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The Law on Trafficking in Persons: The Quest for an Effective Model

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 October 2016

Anupam JHA
Anupam JHA*
Affiliation:
University of Delhi, [email protected]
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Abstract

International efforts to codify the law on trafficking in persons have been evolving since the early twentieth century. This paper re-examines this journey of law and divides the existing international and domestic legal regimes into three categories: the rescue model, quasi-curative model, and curative model. The study proposes the development of an effective legal model, which may rest on the twin pillars of shared state responsibility and long-term assistance to trafficking victims. In this model, it is argued that the enunciated principles of prosecution, protection, and prevention to combat human trafficking should not be dealt with in isolation, but in combination with the concepts of state responsibility and international financial co-operation to provide long-term assistance to the victims. My central argument focuses on the suitable legal regime in which the prosecution strategy is to successfully prosecute traffickers in person, improve survivors’ protection, and reinvigorate obligations imposed on the states.

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Articles
Information
Asian Journal of International Law , Volume 8 , Issue 1 , January 2018 , pp. 225 - 257
Copyright
© Asian Journal of International Law 2016 

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Footnotes

*

Assistant Professor (Sr. Grade), Law Center-II, University of Delhi, India.

References

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115. ILC Commentary, at art. 8, para.1. See also the Commentary to art. 11, at para. 2: “The general principle, drawn from state practice and international judicial decisions, is that the conduct of a person or group of persons not acting on behalf of the state is not considered as an act of the state under international law. This conclusion holds irrespective of the circumstances in which the private persons acts and of the interests affected by the person’s conduct.”

116. ILC Commentary, at part one, chapter II, para. 4. An example drawn from the Tehran Hostages case is used to illustrate this point: The seizing of the American embassy in Tehran by private individuals did not immediately engage the international legal responsibility of the state of Iran. It was only after the government failed to assert control over the situation that the conduct of the private individuals became attributable to the state itself. It was therefore Iran’s failure “to take appropriate steps” to protect the Embassy that “by itself, constituted a clear and serious violation”: United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (United States v. Iran), ICJ Rep. (1980) 3, at para. 67. The Court noted that the Iranian authorities were aware of their obligations to protect consular and diplomatic staff and premises and that they had the means at their disposal but “completely failed to comply”: ibid., at para. 68 [Tehran Hostages case].

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135. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, “Issue Paper: The Role of Corruption in Trafficking in Persons, United Nations, Vienna” (2011), online: UNODC <https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/2011/Issue_Paper_-_The_Role_of_Corruption_in_Trafficking_in_Persons.pdf>.

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137. Public Law No. 106-386 (2000).

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144. UK Home Office, “Human Trafficking: The Government’s Strategy” (29 July 2011), online: Gov.UK <http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/crime/human-trafficking-strategy?=Binary> (last accessed 24 February 2016), at 8.

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158. See KAPUR, Ratna, “Coss-border Movements and the Law: Renegotiating the Boundaries of Difference” in Kamala KEMPADOO, Jyoti SANGHERA, and Bandana PATTANAIK, eds., Trafficking and Prostitution Reconsidered: New Perspectives on Migration, Sex Work and Human Rights 2nd ed. (Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2012), at 25 Google Scholar; Lee, supra note 2 at 44–7.

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