Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T03:27:09.809Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Do Hybrid Legal Systems Matter in Foreign Legal-Aid Programmes? Some Philosophical Aspects of Legal Aid in Uzbekistan as Provided by the Donor States

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 October 2021

Aziz Ismatov*
Affiliation:
Nagoya University Center for Asian Legal Exchange

Abstract

Since the fall of socialism in Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, and some states of Southeast Asia, the international financial institutions and individual donor states have initiated wide-scale legal-aid programmes to assist these states in their transition from socialism to a market economy. Whereas the aid from financial institutions vis-à-vis recipient states is often agreed upon specific conditionalities, the donor states design their foreign legal aid according to individual preferences, although sometimes with references to universal goals. Currently, various donor states provide legal aid to Uzbekistan. Given the fact that Uzbekistan is the former Soviet Republic that still bears multiple traces of a socialist legal system and additionally integrates indigenous informal law, this research provides an analysis of how different donor states base their legal-aid activities on entirely different philosophies and levels of gravity, and how receptive the hybrid structure of Uzbekistan’s law is towards such aid.

Type
Legal transplants in contemporary Asia
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Asian Journal of Law and Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aikyo, Masanori (2005) “Human Rights and Democracy in Vietnam: Some Thoughts on the Philosophy of Legal Assistance,” in Matsuura, Y., ed., The Role of Law in Development Past, Present and Future, Nagoya: Nagoya University CALE Books 2, 71–9.Google Scholar
Ajani, Gianmaria (1995) “By Chance and Prestige: Legal Transplants in Russia and Eastern Europe.” 43 American Journal of Comparative Law 93118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunce, Valerie J., & Wolchik, Sharon L. (2011) Defeating Authoritarian Leaders in Postcommunist Countries, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burnell, Peter J. (1997) Foreign Aid in a Changing World, Buckingham: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Center for Asian Legal Exchange (2020) http://cale.law.nagoya-u.ac.jp/index_eng.html (accessed 1 February 2020).Google Scholar
Council of the European Union (2007) “The EU and Central Asia: Strategy for a New Partnership,” https://www.europarl.europa.eu/delegations/en/the-eu-and-central-asia-strategy-for-a-n/product-details/20200319DPU24823 (accessed 4 January 2021).Google Scholar
Diamond, Larry (1992) “Promoting Democracy.” 87 Foreign Policy 2546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doklad o Verkhovenstve Prava [The Rule of Law Report] (2011) CDL-AD(2011)003rev. Venice.Google Scholar
European Commission (2019) “Joint Communication to the European Parliament and the Council. The EU and Central Asia: New Opportunities for a Stronger Partnership,” https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/joint_communication_-_the_eu_and_central_asia_-_new_opportunities_for_a_stronger_partnership.pdf (accessed 4 January 2021).Google Scholar
Finkel, Steven E., Perez-Linan, Anibal, & Seligson, Mitchell A. (2007) “The Effects of U.S. Foreign Assistance on Democracy Building, 1990–2003.” 59 World Politics 404–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, Lawrence M. (1969) “Legal Culture and Social Development.” 4 Law & Society Review 2944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geiss, Paul (2001) “Legal Culture and Political Reforms in Central Asia.” 6 Central Asia and Caucasis 114–25.Google Scholar
Gevorkyan, Aleksandr V. (2018) Transition Economies: Transformation, Development, and Society in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gruss, Hans Jurgen (2000) “The World Bank” Presented at the International Symposium on Legal Assistance Projects in Asia and International Cooperation, Graduate School of Law, Nagoya, Japan, 13–14 September 2000.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, Katharina (2010) “The EU in Central Asia: Successful Good Governance Promotion?” 31 Third World Quarterly 87103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ichihashi, Katsuya (2005) “Law and Legal Assistance in Uzbekistan,” in Matsuura, Y., ed., The Role of Law in Development Past, Present and Future, Nagoya: Nagoya University CALE Books 2, 41–9.Google Scholar
Ichihara, Maiko (2017) Japan’s International Democracy Assistance as Soft Power: Neoclassical Realist Analysis, London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inaba, Kazuo (2008) “Houseibishien Jigyou No Ima [Current Legal-Technical Initiatives].” 1358 Jurisuti [Jurist] 28.Google Scholar
Institut für Ostrecht München (2020) https://www.ostrecht.de/ (accessed 2 June 2020).Google Scholar
Ishikawa, Shigeru, & Hara, Yonosuke (1999) Vietnam No Shijo Keizai Ka [Vietnam’s Marketization], Tokyo: Toyo Keizai Shinposha.Google Scholar
Ismatov, Aziz (2019) “Legal Education in Uzbekistan: Historical Overview and Challenges of Transition,” Cale Discussion Paper 18, Nagoya University Center for Asian Legal Exchange.Google Scholar
Ismatov, Aziz, & Alimdjanov, Sardor (2018) “Developmental Trajectory of Mahalla Laws in Uzbekistan: From Soft Law to Statutory Law.” 4 Nagoya University Asian Law Bulletin 128.Google Scholar
JICA (2008) “Commentary of the Bankruptcy Law of Uzbekistan,” https://www.jica.go.jp/uzbekistan/english/office/others/c8h0vm0000bm5e96-att/legal_01.pdf (accessed 26 October 2020).Google Scholar
Kagawa, Kozo, & Kaneko, Yuka (2007) Houseibi Shien Ron—Seido Kouchiku No Kokusai Kyoryoku Nyumon [Theories of Legal Assistance—Introduction to International Cooperation in Institution Building], Kyoto: Minerva Shobo.Google Scholar
Kroncke, Jedidiah J. (2016) The Futility of Law and Development: China and the Dangers of Exporting American Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuepper, Herbert (2011) “Structures of Japanese and German International Legal Cooperation. With Formerly Socialist Countries Compared,” Cale Discussion Paper 5, Nagoya University Center for Asian Legal Exchange.Google Scholar
Kuong, Teilee (2018) “Legal Assistance in the Japanese ODA: The Spark of a New Era.” 5 Asian Journal of Law and Society 271–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landa, Janet (1994) Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Lindsey, Timothy (2007) Law Reform in Developing and Transitional States, London: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Lowenthal, Abraham F. (1991) Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Marboe, Irmgard (2012) Soft Law in Outer Space: The Function of Non-Binding Norms in International Space Law, Vienna: Böhlau.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsuo, Hiroshi (2012) “The Impacts of Legal Assistance on Social Science and the Future of Law and Development” Presented at Center for Asian Legal Exchange, Graduate School of Law, Nagoya University, 8–9 December 2012.Google Scholar
Merryman, John Henry (1977) “Comparative Law and Social Change: On the Origins, Style, Decline and Revival of the Law and Development Movement.” 25 American Journal of Comparative Law 457–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (MOFA) (1998) “Council on ODA Reforms for the 21st Century Final Report,” https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/reform/report21.html#text_05 (accessed 4 March 2020).Google Scholar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (MOFA) (2014) “Japan’s Official Development Assistance White Paper 2014. The Track Record of Japan’s ODA,” https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/page23_000807.html (accessed 4 January 2021).Google Scholar
Ministry of Justice of Japan (2018) “The Project for Drafting the Commentary on the Bankruptcy Law,” http://www.moj.go.jp/EN/housouken/houso_houkoku_uzbekistan.html (accessed 20 April 2020).Google Scholar
Morishima, Akio (2000) “Legal Assistance Projects in Asia” Presented at the International Symposium on Legal Assistance Projects in Asia and International Cooperation, Graduate School of Law, Nagoya, Japan, 13–14 September 2000.Google Scholar
Morrison, Kevin (2005) “The World Bank, Japan and Aid Effectiveness,” in Arase, D., ed., Japan’s Foreign Aid: Old Continuities and New Directions, London: Routledge, 2340.Google Scholar
Murrell, Peter (2001) Assessing the Value of Law in Transition Economies, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myant, Martin, & Drahokoupil, Jan (2010) Transition Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia, London: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Newton, Scott (2003) “Post-Communist Legal Reform: The Elision of the Political,” in Hatchard, J. & Perry-Kessarised, A., eds., Law and Development: Facing Complexity in the 21st Century, London: Cavendish Publishing, 161–78.Google Scholar
Nichibenren (2017) “Activities Related to UPR,” https://www.nichibenren.or.jp/library/en/about/img/International_Activities_3.pdf. (accessed 14 February 2020).Google Scholar
Nichols, Philip M (1997) “The Viability of Transplanted Law: Kazakhstani Reception of a Transplanted Foreign Investment Code.” 18 University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 1235–79.Google Scholar
Noguchi, Motoo (2000) “Welcome to the Asian Development Bank” Presented at the International Symposium on Legal Assistance Projects in Asia and International Cooperation, Graduate School of Law, Nagoya, Japan, 13–14 September 2000.Google Scholar
Obando, Jorge (2000) “United Nations Development Programme” Presented at the International Symposium on Legal Assistance Projects in Asia and International Cooperation, Graduate School of Law, Nagoya, Japan, 13–14 September 2000.Google Scholar
Omelicheva, Mariya Y. (2015) Democracy in Central Asia: Competing Perspectives and Alternative Strategies, Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Partnership & Cooperation Agreement (1999) https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_96_538 (accessed 7 April 2020).Google Scholar
Patten, Chris (2004) “The EU and Central Asia.” Keynote Speech by the Rt. Hon. Chris Patten, Commissioner for External Relations to the International Community as a part of an official visit to Kazakhstan, Almaty, 16 March 2004.Google Scholar
Prado, Mariana Mota (2018) “The Futility of Law and Development: China and the Dangers of Exporting American Law.” 13 Asian Journal of Comparative Law 197205.Google Scholar
Pudelka, Jorg (2015) “Pravo Administrativnyh Protsedur i Administrativno Protsessual’noe Pravo v Gosudarstvah Tsentral’noy Azii. Kratkiy Obzor Sovremennogo Sostoyaniya [The Law of Administrative Procedures and Administrative Procedural Law in the Republics of Central Asia].” 220 Yejegodnik Publichnogo Prava 3967.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert D., Leonardi, Robert, & Nanetti, Raffaella Y. (1994) Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Raff, Murray (2015) “The Importance of Reforming Civil Law in Formerly Socialist Legal Systems.” 1 International Comparative Jurisprudence 2432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saidov, Akmal (1995) Islamskoe Pravovoe Nasledie Uzbekistana: Istoriya i Sovremennost’ [Islamic Legal Heritage of Uzbekistan: History and Contemporary], Tashkent: Natsional’niy Tsentr Po Pravam Cheloveka.Google Scholar
Seidman, Robert B. (1972) “Law and Development: A General Model.” 6 Law & Society Review 311–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimomura, Yasutami, & Nakagawa, Junji (1999) ODA Taiko No Seiji Keizaigaku—Unyo to Enjo Rinen [The Political Economy of the ODA Guidlines—Operations and the Philosophy of Aid], Tokyo: Yuhikaku.Google Scholar
Sievers, Eric W. (2002) “Uzbekistan’s Mahalla: From Soviet to Absolutist Residential Community Associations.1 Chicago-Kent Journal of International and Comparative Law 91158.Google Scholar
Sogge, David (2002) Give and Take: What’s the Matter with Foreign Aid?, London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Strategy.gov (2017) Strategiya Deystviy 2017–2021, Strategiya Deystviy Po Pyati Prioritetnym Napravleniyam Respubliki Uzbekistan v 2017–2021 Gogakh [Strategy of Action in Five Priority Areas of Development in Republic of Uzbekistan in 2017–2021], http://strategy.gov.uz/ru (accessed 7 February 2020).Google Scholar
Tamanaha, Brian Z (1995) “The Lessons of Law-and-Development Studies.” 89 American Journal of International Law 470–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, Veronica (2013) “Japan’s Legal Technical Assistance: A Different Modernization Narrative?,” in Linnann, D., ed., Legitimacy, Legal Development and Change: Law and Modernization Reconsidered, Burlington: Ashgate Publishing, 235–49.Google Scholar
Tetratech.com (2019) “Judicial Reform in Uzbekistan Program,” https://www.tetratech.com/en/projects/judicial-reform-in-uzbekistan-program (accessed 2 June 2020).Google Scholar
Thomas, Alice (2001) “Introduction to the UWED Environmental Law Clinic,” in Amerikanskaya Assotsatsiya, ed., Tsentr Pravovykh Issledovaniy UMED, Yuridicheskaya Klinika Po Ekologicheskomy Pravu. Ekologicheskaya Bezopasnost’ i Zashita Prav Cheloveka. Metodicheskoe Posobie, Tashkent: UMED, 4–42.Google Scholar
Tokhtakhodzhaeva, Marfua (2008) The Re-Islamization of Society and the Position of Women in Post-Soviet Uzbekistan, Folkestone: Global Oriental.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trubek, David (1972) “Toward a Social Theory of Law: An Essay on the Study of Law and Development.” Yale Law Faculty Scholarship Series.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trubek, David (2005) “The ‘Rule of Law’ in Development Assistance: Past, Present and Future,” in Matsuura, Y., ed., The Role of Law in Development Past, Present and Future, Nagoya: Nagoya University CALE Books 2, 118.Google Scholar
Urdze, Sigita (2011) “The Tool Kit of EU-Central Asian Cooperation,” in Warkotsch, A., ed., The European Union and Central Asia, London: Routledge, 2232.Google Scholar
Urinboyev, Rustamjon (2011) “Law, Social Norms and Welfare as Means of Public Administration: Case Study of Mahalla Institutions in Uzbekistan.” 4 NISPAcee Journal of Public Administration and Policy 3357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
US Hastings Law (2019) “Promoting the Rule of Law in Uzbekistan,” https://www.uchastings.edu/2019/11/20/Promoting-the-Rule-of-Law-in-Uzbekistan/ (accessed 18 April 2020).Google Scholar
USAID (2005) “At Freedom’s Frontiers: A Democracy and Governance Strategic Framework,” https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDACF999.pdf (accessed 7 May 2020).Google Scholar
USAID (2019) “Democracy Human Rights and Governance,” https://www.usaid.gov/uzbekistan/democracy-human-rights-and-governance (accessed 2 August 2019).Google Scholar
Vernon, Rebecca B. (2009) “Closing the Door on Aid Restrictions on Foreign Funding of Civil Society.11 International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law 529.Google Scholar
Watson, Alan (1985) The Evolution of Law, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Wennerstrom, Eric (2007) The Rule of Law and the European Union, Uppsala: Lustus Forlag.Google Scholar
Wiarda, Howard J. (1981) “The Ethnocentrism of the Social Science Implications for Research and Policy.” 43 The Review of Politics 163–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar