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Political Agenda Behind the Japanese Emperor and Empress' “Irei” Visit to the Philippines

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 March 2025

Kihara Satoru  and
Satoko Oka Norimatsu
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Emperor Akihito and empress Michiko of Japan visited the Philippines from January 26 to 30, 2016. It was the first visit to the country by a Japanese emperor since the end of the Asia-Pacific War. The pair's first visit was in 1962 when they were crown prince and princess.

Type
Research Article
Information
Asia-Pacific Journal , Volume 14 , Issue 5 , March 2016 , e4
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Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work.
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Copyright © The Authors 2016

References

Notes

1 “Firipin gohomon,” The Imperial Household Agency, December 4, 2015.

2 For example, in Mainichi Shimbun's “Emperor's wishes to mourn war dead behind swift reciprocal visit to Philippines,” January 27, 2016.

3 Shintani Takanori, “Minzoku gaku kara miru irei to tsuito,” Meiji Shotoku kinen gakkai kiyo, vol. 44, November 2007, pp. 178-180.

4 Ibid.

5 “Remarks by President Obama After Touring the BRP Gregorio del Pilar,” The White House, November 17, 2015.

6 “U.S. raises military aid to PH amid sea tension with China,” CNN Philippines, November 26, 2015.

7 “Philippines offers eight bases to U.S. under new military deal,” Reuters, January 13, 2016.

8 “Philippine Supreme Court Approves Return of U.S. Troops,” The New York Times, January 12, 2016.

9 “Remarks With Secretary of Defense Ash Carter with Filipino Secretary of Foreign Affairs Albert del Rosario and Secretary of Defense Voltaire Gazmin,” US Department of State.

10 “Philippines offers.”

11 “South China Sea ruling in Hague could be mid-2016 - Philippines lawyer,” Reuters, October 30, 2015.

12 “Japan-Philippines Summit Meeting,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, July 27, 2015.

13 “Japanese defense minister to visit Philippines as early as April in bid to boost security ties,” The Japan Times, January 5, 2016.

14 “Remarks by His Majesty the Emperor at the State Banquet in Honour of His Excellency Mr. Benigno Aquino III President of the Republic of the Philippines,” The Imperial Household Agency, June 3, 2015.

15 “Emperor Akihito honors Japanese war dead in Philippines,” The Philippine Star, January 29, 2016.

16 Ibid.

17 “Remarks by His Majesty the Emperor of Japan at the State Banquet in Honour of Their Majesties at the Malacañang Palace,” The Imperial Household Agency, January 27, 2016.

18 A photo of Akihito and Michiko presenting flowers at Jose Rizal Monument is at the Mainichi Shimbun website.

19 Translator was unable to find the original source. This is a reverse translation of the Japanese translation of Romulo's words that appear in Wakamiya Yoshibumi, Sengo 70nen – Hoshu no ajia kan, Asahi Shimbun Shuppan, 2014, pp. 174-5.

20 “Ryo heika, Mumei senshi no haka de 2 funkan hairei – firipin gawa no irei,” Asahi Shimbun, January 27, 2016.

21 “Briefer: Memorare Manila 1945 Monument,” Republic of the Philippines Presidential Museum and Library.

22 “Memorare-Manila 1945,” The Historical Marker Database.

23 “Firipin gohomon, heisei 28 nen,” The Imerial Household Agency, December 4, 2015.

24 “Amerika gasshukoku jichiryo kita Mariana shoto Saipan to gohomon, heisei 17 nen,” The Imperial Household Agency, April 26, 2005.

25 “Parao gohomon, heisei 27 nen,” The Imperial Household Agency, January 23, 2015.

26 “Suji wa shogen suru – deta de miru taiheiyo senso,” Mainichi Shimbun.

27 “Demigod image of Japanese emperor remains among followers,” The Inquirer, January 30, 2016.

28 “Suji wa”

29 “Ryo heika, firipin de irei hatasu – Namida no izoku ni itawari no kotoba,” Kyodo News, January 29, 2016.

30 “71 nen machiwabita irei – Ryo heika, Hi de senbotsusha kyoka,” Tokyo Shimbun, January 30, 2016.

31 “‘Comfort women’ want Japan's apology, not VFA,” Bulatlat, January 28, 2016.

32 Ibid.

33 “Filipino ‘comfort women’ call for Emperor's help in seeking redress,” The Japan Times, January 29, 2016.

34 “Bataan Death March,” Encyclopaedia Britannica.

35 “Bataan Death March 102/160 Ultra Marathon Race” Facebook

36 The Constitution of Japan.

37 “Nihonkoku Kenpo Kaisei Soan,” Jiyu Minshuto, April 27, 2012.

38 “Philippine leader welcomes Japan's emperor as ties blossom,” Daily Mail Online, January 27, 2016.

39 The Constitution of the Empire of Japan.