Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T09:21:22.421Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

PARTICIPATING PAYOUT LIFE ANNUITIES: LESSONS FROM GERMANY

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 June 2013

Raimond Maurer*
Affiliation:
Finance Department, Goethe University, Grueneburgplatz 1 (Uni-PF. H 23), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Ralph Rogalla
Affiliation:
Finance Department, Goethe University, Grueneburgplatz 1 (Uni-PF. H 23), Frankfurt am Main, Germany E-Mail: [email protected]
Ivonne Siegelin
Affiliation:
Finance Department, Goethe University, Grueneburgplatz 1 (Uni-PF. H 23), Frankfurt am Main, Germany E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract

This paper analyzes the framework of German participating payout life annuities (PLAs), which offer guaranteed minimum benefits as well as participation in insurers' surpluses. We show that the process of sharing surpluses between shareholders and policyholders follows transparent and consistent rules. Subsequently, we develop an asset-liability model for a stylized German life insurer that offers PLAs to evaluate benefit variability and insurer stability given stochastic mortality and capital market developments. Our results suggest that guaranteed benefits can be provided with high credibility via PLAs, while, at the same time, annuitants receive attractive money's worth ratios. Moreover, we show that it might be difficult to offer a fixed benefit annuity providing the same lifetime utility as a PLA for the same premium and a comparably low insolvency risk. Overall, PLA schemes may be an efficient way to deal with risk factors that are highly unpredictable and difficult to hedge over the long run, such as systematic longevity and investment risks.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © ASTIN Bulletin 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Albrecht, P. (1981) Gesetze der großen Zahlen und Ausgleich im Kollektiv – Bemerkungen zu Grundlagen der Versicherungsproduktion. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Versicherungswissenschaft, 71, 501538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albrecht, P. and Maurer, R. (2002) Self-annuitization, consumption shortfall in retirement, and asset allocation: The annuity benchmark. Journal of Pension Economics & Finance, 1, 269288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arrow, K.J. and Levhari, D. (1969) The uniqueness of the internal rate of return. The Economist Journal, 79 (135), 560566.Google Scholar
Assecurata (2004–2010) Market surveys 2004 to 2010, Cologne. URL: http://www.assekurata.de.Google Scholar
BaFin (2009–2011) Federal Financial Supervisory Authority. Annual Reports 2009 to 2011 including Statistics for Direct Insurers. URL: https://www.bafin.de.Google Scholar
Bibby, B.M. and Sørensen, M. (1995) Martingale estimating functions for discretely observed diffusion processes. Bernoulli, 1, 1739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohnert, A. and Gatzert, N. (2012) Analyzing surplus appropriation schemes in participating life insurance from the insurer's and the policyholder's perspective. Insurance: Mathematics & Economics, 50 (1), 6478.Google Scholar
Bohnert, A., Gatzert, N. and Jørgensen, P.L. (2012) Asset and liability composition in participating life insurance: The impact on shortfall risk and shareholder value. Working paper, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2116953.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boardman, T. (2006) Annuitization lessons from the UK: Money back annuities and other developments. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 73, 633646.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briys, E. and de Varenne, F. (1997) On the risk of insurance liabilities: Debunking some common pitfalls. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 64, 673694.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, J.R., Mitchell, O.S. and Poterba, J. (2001) The role of real annuities and indexed bonds in an individual accounts retirement program. In Risk Aspects of Investment-Based Social Security Reform (ed. Campbell, J.Y. and Feldstein, M.), pp. 321370. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cummins, J.D. (1991) Statistical and financial models of insurance pricing and the insurance firm. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 58, 261302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denuit, M., Haberman, S. and Renshaw, A. (2011) Longevity-indexed life annuities. North American Actuarial Journal, 15, 97111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, T., May, A. and Walther, B. (2003) Anpassung eines CIR-1-Modells zur Simulation der Zinsstrukturkurve. Blätter der DGVFM 2 (XXVI), 193206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gatzert, N. and Kling, A. (2007) Analysis of participating life insurance contracts: A unification approach. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 74 (3), 547570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gatzert, N. (2008) Asset management and surplus distribution strategies in life insurance: An examination with respect to risk pricing and risk measurement. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 42 (2), 839849.Google Scholar
GDV (German Insurance Federation) (2011) German life insurance in numbers. Business development 2010, Berlin.Google Scholar
Goldsticker, R. (2007) A mutual fund yield annuity-like benefit. Financial Analysts Journal, 63, 6367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerstner, T., Griebel, M., Holtz, M., Goschnick, R. and Haep, M. (2008) A general asset–liability management model for the efficient simulation of portfolios of life insurance policies. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 42, 704716.Google Scholar
Grosen, A. and Jørgensen, P.L. (2000) Fair valuation of life insurance liabilities. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 26, 3757.Google Scholar
Grosen, A. and Jørgensen, P.L. (2002) Life insurance liabilities at market value. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 69 (1), 6391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guillén, M., Jørgensen, P.L. and Nielsen, J.P. (2006) Return smoothing mechanisms in life and pension insurance: Path-dependent contingent claims. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 38 (2), 229252.Google Scholar
Gründl, H., Post, T. and Schulze, R.N. (2006) To hedge or not to hedge: Managing demographic risk in life insurance companies. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 73, 1941.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IRI (Ed.) (2011) IRI Fact Book: A Guide to Information, Trends and Data in the Retirement Income Industry (10th edn). Washington, DC: Insured Retirement Institute.Google Scholar
Kaschützke, B. and Maurer, R. (2011) The private life annuity market in Germany: Products and money's worth ratios. In Securing Lifelong Retirement Income, Global Annuity Markets and Policy (ed. Mitchell, O.S., Piggott, J. and Takayama, N.), pp. 131158. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kling, A., Richter, A. and Ruß, J. (2007) The interaction of guarantees, surplus distribution, and asset allocation in with profit life insurance policies. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 40, 164178.Google Scholar
Lee, R.D. and Carter, L.R. (1992) Modeling and forecasting US mortality. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 87 (419), 659671.Google Scholar
Maurer, R., Mitchell, O.S., Rogalla, R. and Kartashov, V. (2013) Lifecycle portfolio choice with systematic longevity risk and variable investment-linked deferred annuities. Journal of Risk and Insurance, DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6975.2012.01502.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, D. and Mitchell, O.S. (2010) International adverse selection in life insurance and annuities. International Studies in Population, 8, 119135.Google Scholar
Miltersen, K.R. and Persson, S.-A. (2003) Guaranteed investment contracts: Distributed and undistributed excess return. Scandinavian Actuarial Journal, 2003 (4), 257279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, O.S., Poterba, J., Warshawsky, M. and Brown, J.R. (1999) New evidence on the money's worth of individual annuities. American Economic Review, 89, 12991318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ogborn, M.E. and Wallas, G.E. (1955) Deferred annuities with participation in profits. Journal of the Institute of Actuaries, 81, 261299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piggott, J., Valdez, E. and Detzel, B. (2005) The simple analytics of a pooled annuity fund. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 72, 497521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richter, A. and Weber, F. (2011) Mortality-indexed annuities: Managing longevity risk via product design. North American Actuarial Journal, 15, 212236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rocha, R., Vittas, D. and Rudolph, H. (2011) Annuities and Other Retirement Products: Designing the Payout Phase. The World Bank.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanskanen, A.J. and Lukkarinen, J. (2003) Fair valuation of path-dependent participating life insurance contracts. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 33 (3), 595609.Google Scholar
Weil, R.L. and Fisher, L. (1974) TIAA/CREF, Who gets what? An analysis of wealth transfers in a variable annuity. Journal of Business, 47, 6787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfsdorf, K. (1997) Versicherungsmathematik, Teil 1 Personenversicherungsmathematik. Teubner, Stuttgart.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zemp, A. (2011) Risk comparison of different bonus distribution approaches in participating life insurance. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 49, 249264.Google Scholar