye, H., & Torubelli, V. (2011). Emotional intelligence and human relationship management as predictors of organisational commitment. IFE Psychologia, 19, 212226.Google Scholar
Ashforth, B.E., & Humphrey, R.H. (1993). Emotional labor in service roles: The influence of identity. Academy of Management Review, 18, 88115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antonakis, J., Ashkanasy, N.M., & Dasborough, M. (2009). Does leadership need emotional intelligence? The Leadership Quarterly, 20, 247261.Google Scholar
Bachman, J., Stein, S., Campbell, K., & Sitarenios, G. 2000. Emotional intelligence in the collection of debt. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 8, 176182.Google Scholar
Barbutto, J.E., & Burback, M.E. (2006). The emotional intelligence of transformational leaders: A field study of elected officials. The Journal of Social Psychology, 146, 5164.Google Scholar
Bar-On, R. (1988). The development of a concept of psychological well-being. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Rhodes University, Johannesberg, South Aftrica.Google Scholar
Bar-On, R. (1997). The Emotional Intelligence Inventory (EQ-i): Technical manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.Google Scholar
Bar-On, R. (2000). Emotional and social intelligence: Insights from the Emotional Quotient Inventory. In Bar-On, R. & Parker, J.D.A. (Eds.), The handbook of emotional intelligence (pp. 363388). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). Beck Depression Report manual (2nd ed.). San Antonio. TX: Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Boyatis, R.E., Goleman, D., & Rhee, K. (2000). Clustering competence in emotional intelligence: Insights from the Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI). In Bar-On, R. & Parker, J.D.A. (Eds.), The handbook of emotional intelligence: Theory, development, assessment and application oat home, school, and in the workplace (pp. 343–262). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Boyatis, R.E., Goleman, D., & Hay/McBer, . (2008). Emotional Competence Inventory. Boston: Hay Group.Google Scholar
Brackett, M.A., Rivers, S.E., & Salovey, P. (2011). Emotional intelligence: Implications for personal, social, academic, and workplace success. Social & Personality Psychology Compass, 5, 88103.Google Scholar
Bratton, V.K., Dodd, N.G., & Brown, F. (2011). The impact of emotional intelligence on accuracy of self-awareness and leadership performance. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 32, 127149.Google Scholar
Butler, C.J., & Chinowsky, P.S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and leadership behavior in construction executives. Journal of Management in Engineering, 22, 119125.Google Scholar
Cavallo, K., & Drienza, D. (2004). Emotional competence and leadership excellence at Johnson & Johnson: The Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Study. New Brunswick, NJ: Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence in Organizations, Rutgers University.Google Scholar
Cherniss, C. (2010), Emotional intelligence: Toward clarification of a concept. Industrial & Organizational Psychology, 3, 110126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chia, Y.M. (2005). Job offers of multi-national accounting firms: The effects of emotional intelligence, extra-curricular activities, and academic performance. Accounting Education: An International Journal, 14, 7593.Google Scholar
Conte, J.M., & Dean, M.A. (2006). Can emotional intelligence be measured? In Murphy, K.R. (Ed.), A critique of emotional intelligence: What are the problems and how can they be fixed? (pp. 5977). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
CostaP.T., Jr. P.T., Jr., & McCrae, R.R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory: Professional manual. Odessa, Fl: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Daus, C.S., & Ashkanasy, N.M. (2003). Will the real emotional intelligence please stand up? On deconstructing the emotional intelligence ‘debate’. The Industrial and Organizational Psychologist, 41, 6972.Google Scholar
Dawda, D., & Hart, S.D. (2000). Assessing emotional intelligence: Reliability and validity of the BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) in university students. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 797812.Google Scholar
Day, A.L., & Carroll, S.A. (2004). Using an ability-based measure of emotional intelligence to predict individual performance, group performance, and group citizenship behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 14411458.Google Scholar
Derogatis, L.R. (1983). SCL-90-R: Administration, scoring and procedure manual II. Towson, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research.Google Scholar
Derogatis, L.R. (1992). BSI: Administration and scoring procedures manual-II. Baltimore, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research.Google Scholar
Dulewicz, V., & Higgs, M. (2000), Emotional intelligence: A review and evaluation study. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 15, 341372.Google Scholar
Dulewicz, C., Young, M., & Dulewicz, V. (2005). The relevance of emotional intelligence for leadership performance. Journal Of General Management, 30, 7186.Google Scholar
Fineman, S. (2004). Getting the measure of emotions and the cautionary tales of emotional intelligence. Human Relations, 57, 719740.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligence. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Gardner, W.L., Fischer, D., & Hunt, J.G. (2009). Emotional labor and leadership: A threat to authenticity? The Leadership Quarterly, 20, 466482.Google Scholar
Gardner, L., & Stough, C. (2002). Examining the relationship between leadership and emotional intelligence in senior level managers. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 32, 6878.Google Scholar
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York, NY: Bantam Books.Google Scholar
Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. New York, NY: Bantam Books.Google Scholar
Gooty, J., Connelly, S., Griffith, J., & Gupta, A. (2010). Leadership, affect and emotions: A state of the science review. The Leadership Quarterly, 21, 9791004.Google Scholar
Gowing, M.K. (2001). Measurement of individual emotional competence. In Cherniss, C. & Goleman, D. (Eds.), The emotionally intelligent workplace: How to select for, measure, and improve emotional intelligence in individuals, groups, and organizations (pp. 83131). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Grandey, A.A. (2000). Emotional regulation in the workplace: A new way to conceptualize emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 95110.Google Scholar
Hochschild, A.R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Humphrey, R.H., Kellett, J.B., Sleeth, R.G., & Hartman, N.S. (2008). Research trends in emotional and leadership. In Ashkanasy, N.M., & Cooper, C.L. (Eds.), Research companion to Emotion in Organizations (pp. 455464). Northhampton, ME: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Humphrey, R.H., Pollack, J.M., & Hawver, T. (2008). Leading with emotional labor. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23, 151168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jennings, S., & Palmer, B.R. (2007). Enhancing sales performance through emotional intelligence development. Organisations and People, 14, 5561.Google Scholar
Joseph, D.L., & Newman, D.A. (2010). Emotional intelligence: An integrative meta-analysis and cascading model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 5478.Google Scholar
Koman, E.S., & Wolff, S.B. (2008). Emotional intelligence competencies in the team and team leader: A multi-level examination of the impact of emotional intelligence on team performance. Journal of Management Development, 27, 5575.Google Scholar
Law, K.S., Wong, C.S., & Huang, G.H., & Li, X. (2008). The effects of emotional intelligence on job performance and life satisfaction for the research and development scientists in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 25, 5169.Google Scholar
Law, K.S., Wong, C.S., & Song, L.J. (2004). The construct and criterion validity of emotional intelligence and its potential utility for management studies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 483496.Google Scholar
Landy, F.J. (2005), Some historical and scientific issues related to research on emotional intelligence. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 411–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leuner, B. (1966). Emotional intelligence and emancipation. Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie, 15, 196203.Google Scholar
Locke, E.A. (2005), Why emotional intelligence is an invalid concept. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 425431.Google Scholar
Martins, A., Ramalho, N., & Morin, E. (2010). A comprehensive meta-analysis of the relationship between Emotional Intelligence and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 554564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, G., Zeidner, M., & Roberts, R.D. (2002). Emotional intelligence: Science and myth. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Matthews, G.M., Emo, A., Funke, G., Zeidner, M., Roberts, R., CostaP.T., Jr. P.T., Jr., & Schulze, R. (2006). Emotional intelligence, personality, and task-induced stress. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 12, 96107.Google Scholar
Mayer, J.D., Caruso, D.R., & Salovey, P. (1999). Emotional intelligence meets traditional standards for emotional intelligence. Intelligence, 27, 267298.Google Scholar
Mayer, J.D., Roberts, R.D., & Barsade, S.G. (2008). Human abilities: Emotional intelligence. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 507536.Google Scholar
Mayer, J.D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In Salovey, P. & Sluyter, D. (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Implications for educators (pp. 334). New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Mayer, J.D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D.R. (2002). Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) User's Manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.Google Scholar
Mayer, J.D., Salovey, P., Caruso, D.R., & Sitarenios, G. (2003). Measuring emotional intelligence with the MSCEIT V2.0. Emotion, 3, 97105.Google Scholar
Mills, L.B. (2009). A meta-analysis of the relationship between emotional intelligence and effective leadership. Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, 3, 2238.Google Scholar
Mughal, S., Walsh, J., & Wilding, L. (1996). Stress and work performance: The role of trait anxiety. Personality & Individual Differences, 20, 685691.Google Scholar
Newman, M. (2007). Emotional capitalists — The new leaders: Essential strategies for building your emotional intelligence and leadership success. Melbourne, Australia: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Newman, M., & Purse, J. (2007). Emotional Capital Report — Technical manual. Melbourne, Australia: RocheMartin Institute.Google Scholar
Payne, W.L. (1986). A study of emotion: Developing emotional intelligence, self-integration, in relation to fear, pain, and desire. Dissertation Abstracts International, 47, 203.Google Scholar
Petrides, K.V., & Furnham, A. (2001). Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies. European Journal of Personality, 15, 425448.Google Scholar
Petrides, K.V., & Furnham, A. (2003). Trait emotional intelligence: Behavioural validation in two studies of emotion recognition and reactivity to mood induction. European Journal of Personality, 17, 3957.Google Scholar
Petrides, K.V., & Furnham, A. (2006). The role of trait emotional intelligence in a gender-specific model of organizational variables. Journal of Applied social Psychology, 36, 552569.Google Scholar
Petrides, K.V., Perez-Gonzales, J.C., & Furnham, A. (2007). On the criterion and incremental validity of trait emotional intelligence. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 2655.Google Scholar
Petrides, K.V., Pita, R., & Kokkinaki, F. (2007). The location of trait emotional intelligence in personality factor space. British Journal of Psychology, 98, 273289.Google Scholar
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J.D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9, 185211.Google Scholar
Schulte, M.J., Ree, M.J., & Carretta, T.R. (2004). Emotional intelligence: Not much more than g and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 10591068.Google Scholar
Schutte, N.S., Malouff, J.M., Thorsteinsson, E.B., Bhullar, N., & Rooke, S.E. (2007). A meta-analytic investigation of the relationship between emotional intelligence and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 921933.Google Scholar
Tafarodi, R.W., & Swann, W.B. Jr. (1995). Self-liking and self competence as dimensions of global self-esteem: Initial validation of a measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 65, 322342.Google Scholar
Thorndike, E.L. (1920). Intelligence and its uses. Harper's Magazine, 140, 227235.Google Scholar
Van Rooy, D.L., Alonso, A., & Viswesvaran, C. (2005). Group differences in emotional intelligence scores: Theoretical and practical implications. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 689700.Google Scholar
Van Rooy, D.L., Viswesvaran, C., & Pluta, P. (2005). An evaluation of construct validity: What is this thing called emotional intelligence? Human Performance, 18, 445462.Google Scholar