Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-d8cs5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-12T11:30:17.082Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Principles of Asian Contract Law at the Crossroads of Standardization and Legal Pluralism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 September 2021

A. Grebieniow
A. Grebieniow*
Affiliation:
Warsaw Centre for Transnational Law, Faculty of Law, University of Warsaw
*
E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Principles of Asian Contract Law (PACL) are the most recent addition to the series of uniform laws regarding transnational commercial contracts. This time, the harmonization initiative must address the problem of a great variety of legal traditions, all of which are quite difficult to reconcile. The author focuses on the object and objectives of the PACL by reconsidering the notion of “Asian law” and the alleged cultural neutrality of contract law as a legal discipline. The paper argues that the PACL project lacks clarity. Its ambitious objectives, while apparently intelligible, fail to produce the desired results in their entirety: the Asian regional harmonization of contract law turns out to resemble its occidental forerunners. The study goes beyond the traditional comparative law. It explores the model law (in the making) in a broader context of legal policy, parallel regional private-law-making efforts in the field of contract law as well as in the context of legal globalization.

Keywords

Asian lawtransnational lawsoft lawcontract lawharmonizationlegal pluralism
Type
Research Article
Information
Asian Journal of Law and Society , Volume 10 , Issue 2 , June 2023 , pp. 306 - 338
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Asian Journal of Law and Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acharya, Amitav (2010) “Asia Is Not One.” 69 The Journal of Asian Studies 1001–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allan, David E., ed. (1969) Asian Contract Law: A Survey of Current Problems, Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.Google Scholar
Andrews, Neil H., & Fan Yang (2016) Contract Law in Hong Kong: A Comparative Analysis, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Antons, Christoph (2016) “Japan as a Model? Comparing Law and Development in Japan, Singapore, and Indonesia,” in Antons, Chr., ed., Law and Development in East and Southeast Asia, London/New York: Routledge, 216–48.Google Scholar
Antons, Christoph, ed. (2017a) Routledge Handbook on Asian Law, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Antons, Christoph (2017b) “What Is Asian Law? Asia in Law, the Humanities and Social Sciences,” in Antons, Chr., ed., Routledge Handbook of Asian Law, London: Routledge, 3–27.Google Scholar
Barnes, William, Gartland, Myles, & Martin, Stack (2004) “Old Habits Die Hard: Path Dependency and Behavioral Lock-In.” 38 Journal of Economic Issues 371–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baxi, Upendra (2003) “The Colonialist Heritage,” in Legrand, P. & Murray, R., eds., Comparative Legal Studies. Traditions and Transitions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 46–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, Gary F. (2005) “Harmonisation of Contract Law in Asia—Harmonising Regionally or Adopting Global Harmonisations—the Example of CISG.” Singapore Journal of Legal Studies 362–72.Google Scholar
Bell, Gary F., ed. (2017) Pluralism, Transnationalism and Culture in Asian Law: A Book in Honour of M.B. Hooker, Singapore: ISEAS—Yusof Ishak Institute.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, Gary F. (2019) “The Civil Law, the Common Law, and the English Language—Challenges and Opportunities in Asia.” 14 Asian Journal of Comparative Law S29–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berman, Harold J. (1983) Law and Revolution: The Formation of Western Legal Tradition, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Berman, Harold J. (2000) “The Western Legal Tradition in a Millennial Perspective: Past and Future.” 60 Louisiana Law Review 739–63.Google Scholar
Black, Ann E., & Bell, Gary F. (2011a) “Introduction,” in Black, E. A. & Bell, G. F., eds., Law and Legal Institutions of Asia—Traditions, Adaptations and Innovation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, Ann E., & Bell, Gary F., eds. (2011b) Law and Legal Institutions of Asia—Traditions, Adaptations and Innovation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre (1986) “The Forms of Capital,” in Richardson, J. G., ed., Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, New York: Greenwood, 241–58.Google Scholar
Bourgon, Jérôme (2020) “Historians at the Court: How Cultural Expertise in Qing Law Contributes to the Invention of Hong Kong’s ‘Chinese Customary Law’.” 38 Law & History Review 85–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castellucci, Ignazio (2012) “Legal Hybridity in Hong Kong and Macau.” 57 McGill Law Journal 665–720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cauquelin, Josiane, Paul, Lim, & Birgit, Mayer-König, eds. (2013) Asian Values: Encounter with Diversity, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chen, Jianfu (2009) “Modernisation, Westernisation and Globalisation: Legal Transplant in China,” in Oliveira, J. C. & Cardinal, P., eds., One Country, Two Systems, Three Legal Orders—Perspectives of Evolution, Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer, 91–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Kuan-hsing (2010b) Asia as a Method: Toward Deimperialization, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Chen, Lei (2010a) “The Historical Development of the Civil Law Tradition in China: A Private Law Perspective.” 78 The Legal History Review 159–81.Google Scholar
Chen, Lei, & Larry, DiMatteo (2018) “History of Chinese Contract Law,” in Chen, L. & DiMatteo, L., eds., Chinese Civil Law: Civil and Common Law Perspectives, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3–26.Google Scholar
Chen-Wishart, Mindy (2013) “Legal Transplant and Undue Influence: Lost in Translation or a Working Misunderstanding?” 62 International & Comparative Law Quarterly 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen-Wishart, Mindy (2016) “Comparative Asian Contract Law on the Remedies for Breach of Contract: Transplant, Convergence, and Divergence,” in Chen-Wishart, M., Loke, A., & Ong, B., eds., Studies in the Contract Law of Asia I: Remedies for the Breach of Contract, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 400–30.Google Scholar
Chen-Wishart, Mindy, Alexander, Loke, & Burton, Ong (2016a) “Foreword,” in Chen-Wishart, M., Loke, A., & Ong, B., eds., Studies in the Contract Law of Asia I: Remedies for the Breach of Contract, Oxford: Oxford University Press, VII–IX.Google Scholar
Chen-Wishart, Mindy, Alexander, Loke, & Burton, Ong (2016b) “Introduction,” in Chen-Wishart, M., Loke, A., & Ong, B., eds., Studies in the Contract Law of Asia I: Remedies for the Breach of Contract, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1–20.Google Scholar
Chen-Wishart, Mindy, Alexander, Loke, & Stefan, Vogenauer (2018) “Introduction,” in Chen-Wishart, M., Loke, A., & Vogenauer, S., eds., Studies in the Contract Law of Asia II: Formation and Third Party Beneficiaries, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiba, Masaji (2013) “Introduction,” in Chiba, M., ed., Asian Indigenous Law: An Interaction With Received Law, 2nd edn, London/New York: Routledge, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comparato, Guido (2014) Nationalism and Private Law in Europe, Oxford/Portland, OR: Hart.Google Scholar
Cuniberti, Georges (2011) Grands systèmes de droit contemporains, 2nd edn, Paris: LGDJ.Google Scholar
Darian-Smith, Eve, & Patrick, Fitzpatrick, eds. (1999) Laws of the Postcolonial, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, Norman (1996) Europe: A History, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
De Elizalde, Francisco, ed. (2018) Uniform Rules for European Contract Law? A Critical Assessment, Oxford/London/New York/New Delhi/Sydney: Hart.Google Scholar
De Sousa Santos, Boaventura (2000) Toward a New Common Sense. Law, Globalization, and Emancipation, 2nd edn, London: Butterworths LexisNexis.Google Scholar
Deffains, Bruno (2016) “The Economics of Legal Harmonisation and Legal Convergence,” in Y.-Ch. Shen, Chang W., & Wang, W.-Y., eds., Private Law in China and Taiwan, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 39–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delanty, Gerard (2006) Europe and Asia beyond East and West, London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiMatteo, Larry A., & Jingen, Wang (2018) “CCL and CISG. A Comparative Analysis of Formation, Performance and Breach,” in Chen, L. & DiMatteo, L. A., eds., Chinese Contract Law: Civil and Common Law Perspectives, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 466–500.Google Scholar
Druzin, Brian (2009) “Buying Commercial Law: Choice of Law, Choice of Forum, and Network Externalities.” 28 Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law 131–76.Google Scholar
Druzin, Brian (2017a) “Towards a Theory of Spontaneous Legal Standardization.” 8 Journal of International Dispute Settlement 403–31.Google Scholar
Druzin, Brian (2017b) “Why Does Soft Law Have any Power Anyway?” 7 Asian Journal of International Law 361–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duara, Prasenjit (2010) “Asia Redux: Conceptualizing a Region for Our Times.” 69 Journal of Asian Studies 963–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durovic, Mateja (2018a) “European Contract Law and Asian Contract Law,” in de Elizalde, F., ed., Uniform Rules for European Contract Law? A Critical Assessment, Oxford/London/New York/New Delhi/Sydney: Hart, 191–204.Google Scholar
Durovic, Mateja (2018b) “Harmonization of Contract Law in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia: What Can Be Learned from the CISG and the ECL Experience?” 7 Global Journal of Comparative Law 207–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duve, Thomas (2018) “Legal Traditions: A Dialogue Between Comparative Law and Comparative Legal History.” 6 Comparative Legal History 15–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frankopan, Peter (2018) New Silk Roads: The Present and Future of the World, New York: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Fu, Junwei (2011) Modern European and Chinese Contract Law: A Comparative Study of Party Autonomy, Aleph ann Rijn: Wolter Kluwer.Google Scholar
Gerkens, Jean-François (2007) Droit privé compare, Brussels: Éditions Larcier.Google Scholar
Giaro, Tomasz (2011) “Legal Tradition of Eastern Europe: Its Rise and Demise, Comparative Law Review (Special Issue: The Construction of Legal Traditions).” 2 Comparative Law Review 1–24.Google Scholar
Giraudou, Isabelle (2009) “L’assistence juridique japonaise aux pays dits ‘émergents’ d’Asie.” 7 Transcontinentales 47–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glenn, H. Patrick (1987) “Persuasive Authority.” 32 McGill Law Journal 261–98.Google Scholar
Glenn, H. Patrick (2005) On Common Laws, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Glenn, H. Patrick (2014) Legal Traditions of the World, 5th edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glenn, H. Patrick (2017) “Asian Thought and Legal Diversity,” in Bell, G. F., ed., Pluralism, Transnationalism and Culture in Asian Law: A Book in Honour of M.B. Hooker, Singapore: ISEAS—Yusof Ishak Institute, 31–51.Google Scholar
Glenn, H. Patrick (2019) “Comparative Legal Families and Comparative Legal Traditions,” in Reimann, M. & Zimmermann, R., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law, 2nd edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 423–41.Google Scholar
Gold, Thomas, Doug, Guthrie, & David, Wank (2002a) “An Introduction to the Study of Guanxi,” in Gold, Th., Guthrie, D., & Wank, D., eds., Social Connections in China: Institutions, Culture and the Changing Nature of Guanxi, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gold, Thomas, Doug, Guthrie, & David, Wank, eds. (2002b) Social Connections in China: Institutions, Culture and the Changing Nature of Guanxi, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, David B. (2008) Globalisation and the Western Legal Tradition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goode, Roy, Herbert, Kronke, & Ewan, McKendrick (2007) Transnational Commercial Law: Text, Cases and Materials, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kwai, Han NG, & Brynna, Jacobson (2017) “How Global Is the Common Law? A Comparative Study of Asian Common Law Systems—Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Singapore.” 12 Asian Journal of Comparative Law 209–32.Google Scholar
Han, Shiyuan (2012) “A Snapshot of Chinese Contract Law From An Historical and Comparative Perspective,” in Chen, L. & Remco, van Rhee, eds., Towards a Chinese Civil Code: Comparative and Historical Perspectives, Leiden/Boston: Brill, 235–55.Google Scholar
Han, Shiyuan (2013) “Principles of Asian Contract Law: An Endeavour of Regional Harmonisation of Contract Law.” 58 Villanova Law Review 589–600.Google Scholar
Han, Shiyuan (2014) “Civil Law Codification in China: Its Characteristics, Social Functions and Future,” in W.-Y. Wang, ed., Codification in East Asia. Selected Papers from the 2nd IACL Thematic Conference, Cham/Heidelberg/New York/Dordrecht/London: Springer, 201–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, Andrew (2002) “Comparative Public Law: Some Lessons from South East Asia,” in Örücü, E. & Harding, A., eds., Comparative Law in the 21st Century, London/The Hague/New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 249–66.Google Scholar
Heckendorn Urscheler, Lukas (2010) “Multidimensional Hybridity: Nepali Law From a Comparative Perspective,” in Cashin Ritaine, E., Dolnan, S. P., & Sychold, M., eds., Comparative Law and Hybrid Legal Traditions, Zurich/Basel/Geneva: Schulthess, 55–72.Google Scholar
Hiscock, Mary E. (2016) “The Universality of Good Faith and Moral Behaviour: A Challenge for the Principles of Asian Contract Law,” in Ch.-f. Lo, N. Li, & T.-y. Lin, eds., Legal Thoughts Between the East and the West in the Multilevel Legal Order, Singapore: Springer, 355–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ho, Norman P. (2020) “Confucianism and Chinese Law, Past and Present,” http://www.law.cuhk.edu.hk/en/multimedia/greater_china_legal_history_seminar_series_1_full.php (accessed 23 March 2020).Google Scholar
Hooker, M. Barry (2002) “Law and the Chinese Outside China,” in Hooker, M. B., ed., Law and the Chinese in Southeast Asia, Singapore: ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute, 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Husa, Jaakko (2015) A New Introduction to Comparative Law, Oxford/Portland, OR: Hart.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Husa, Jaakko (2018) Advanced Introduction to Law & Globalisation, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huxley, Andrew (2006) “Buddhist Law, Asian Law, Eurasian Law.” 1 Journal of Comparative Law 158–64.Google Scholar
ICC (2019) “2019 ICC Dispute Resolution Statistics,” https://iccwbo.org/publication/icc-dispute-resolution-statistics/ (accessed 23 March 2020).Google Scholar
Igarashi, Kiyoshi (2003) “Gibt es einen ostasiatischen Rechtskreis?,” in Ascheri, M. et al., eds., Ins Wasser geworfen und Ozeane durchquert: Festschrift für Knut Wolfgang Nörr, Köln: Böhlau, 419–30.Google Scholar
Jacques, Martin (2012) When China Rules the World: The End of Western World and the Birth of a New Global Order, 2nd edn, London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Jansen, Nils (2010) The Making of Legal Authority, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janssen, André, & Chau, Samuel C. K. (2018) “The Impact of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts on Chinese Contract Law: Past, Present and Future,” in Chen, L. & DiMatteo, L. A., eds., Chinese Contract Law: Civil and Common Law Perspectives, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 447–65.Google Scholar
Jessup, Philipp C (1956) Transnational Law, New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Johnston, Graeme, & Paul, Harris, eds. (2017) The Conflict of Laws in Hong Kong, 3rd edn, Hong Kong: Sweet&Maxwell.Google Scholar
Ka, Jungjoon (2014) “Introduction to PACL.” 17 Revue juridique polynésienne: Hors série 55–65.Google Scholar
Kanayama, Naoki (2010) “PACL (Principles of Asian Civil/Commercial Law).” 1 Revue des contrats 995–1006.Google Scholar
Kanayama, Naoki (2012) “PACL (Principles of Asian Civil Law),” in Moore, B., ed., Mélanges Jean-Louis Baudouin, Québec: Éditions Yvon Blais, 393–419.Google Scholar
Kanayama, Naoki (2014) “PACL (Principles of Asian Contract Law),” in Jaluzot, B., ed., Droit japonais, droit français: Quel dialogue?, Genève: Schulthess, 185–96.Google Scholar
Kaufmann Winn, Jane (1994) “Relational Practices and the Marginalization of Law: Informal Financial Practices of Small Business in Taiwan.” 28 Law & Society Review 193–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Kap-You (2016) “Keynote Address,” in Y. J. Lee, ed., “A Study on Draft Articles of Asian Contract Law: Performance & Non-Performance II.” 7 Asia Private Law Review Special 1–3.Google Scholar
Kim, Sang Yong (2004) “The Necessity and the Methodology of Studies on Asian Law.” 1 Asia Law Review 1–19.Google Scholar
Kischel, Uwe (2019) Comparative Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kitagawa, Zentaro (2008) “Development of Comparative Law in East Asia,” in Reimann, M. & Zimmermann, R., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 237–60.Google Scholar
Kötz, Hein (2017) European Contract Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroppenberg, Inge, & Nikolaus, Linder (2014) “Coding the Nation. Codification History from a (Post-)Global Perspective,” in Duve, Th., ed., Entanglements in Legal History: Conceptual Approaches, Frankfurt a.M.: Max Planck Institute for European Legal History, 67–100.Google Scholar
Lasaballett, Eliezer Sanchez (2019) “Conceptualizing Harmonization: The Case for Contract Law.” 24 Uniform Law Review 73–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Tahirih V., ed. (1997) Contract, Guanxi, and Dispute Resolution in China, New York/London: Garland Publishing.Google Scholar
Lee, Young Jun (2010) “Introduction to the Draft Articles,” in Y. J. Lee, ed., “Draft Articles Non-Performance of Contract for Principles of Asian Contract Law.” 4 Asia Private Law Review 3–12.Google Scholar
Lee, Young Jun (2015) “Characteristics of Non-Performance for Principles of Asian Contract Law (Drafts),” http://uncitralrcap.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/0604_session3_1_English_Young-June-Lee.pdf (accessed 12 September 2019).Google Scholar
Lee, Young Jun (2016) “Preface,” in Y. J. Lee, ed., “A Study on Draft Articles of Asian Contract Law. Performance & Non-Performance II.” 7 Asia Private Law Review Special II–VII.Google Scholar
Legeais, Raymond (2008) Grands systèmes de droit contemporains: Approche comparative, Paris: LGDJ.Google Scholar
Legrand, Pierre (1997) “Against a European Civil Code.” 60 Modern Law Review 44–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leng, Jeng, & Wei, Shen (2016) “The Evolution of Contract Law in China,” in Y.-Ch. Chang, Shen, W., & Wang, W.-Y., eds., Private Law in China and Taiwan, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 63–99.Google Scholar
Li, Bin (2017) “Comparative Law in Modern China’s Legal Development,” in Besson, S., Heckendorn Urscheler, L., & Jubé, S., eds., Comparing Comparative Law, Genève/Zurich/Bâle: Schulthess, 181–6.Google Scholar
Liang, Huixing, ed. (2010) The Draft Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China: English Translation, Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ling, Bing (2002) Contract Law in China, Hong Kong/Singapore/Malaysia: Sweet&Maxwell Asia.Google Scholar
Luo, Wei (1999) The Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China with English Translation and Introduction, Buffalo, NY: William s Hein & Co.Google Scholar
Ma Tao-li, Geoffrey, & Neil, Kaplan, eds. (2017) Arbitration In Hong Kong: A Practical Guide, 4th edn, Hong Kong: Sweet&Maxwell.Google Scholar
MacCormack, Geoffrey (1996) The Spirit of Traditional Chinese Law, Athens/London: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Markesinis, Basil, & Jörg, Fedtke (2009) Engaging with Foreign Law, Oxford/Portland, OR: Hart.Google Scholar
Mattei, Ugo (1997) Comparative Law and Economics, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGregor, Richard (2017) Asia’a Reckoning: The Struggle for Global Dominance, London: Viking.Google Scholar
Menski, Werner (2006) Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa, 2nd ed, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menski, Werner (2007) “Beyond Europe,” in Örücü, E. & Nelken, D., eds., Comparative Law: A Handbook, Oxford, Portland, OR: Hart, 189–216.Google Scholar
Merryman, John H., Clark, David S., & Haley, John O. (1994) The Civil Law Tradition: Europe, Latin America and East Asia, Charlottesville, VA: The Michie Company.Google Scholar
Michaels, Ralf (2016) “Transnationalizing Comparative Law.” 23 Maastricht Journal of European & Comparative Law 352–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michaels, Ralf (2018) “How Asian Should Asian Law Be? An Outsider’s View,” 58 Duke Law School Public Law & Legal Theory Series, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3251431 (accessed 11 June 2019).Google Scholar
Millner, Anthony, & Deborah, Johnson (2001) “The Idea of Asia,” ANU Open Research Repository, https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41891/1/idea.html (accessed 13 November 2019).Google Scholar
Miyazawa, Setsuo (2013) “Where Are We Now and Where Should We Head For? A Reflection on the Place of East Asia on the Map of Socio-Legal Studies.” 22 Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal 113–40.Google Scholar
Muir Watt, Horatia (2019) “Globalization and Comparative Law,” in Reimann, M. & Zimmermann, R., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law, 2nd edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 599–623.Google Scholar
Müller-Chen, Markus, Christoph, Müller, & Corinne, Widmer-Lüchinger, eds. (2015) Comparative Private Law, Zurich/St. Gall: Dike.Google Scholar
Myanmar-Law-Library.org (2017) “Principles of Asian Contract Law,” https://myanmar-law-library.org/IMG/pdf/principles_of_asian_contract_law_-_pacl.pdf (accessed 11 June 2019).Google Scholar
Nottage, Luke (2019) “The Development of Comparative Law in Japan,” in Reimann, M. & Zimmermann, R., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law, 2nd edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 201–27.Google Scholar
Phang Boon Leong, Andrew, ed., (2012) The Law of Contract in Singapore, Singapore: Academy Publishing.Google Scholar
Potter, Pitman B. (2001) The Chinese Legal System: Globalization and Local Legal Culture, London/New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Potter, Pitman B. (2002) “Guanxi and the PRC Legal System: From Contradiction to Complementarity,” in Th. Gold, Guthrie, D., & Wank, D., eds., Social Connections in China: Institutions, Culture and the Changing Nature of Guanxi, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 179–96.Google Scholar
Powell, Richard (2016) “Unbalanced Bilingualism, Diglossia and Class Division in Postcolonial Law.” 1 International Journal of Legal Discourse 295–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reyes, Anselmo (2010) “From Uncommon Asian Laws to a Ius Commune.” 40 Hong Kong Law Journal 805–13.Google Scholar
Robertson, Roland T. (1995) “Glocalization: Time-Space and Homogeneity-Heterogeneity,” in Featherstone, M., Lash, S. M., & Robertson, R. T., eds., Global Modernities, London: Sage, 25–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roseth, Arthur, Lucie, Cheng, & Margaret, Woo (2003) East Asian Law: Universal Norms and Local Cultures, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ruskola, Teemu (2002) “Legal Orientalism.” 101 Michigan Law Review 179–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruskola, Teemu (2011) “Where Is Asia? When Is Asia? Theorizing Comparative Law and International Law.” 44 UC Davis Law Review 879–96.Google Scholar
Ruskola, Teemu (2012) “East Asian Legal Tradition,” in Bussani, M. & Mattei, U., eds., The Cambridge Companion to Comparative Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 257–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruskola, Teemu (2013) Legal Orientalism: China, the United States and Modern Law, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saaler, Sven, & Victor Koschmann, J. (2007) Pan-Asianism in Modern Japanese History, London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saprai, Prince (2016) “The Convergence of Contract Law in Europe and the Problem of Legitimacy: A Common Lawyer’s Perspective.” 12 European Review of Contract Law 96–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulze, Reiner, & Fryderyk, Zoll (2018) European Contract Law, 2nd edn, Baden-Baden: C.H. Beck-Hart-Nomos.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwenzer, Ingeborg (2014) “Regional and Global Unification of Contract Law,” in M. Keyes & Th. Wilson, eds., Codifying Contract Law: International and Consumer Law Perspectives, London: Routledge, 39–55.Google Scholar
Shan, Wenhua, Kimmo, Nuotio, & Kangle, Zhang, eds. (2018) Normative Readings of the Belt and Road Initiative: Road to New Paradigms, Cham: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siems, Mathias (2016) “Comparative Law in the 22nd Century.” 23 Maastricht Journal of European & Comparative Law 359–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siems, Mathias (2018) Comparative Law, 2nd edn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singapore Academy of Law (2020) “Study on Governing Law and Jurisdictional Choices in Cross-Border Transactions,” https://www.sal.org.sg/Portals/0/PDF%20Files/Newsroom/News_Release_PSL%20Survey_2019_Appendix_A.pdf?ver=2019–04–17–151427–870 (accessed 23 March 2020).Google Scholar
Skylar Mastro, Oriana (2019) “The Stealth Superpower: How China Hid Its Global Ambitions.” 98 Foreign Affairs 31–9.Google Scholar
Smits, Jan M. (2002) The Making of European Private Law: Toward a Ius Commune Europaeum as a Mixed Legal System, Antwerpen: Intersentia.Google Scholar
Smits, Jan M. (2012a) “Codification in Europe and China: What Makes Contract Law Special?” in Chen, L. & Remco, van Rhee, eds., Towards a Chinese Civil Code: Comparative and Historical Perspectives, Leiden/Boston: Brill, 257–71.Google Scholar
Smits, Jan M. (2012b) The Mind and Method of the Legal Academic, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smits, Jan M. (2017) Contract Law. A Comparative Introduction, 2nd edn, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
Tai, Benny Yiu Ting (2011) “Hong Kong. Maintaining a Common Law Legal System in a Non-Western Culture,” in Black, E. A. & Bell, G. F., eds., Law and Legal Institutions of Asia—Traditions, Adaptations and Innovation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 62–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takeuchi, Yoshimi (2005) “Asia as a Method,” in Calichan, R. F., ed., What Is Modernity? Writings of Takeuchi Yoshimi, New York: Columbia University Press, 149–66.Google Scholar
Tan, Poh-Ling (1997) Asian Legal Systems: Law, Society and Pluralism in East Asia, Sydney/Adelaide/Brisbane/Canberra/Melbourne/Perth: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Theo, Victor (2019) Japan’s Arduous Rejuvenation as a Global Power, Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trebilcock, Michael, & Jing, Leng (2006) “The Role of Formal Contract Law and Enforcement in Economic Development.” 92 Virginia Law Review 1517–80.Google Scholar
Tu, Weiming (2019) “Confucianism,” https://www.britannica.com/topic/Confucianism (accessed 23 July 2020).Google Scholar
UN Statistics Division (2020) “Methodology: Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use,” https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/ (accessed 11 June 2019).Google Scholar
UNCITRAL (2020) “Status: UN Convention on CISG,” http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/sale_goods/1980CISG_status.html (accessed 14 June 2019).Google Scholar
UNIDROIT (2020) “UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts 2016,” https://www.unidroit.org/instruments/commercial-contracts/unidroit-principles-2016 (accessed 23 March 2020).Google Scholar
Van Creveld, Martin (1999) The Rise and Decline of the State, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogenauer, Stefan (2010) “Common Frame of Reference and UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts: Coexistence, Competition or Overkill of Soft Law?” 6 European Review of Contract Law 143–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogenauer, Stefan (2015) “Introduction,” in Kleinheisterkamp, J. & Vogenauer, S., eds., Commentary on the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1–30.Google Scholar
Von Senger, Harro (2012) “Gastbeitrag zum ‘Sinomarxismus’,” in M. Senn, ed., Rechts- und Gesellschaftsphilosophie: Historische Fundamente der europäischen, nordamerikanischen, indischen sowie chinesischen Rechtsphilosophie. Eine Einführung mit Quellenmaterialien, Zürich-St. Gallen: Dike, 257–88.Google Scholar
Wang, Hui (2010) “The Idea of Asia and Its Ambiguities.” 69 Journal of Asian Studies 985–9.Google Scholar
Wang, Tay-Sheng (2014) “The Influence of Japanese Law on Taiwan Law,” in Haley, J. O. & Takenaka, T., eds., Legal Innovations in Asia: Judicial Lawmaking and the Influence of Comparative Law, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 233–42.Google Scholar
Wang, Wen-Yeu, & Yen-Lin Agnes Chiu (2014) “The Defining Characteristics of the Legal Family in East Asia,” in W.-Y. Wang, ed., Codification in East Asia: Selected Papers from the 2nd IACL Thematic Conference, Cham/Heidelberg/New York/Dordrecht/London: Springer, 3–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, Thomas H., & Bühler, Michael W. (2018) Handbook on ICC Arbitration: Commentary and Materials, 4th edn, London: Sweet&Maxwell.Google Scholar
Werro, Franz (2017) “How to Engage in Legal Comparison: A Reaction,” in Besson, S., Heckendorn Urscheler, L., & Jubé, S., eds., Comparing Comparative Law, Geneva/Zurich: Schulthess, 163–79.Google Scholar
Zhang, Mo (2006) Chinese Contract Law: Theory and Practice, Leiden/Boston: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmermann, Reinhard (2001) Roman Law, Contemporary Law, European Law: The Civilian Tradition Today, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zin, Shahrizal M. (2018) “Legalisation of International Arbitration in Asia: Pawing the Way for Cultural Homogenisation?,” in Bhatia, V. K. et al., eds., International Arbitration Discourse and Practices in Asia, London/New York: Routledge, 189–203.Google Scholar
Zou, Mimi (2018) An Introduction to Chinese Contract Law, Hong Kong/Singapore/Malaysia/India: LexisNexis.Google Scholar
Zweigert, Konrad, & Hein, Kötz (1998) An Introduction to Comparative Law, 3rd edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar