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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 May 2025
Notes in brackets and marked “Tr.” were added by the translator.
[1] [“Statism” as a term to indicate the strong role of the state in social and economic matters, or as the OED puts it with somewhat different emphasis in its 1989 edition, “Extreme development of the power of the State over the individual citizen,” is a less familiar word in English than éta-tisme in French or kokkashugi in Japanese. Even though “ultranationalism” became familiar as the translation of chokokkashugi as used by the late political theorist Maruyama Masao, “statism” will be used here as more accurately conveying Takahashi's sense in using the term shinkokkashugi, or “neostatism.” Elsewhere, if it seems more appropriate, “nationalism” will be used.Tr.]
[2] [Miura Shumon (1926-) is a writer and former Director General of the Agency for Cultural Affairs of Japan (1985-86). Miura has also served as chairperson of various governmental committees and organizations including the National Curriculum Committee. He is married to writer Sono Ayako, the former chairperson of the Nippon Foundation (Nippon Zaidan), the massive philanthropical organization founded by the late Sasakawa Ryoichi, who was charged with Class A war crimes for his activities in China. Sono Ayako was one of the earlier challengers to the claim that the Japanese military were involved in the collective suicides in the Battle of Okinawa. Tr.]
[3] [Fujita Shozo, “Anraku e no zentaishugi” (originally published in Shiso no kagaku in 1985) in Zentaishugi no jidai keiken (Experiencing the age of totalitarianism, Misuzu Shobo,1997). Tr.]
[4] [A more literal translation of jiko sekinin would be “self-responsibility.” This phrase took on new life in April of 2004 when three young Japanese were held hostage in Iraq, condensing the view that the three had gone on their own, brought the fate of captivity on themselves and were therefore responsible for the costs associated with their release and return. The phrase caught on, resonating with other key concepts of a privatizing age such as jiko futan, referring, for example, to the (ever-increasing) portion of health insurance the individual must pay. This will be discussed further below.Tr.]
[5] [Takahashi's own gloss for kokumin is neshon (nation, p. 12), but this usage does not work in English when persons are clearly indicated. The term is a challenge to translate, given the subtle but significant nonequivalence between kokumin and shimin in relation to the English word “citizen.” Both “nationals” and “citizens” will be used where kokumin refers to persons, with a preference for the latter when the emphasis is on the “rights of citizenhood” as commonly understood in the U.S. Tr.]
[6] [“Sangokujin” (literally, “third-country national”) was a term used in postwar Japan for people formerly under Japanese occupation or colonial rule, principally Taiwanese, Koreans, and Chinese. It is usually regarded as an ethnic slur. Ishihara Shintaro, Governor of Tokyo, paired this term with “foreigners” to refer to a criminal illegal presence in Tokyo in his official speech before the Ground Self-Defense Forces in 2000. Tr.]
[7] [Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901) was a writer, educator, and founder of Keio University. One of the most influential thinkers on modernization, he has also come in for criticism for his position favoring a course of Japanese “de-Asianization.” Tr.]
[8] [Kato Hiroyuki (1836-1916) was a political scientist and the first president of the Imperial University of Tokyo. Though Kato was initially known for introducing natural rights theory (tempu jinken ron), he later converted to social Darwinism. Tr.]
[9] [Enacted in 1947, the Fundamental Law lays out the principles of a new education system in keeping with the new Constitution. The ruling coalition pushed through revisions in December 15, 2006. For an analysis of the changes, see here and here. Tr.]
[10] [The Great Treason Incident (Taigyaku jiken) refers to the mass arrest of Japanese socialists and anarchists in 1910-1911 on the allegation that they were plotting to assassinate the Emperor Meiji. Twelve of them were executed despite worldwide protest. The Peace Preservation Law (Chian iji ho), first enacted in 1925, made challenges to the emperor state and to private property illegal. Tr.]
[11] (Oxford U.P. 1990); Japanese translation: Eirei—tsukurareta sekaitaisen no kioku (Kashiwa Shobo, 2001).
[12] [Park Chunghee (1917-1979) was a former army general and then President of the Republic of Korea. Park is officially identified as having collaborated with the Japanese colonization of Korea. Park led a military coup d'état in 1961 and was elected president in 1963. His policies led to high economic growth in the ROK. He was assassinated in 1979 by the director of the KCIA. Syngman Rhee (or Lee Seungman, 1875-1965) was a Korean independence activist and the first President of the Republic of Korea. Lee promoted a staunch pro-US, anti-Communist policy. He resigned the presidency in response to massive protest. Tr.]
[13] [Resident Japanese Militia Volunteers (Zainichi giyu hei): When the Korean War broke out in 1950, a number of Resident Korean students made their way from Japan to Korea as volunteers on both sides. Many of the survivors were refused reentry by Japan at the end of the war. The Anti-Japanese Korean Righteous Army (Konichi gihei toso) refers to militias that engaged in armed struggle against Japanese invasion. They were later succeeded by various Korean independence struggles. An Chung-gun was a member of a Righteous Army militia. Tr.]
[14] [The history of the naming of the Jeongguk (“Yasukuni” as read in Japanese) Bridge is a research topic in its own right. This bridge was constructed in the national cemetery in 1958 as the last in a series of three (beginning in1956), each name invoking a portion of the title conferred on Kim Pu-sik (1075-1151), author of the Samguksagi (Historical records of the Three Kingdoms), for having suppressed an attempt to move the capital to P'yeongyang. Such an invocation from the Korean past must be interpreted in light of the Korean War and the Cold War context in which the bridges were built. For some Japanese rightists, “jeongguk”/“yasukuni” as renderings of a phrase appearing in the Zuo Zhuan invites a conflation that justifies the role of Yasukuni Shrine—“they” have a “Yasukuni,” too, so why shouldn't we? See, for instance, Nishio Kanji's site, accessed 29 October 2007. I am grateful to Kyeonghee Choi of the University of Chicago, Jung Keunsik of Seoul National University, and Dr. Jung Hogi, Sunggonghoe University and author of the recently published Yeok sa gi nyum si seol (Historical commemoration and mourning sites in Korea) for information and discussion of this topic. Tr.]
[15] Hogaku semina; (subsequently published as) Saibankan no senso sekinin (Nihon Hyoron Shinsha,1963).
[16] Ho no chikara (Hosei Daigaku shuppankyoku, 1999) [Force of law: the ‘mystical foundation of authority,‘“ in Deconstruction and the possibility of justice (Routledge, 1992). Tr.]
[17] [The Women's International War Crimes Tribunal was a “people's tribunal” held in Tokyo in 2000 to try Japanese military sexual slavery in World War II. Through the examination of documents and testimonies by former comfort women and legal experts from Asia and the Netherlands, it rendered a final judgment finding Emperor Hirohito and other top military commanders guilty for their role in the perpetration of the comfort women system. The verdict has incited a considerable backlash from Japanese conservatives. For an analysis of a recent Tokyo High Court decision on national broadcaster NHK's handling of the Tribunal, see N. Field, “The Courts, Japan's ‘Military Comfort Women,‘ and the Conscience of Humanity: The Ruling in VAWW-Net Japan v. NHK” here. Tr.]
[18] Kokusai Jinken no Chihei (Gendai jimbunsha, 2003).
[19] Feminizumu kokusai hogaku no kochiku (Chuo Daigaku Shuppanbu, 2005).
[20] “Nihon dokutoku no kokkashugi,” Kawakami Hajime hyoronshu (Kawakami Hajime: Selected criticism; Iwanami Bunko, 1987). [Kawakami Hajime (1879-1946) was an economist and member of the economics faculty at the Imperial University of Kyoto. His Marxist inclinations led to his expulsion. He first joined the legal Worker-Farmer Party, then the underground Communist Party in 1932. He was arrested in 1933 and imprisoned until 1937.Tales of poverty (Bimbo monogatari [Iwanami Bunko, 1965]) was first serialized in the Osaka Asahi shimbun in 1916. Tr.]
[21] [Iha Fuyu (1876-1947) was a scholar of Japanese and Okinawan culture and linguistics. Regarded as the father of Okinawaology, Iha is known for his “theory of the common ancestry of Japanese and Okinawans (Nichi-Ryu dosoron).” Tr.]
[22] Sokoku o kaerimite (Jitsugyo no Nihonsha, 1915; Iwanami Bunko, 2002).
[23] [Houston Chamberlain (1855-1927) was a British-born, naturalized German author and a proponent of anti-Semitism. His most influential work, The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (1899), proclaimed Teutonic supremacy over other races. The pioneering Japanologist Basil Hall Chamberlain (1850-1935) was his older brother. Tr.]
[24] [The first term is kokuminshugi, the second, kokuminshutaishugi. Maruyama actually seems to have used the term kokuminshugiteki shutai (“nationalistic subject”). Tr.]
[25] [Nambara Shigeru (1889-1974) was a political scientist and president of the University of Tokyo (1945-51). As a “Non-church” (Mukyokai) Christian, Nambara maintained his liberal position even during the war years, during which time Maruyama Masao was his student. He was an influential leader of liberals in a number of early postwar causes, including education reform and defense of the postwar pacifist Constitution. Tr.]
[26] Otsuka Hisao to Maruyama Masao: doin, shutai, senso sekinin (Otsuka Hisao and Maruyama Masao: mobilization, subject, and war responsibility), (Seidosha: 2001). [Nakano Toshio (1950-) is an historical sociologist and intellectual historian. Tr.]
[27] Chugoku Tohokubu ni okeru konichi Chosen Chugoku minshushi josetsu (Gendai Kikakushitsu, 1992). Full titles of the last two works are Suihei undoshi kenkyu-minzoku sabetsu hihan (Studies of the history of the Levelers' movement: A criticism of ethnic discrimination, Gendai Kikakushitsu, 1994), and Kokyo no sekaishi—kaiho no intanashonarizumu e (A world history of home: Toward an internationalism of liberation, Gendai Kikakushitsu, 1996).
[28] Chairo no asa, Fujimoto Kazuo trans. (Otsuki shoten, 2003). [Le matin brun (Editions Cheyne, 1998); Brown Morning, an allegory of the unacknowledged advent of fascism, is available in a bilingual edition co-published by the University of Wisconsin Press and the O'Brien Press, Dublin, 2005. Tr.]
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