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The Japan-China Confrontation Over the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands - Between “shelving” and “dispute escalation”
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 March 2025
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The dispute over the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands in the East China Sea has remained raw and menacing since its latest eruption as a result of the purchase of three islands by the Japanese central government in 2012. In contrast to the aftermath of the 2010 incident, the Chinese side under the new leader Xi Jinping has widened the dispute by political, military and propaganda means, and the Abe government has hardened its stance by insisting that “There is no territorial dispute” and “There never was any understanding of shelving the dispute”. Rather there was an attempt to political and military counterbalancing, which includes strengthening of the military alliance with the US, repositioning Japan's armed forces to the South and reinterpreting Article 9 of the so-called Peace Constitution.
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References
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16 Even in the early 1950s fishermen from Irabujima near Miyakojima sometimes stayed on Minami Kojima (one of the disputed islands) for up to three months to process bonito and keep vegetable gardens, but were told in 1971 by the Japanese government not to go there anymore when China suddenly claimed the Senkaku Islands. Until then, Japanese researchers had also gone to the islands on several occasions and the islands were used as shelter during typhoons. “A home away from home / Fishermen worked, took shelter, grew vegetables on Senkakus”, Yomiuri Shimbun, 7 July 2012, at.
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21 Cairo Declaration.
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32 Treaty of Peace between Japan and the Republic of China.
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35 Ibid. p. 296.
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39 FRUS 2006, op. cit., p. 297.
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43 The 1969 negotiations suggest possibilities for contemporary negotiations that might involve not only Japan, Taiwan and South Korea but also China and perhaps others. Drifte, Reinhard: “From ‘Sea of Confrontation’ to ‘Sea of Peace, Cooperation and Friendship‘? - Japan facing China in the East China Sea”, Japan Aktuell, no.3 (2008).
44 Urano, Tatsuo (ed.) (2001): Diaoyutai qundao (Senkaku Shoto) wenti, Yanjiu ziliao huibian, Hong Kong, Lishi Chubanshe, pp. 35-6; People's Daily, 18 May 1970, 4 and 29 December 1970.
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47 See here.
48 Yabuki, Susumu: “Senkaku mondai no kosho keii no shinso”, p. 1 (revised edition of 28 September 2012).
49 Yabuki, op. cit., p.2; See also Guo, op. cit., p. 5.
50 Ishii, Akira (2006): “Chugoku to Nihon. ASEAN kan no aida no kokkyo mondai”, in: Iwashita, Akihiro (ed.) (2006): Kokkyou. Dare ga kono sen wo hikiitaka-Nihon to Yurasia, Sapporo, Hokkaido Daigaku Shuppankan, p. 142; Yabuki, op. cit., p. 3.
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52 Yabuki, op. cit., p. 5; Ishii, op. cit., p. 144.
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57 Roundtable with Nakanishi, Terumasa; Sato, Masaru; Mikio, Haruna and Miyage, Kunihiko, Bungei Shunju (November 2012), p. 101.
58 Sankei Shimbun 20 June 2013.
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60 Ishii, op. cit., p. 158.
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62 China Aktuell (October 1990), p. 781, quoting Kyodo, 23 October 1990.
63 Hagström, Linus (2003): Enigmatic power? Relational power analysis and statecraft in Japan's China policy, Stockholm, Stockholm Studies in Politics 93, Department of Politics, Stockholm University, pp. 150; 155.
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65 Ramos-Mrosovsky, Carlos: “International Law's Unhelpful Role in the Senkaku Islands”, University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law (2009), p. 906.
66 O'Shea, Paul: “Sovereignty and the Senkaku/Diaoyu Dispute”, Stockholm School of Economics, Working Paper, no. 240 (September 2012) p. 6.
67 Ramos-Mrosovsky, Ibid.
68 Shisaku blog (31 October 2012).
69 Okada, “Senkaku shoto mondai”, op.cit., p. 111.
70 Drifte, Reinhard: “Japanese – Chinese Territorial Disputes in the East China Sea – between Military Confrontation and Economic Cooperation”, LSE Asia Research Centre Working Paper, no. 24 (April 2008) p. 9.
71 Suganuma, op. cit., p. 143.
72 Takahara, Akio (2011): “The Senkaku Trawler Collision Incident” (to be published in: Mochizuki, Mike (ed.): The Okinawa question: regional security, the US-Japan alliance, and Futenma, Washington, D.C.: Sigur Center for Asian Studies), p.3.
73 Ibid.
74 Dzurek, Daniel: “The Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands Dispute”, Durham University, International Boundaries Research Unit, 18 October 1996.
75 For their texts see here and here.
76 Gupta, Sourabh: “China-Japan trawler incident: Japan's unwise — and borderline illegal — detention of the Chinese skipper”, East Asia Forum (30 September 2010).
77 Aera, op. cit., p. 66.
78 Nakanishi, Sato, Haruna and Miyage, op. cit., p. 101.
79 Tiberghien, Yves: “The Diaoyu/Senkaku Dispute: Analyzing the Chinese Perspective”, Canada-Asia Agenda, Iss. 30 (October 2012), pp. 5-6.
80 Suganuma, Unryu (2000): Sovereign Rights and Territorial Space in Sino-Japanese Relations: Irredentism and the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands, Honolulu, Association for Asian Studies and University of Hawai'i Press, p. 119.
81 Shaw, op. cit., p. 31; Asahi Shimbun,13 November 2012.
82 “Nihon to taishaku keiyaku”, Sankei Shimbun, 21 September 1996, p. 1.
83 Zhu Jianrong, Chogoku gawa kara mita ‘Senkaku mondai’, Sekai November 2012, p. 108.
84 Yoshida, Reiji: “Senkaku Beacon set up by Rightists now state property”, Japan Times, 10 February 2005, op. cit., p. 38.
85 For a detailed account see Drifte, Japanese-Chinese territorial disputes…“, op. cit., pp. 15-18.
86 Funabashi, Yoichi: “China proposes 3-Nation Oil Development off Senkakus”, Asahi Evening News, 11 October 1980.
87 Drifte, “Japanese-Chinese territorial disputes…”, op. cit., pp. 13-14.
88 Ibid., p. 19. Sullivan, Kevin and Jordan, Mary: “Tiny Islands sorely tax 3 Nations”, International Herald Tribune, 1 August 1996.
89 Drifte, “From ‘Sea of Confrontation’ to 'Sea of Peace…”, op. cit., p. 43.
90 Zhang, Xinjun: “Why the 2008 Sino-Japanese Consensus on the East China Sea Has Stalled: Good Faith and Reciprocity Considerations in Interim Measures Pending a Maritime Boundary Delimitation”, Ocean Development & International Law, vol. 42, no. 1 (2010), p. 61; Shimizu, Yoshikazu: “Kan Seiken ga minogashita Chugoku ‘goki no naka no morosa‘”, Chuo Koron (November 2010), p. 65.
91 Shimizu, op. cit., p. 65.
92 Babb, James: “The Seirankai and the Fate of its Members. The Rise and Fall of the New Right Politicians”, Japan Forum, vol. 24, no 1 (2012), p. 83.
93 Przystup, James J.: “Not quite all about Sovereignty – but close”, CSIS, p. 2.
94 “DPJ exec wants SDF on Senkakus”, Japan Times, 2 May 2005.
95 Okada, op. cit., p. 39.
96 Drifte, “Japanese – Chinese Territorial Disputes in the East China Sea…”, op. cit., p. 14.
97 Murakami, Takio: “Taiwan had secret plan to land elite troops on Senkakus to destroy lighthouse”, Asahi Shimbun, 5 December 2012.
98 “Kaijo Hoan Report” (2007), p. 16.
99 Nomura, Hataru: “Senkaku shoto Kaitei yuden”, Shokun (May 2005), p. 64.
100 Okada, “Senkaku shoto mondai”, op.cit., p. 102.
101 Kurihara, Hiroyuki (2012): Senkaku shoto wo urimasu, Tokyo, Kosaido, pp. 78-82.
102 Takahara, Akio: “Gendai Chugokushi no saikento. Hua Guofeng to Deng Xiaoping, soshite 1978 nen no gakkisei ni tsuite”, Toa, no. 495 (September 2008), p. 36; Li, Enmin (2005): Nitchu heiwa yuko joyaku. Kosho no seijikatei, Tokyo, Ochanomizu Shobo, p. 71.
103 Drifte, Reinhard (2003): Japan's Security Relationship with China since 1989. From balancing to bandwagoning?, Oxford/London, Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese Studies.
104 Drifte, “Japanese – Chinese Territorial Disputes in the East China Sea…”, op. cit., p. 22.
105 Drifte, “Japan's Security Relationship with China..”, op. cit., pp. 64-67.
106 Drifte, “Japanese – Chinese Territorial Disputes in the East China Sea…”, op. cit., p. 31.
107 The information about the application of the immigration law is from Professor Takahara Akio, Email 4 May 2013.
108 Asahi Evening News, 27 and 29 March 2004.
109 “Nitchu ‘Senkaku mitsuyaku’ atta”, Aera, 25 October 2010; Okada, Takashi: “‘Botan no kakechigae’ wa naze okotta ka”, Sekai (December 2010), p. 129.
110 Shimizu, op. cit., p. 65.
111 Miyamoto, Yuji: “Nitchu shomosen wo kachinuku chie”, Bungei Shunju (December 2012), p. 145.
112 Gavan McCormack, “Yonaguni: Dilemmas of a Frontier Island in the East China Sea,” The Asia- Pacific Journal, Vol 10, Issue 40, No. 1, October 1, 2012. McCormack notes that Defense Agency feelers were put out as early as 2007.
113 Takahara, “The Senkaku Trawler Collision Incident…”, op. cit., p. 7; Kaneko, Hidetoshi: “Truth behind collision off Senkaku Islands awash in mystery”, Mainichi Shimbun, 12 November 2010.
114 Smith, Sheila A.: “Japan and The East China Sea Dispute”, Orbis, vol. 56, Iss. 3 (2012), p. 374; Hagström, Linus: “Power Shift' in East Asia? A Critical Reappraisal of Narratives on the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands Incident in 2010”, Chinese Journal of International Politics, vol. 5, no 3 (Autumn 2012), p. 272, fn. 29.
115 “Riben xunluochuan Diaoyudao zhuang wo yuchuan. Zhongfang tichu yanzheng jiaoshe, Xinhuawang, 8 September 2010.
116 William D. O'Neil: “Senkaku Incident on YouTube”, NBR, Japan Forum (9 November 2010).
117 Personal email to this author by Andrew Horvat, 24 December 2010, giving an account of an NTV broadcast on 23 December 2010.
118 “China urged to rein in Fishermen”, Japan Times, 21 December 2010.
119 “Korea must get tough on illegal fishing”, The Chosun Ilbo, 18 November 2011; “Coast Guard kill Chinese Fisherman”, The Choson Ilbo, 17 October 2012.
120 Interview with a senior Japanese diplomat in China, 26 May 2011; “Power Shift' in East Asia? …”, op. cit., p. 281.
121 “No improvement in China's rare earths ban”, Japan Times, 13 October 2010.
122 Johnston, Alastair Iain: “How new and assertive is China's new assertiveness?”, International Security, vol. 37, no. 4 (Spring 2013), pp. 23-26.
123 Shimizu, op. cit., p. 62. Okada, “Botan kakechigae…”, op. cit., p. 130; “Japanese government tipped off Chinese officials about fishing boat captain's release”.
124 “Senkaku shoto shuhen ryokainai ni okeru Wagakuni junshisen to Chugoku gyosen to no sesshoku jian”, Gaimusho, Position Paper (25 September 2010.
125 See e.g. Hagström, “Power Shift' in East Asia? …”, op. cit., p. 296.
126 Smith, Sheila A.: “Japan and The East China Sea Dispute”, Orbis, vol. 56, Iss. 3 (2012), p. 377.
127 Hagström, “Power Shift' in East Asia? op. cit., p. 285.
128 “Standoff over Senkakus could stall growth in both nations”, Japan Times, 4 October 2012.
129 Takahara, “The Senkaku Trawler Collision Incident”, op. cit., p. 9.
130 Hagström, “Power Shift' in East Asia? op. cit., p.276 and 285.
131 Kaneko, Hidetoshi: “U.S. Intervention in Japan-China fishing boat row”, Mainichi Shimbun, October 2010.
132 “China seeks, Japan nixes joint resource development near Senkakus”, Mainichi Shimbun, 22 October 2010.
133 “China spurns demand to pay for Senkaku ship collisions”, Japan Times, 13 February 2011.
134 Hagström, “Power Shift in East Asia…”, op. cit., p. 285.
135 Minemura, Kenji: “China to establish permanent Senkaku Patrols”, Asahi Shimbun, 20 December 2010.
136 “Senkaku memorial day riles China. Furious Beijing blasts Ishigaki's planned ‘Pioneering Day’ to celebrate the isles' integration ”, Japan Times, 18 December 2010.
137 Dickie, Mure: “Tokyo warned over Plans to buy Islands”, Financial Times, 6 June 2012.
138 Matsubara, Mihoko and Yang, Yi: “Chinese social Media reshape Image of Japan”, Japan Times, 29 September 2012.
139 Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Regular Press Conference on March 29, 2012.
140 “Coast Guard's Enhancements OK'd”, Japan Times, 29 February 2012.
141 “Japan declares Islands near Senkakus national Asset”, Japan Times, 27 March 2012.
142 For the official lists of islands see here.
143 “Hu Meeting nixed amid Senkaku Spat”, Japan Times, 12 February 2012.
144 “23 remote isles put under state ownership”, Yomiuri Shimbun, 8 March 2012.
145 “China opposes Japan's naming Diaoyu Islands”, Xinhua, 3 March 2012; “China releases Standard Names of Diaoyu Islands”, Xinhua, 3 March 2012.
146 NHK, 16 March 2012, here; “Chinese ship enters Japanese Waters near disputed Islands”, Jiji, 16 March 2012.
147 Minemura, Kenji: “China to establish permanent Senkaku Patrols”, Asahi Shimbun, 20 December 2010.
148 “Governor seen as goading administration into action”, 16 April 2012.
149 “Tokyo gov't in talks with owners to buy Senkaku Islands: Ishihara”, Kyodo News, 15 April 2012;
Tiberghien, Yves: “Misunderstadings, Miscommunication, and mis-signaling. Senkakus through Chinese eyes”, The Oriental Economist, vol. 80, no. 12 (December 2012), p. 8.
150 “Tokyo negotiating purchase of Senkaku Islands”, NHK, 17 April 2012.
151 Hijikata, Shinji and Nakayama, Shozo: “Ishihara challenges Govt on territorial Issues / Plan to buy Senkaku Islands, a Slap at DPJ-led Administration, was hatched Months ago in Secret”, Yomiuri Shimbun, 19 April 2012.
152 “Senkaku konyu ni fumidashita”, Asahi Shimbun, 26 September 2012, pp. 1-2. See also the series in Nihon Keizai Shimbun 25 to 28 March 2013 which confirms Noda's determination and also his concern about Ishihara's alleged statement that he would even risk war with China.
153 “Donations to metro government to buy Senkaku Islands top ¥1 billion” Japan Times, 2 June 2012; Yomiuri Shimbun, here.
154 “Ad in Wall Street Journal seeks U.S. support for Senkaku purchase plan”, Japan Times, 29 July 2012, at www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120729a2.html.
155 “Tokyo metro government's inspection team sets sail for Senkaku Islands” Japan Times, 02 September 2012.
156 “Govt to buy 3 Senkaku isles for 2 billion yen”, Yomiuri 6 September 2012.
157 “Japan should see things clearly”, China Daily, 25 September 2012.
158 “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Weimin Press Conference”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC, 18 April 2012.
159 Haiqing, Wang: “Commentary: Provocation by Japanese official over Diaoyu Islands detrimental to ties with China”, Xinhua News, 18 April 2012.
160 “Xi Jinping checks Japan on Senkaku Islands”, NHK, 24 April 2012.
161 “China to set up Protection of Islands”, NHK, 20 April 2012.
162 “Chinese ships near the Senkakus again”, Japan Times, 04 May 2012.
163 “China calls off Yang-Yonekura talks”, Japan Times, 16 May 2012.
164 “Are Senkakus a ‘core interest’ for China?”, Japan Times, 24 May 2012; Przystup, James J.: “Japan-China Relations: ”Happy 40th Anniversary…? Part 2“, CSIS, Comparative Connections (September 2012).
165 “Are Senkakus a ‘core interest’ for China?”, Japan Times, 24 May 2012; Inuma, Yoshisuke: “Senkakus”, The Oriental Economist, vol. 80, no. 12 (December 2012).
166 “Are Senkakus a ‘core interest’ for China?”, op. cit.
167 “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC, 26 April 2013. For a critical discussion of this issue see Campbell, Caitlin; Meick, Ethan; Hsu, Kimberley and Murray, Craig: “China's ”Core Interests and the East China Sea“, US-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Staff Research Backgrounder, 10 May 2013.
168 Dickie, Mure: “Tokyo warned over Plans to buy Islands”, Financial Times, 6 June 2012.
169 “Japan's main Opposition Party calls on Gov't to sack Envoy”, Kyodo News, 16 June 2012; “No need to pander to China over Senkaku Islands”, Yomiuri Shimbun, 13 June 2012.
170 Richardson, Michael: “Time to dial down Senkakus friction”, Japan Times, 19 July 2012.
171 “Commentary: Japan playing with fire over Diaoyu Islands”, Xinhua News, at 09 July 2012.
172 Ibid.; “”Buying-Islands“ farce to badly damage hard-won China-Japan relations”, Xinhua News, at 13 July 2012.
173 “China patrol ships enter waters near Senkakus”, Japan Times, 12 July 2012; “Another Chinese Patrol Ship spotted near Senkaku Islands”, Jiji Press, 12 July 2013.
174 “Central government would have to build harbors if it buys isles from metro authority”, Japan Times, 21 July 2012.
175 “U.S. warned Japan against purchase of Senkakus: Campbell”, Kyodo News, 10 April 2013.
176 “Senkaku talks with China end in stalemate”, Yomiuri Shimbun, 13 July 2012.
177 “New ambassador to China upbeat on improving ties”, Japan Times, 11 December 2012.
178 Genba, Koichiro, New York Times, 20 November 2012.
179 Miyamoto, op. cit., p. 146.
180 “China Voice: Japan should face up to past, present wrongdoing”, Xinhua News, 29 October 2012.
181 Nakanishi, Sato, Haruna and Miyake, op. cit., p. 97.
182 Takahara Akio: “interview”, Jiji Press, 24 October 2012 (provided to the author by Professor Takahara).
183 Kato, Yoshikazu: “Ecouter l'autre plus que jamais”, Courrier International, 27 September 2012.
184 Zhu, op. cit., p. 103.
185 Nihon Keizai Shimbun 27 March 2013. This is also confirmed by Nagashima Akihisa in his book Katsu Bei to iu ryugi Tokyo: Kodansha 2013.
186 “Chinese stage anti-Japan rallies over Senkakus”, Japan Times, 20 August 2012.
187 Financial Times, 6 June 2012, op. cit.
188 Yomiuri Shimbun, 3 September 2012.
189 Interview with Professor Takahara Akio 10 October 2012.
190 Renminwang, Nihongoban 12 September 2012, here.
191 “Isles row puts chill on 40th anniversary of ties”, Japan Times, 30 September 2012.
192 “Buying-Islands” farce to badly damage hard-won China-Japan relations“, op. cit.; ”China delays approval of working visas. Firms made to wait as Beijing retaliates amid Senkakus dispute“, Japan Times, 23 September 2012.
193 “Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China”, 10 September 2012.
194 “China's U.N. ambassador rebuts remarks by Japanese representative on Diaoyu Islands”, Xinhua News, 28 September 2012.
195 “China says Japan ‘stole’ isles, in verbal war at U.N.”, Mainichi, 28 September 2012.
196 “Japan, China engage in war of words at ASEM summit”, Japan Times, 07 November 2012.
197 Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Regular Press Conference, 11 October 2012.
198 “China to publish books on Tokyo Trials”, Xinhua News 24 October 2012.
199 “Foreign Minister Koichiro Gemba interview”, Financial Times, 19 October 2012; Liu Xiaoming: “China responds to Japan's Provocation”, Financial Times, 1 November 2012.
200 Announcement on 4 July 2014.
201 “40% of Japan-China 40th anniversary events canceled across Japan?”, Japan Times, 30 September 2012.
202 “Japan to take ”all possible measures“ in response to Chinese patrol around Diaoyu Islands: report”, Xinhua News, 14 September 2012. For a critical discussion of these base lines see Roach, J. Ashley: “China's Straight Baseline Claim: Senkaku (Diaoyu) Islands”, Insights, (13 February 2013).
203 Asahi Shimbun, 28 September 2012; “Submission by the People's Republic of China concerning the Outer Limits of the Continental Shelf beyond 200 Nautical Miles in Part of the East China Sea”, p. 5.
204 “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Regular Press Conference”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC, 21 September 2012.
205 “China to Provide Weather Forecasts for Islands Claimed by Japan”, Bloomberg, 12 September 2012.
206 “Chinese Fishing Boats to head for Senkaku Waters”, NHK, 14 September 2012.
207 “Chinese armada reports conflict over fishing boats' position”, Japan Times, 02 September 2012.
208 “China-Japan Dispute Takes Rising Toll on Top Asian Economies”, Bloomberg News, 9 January 2013.
209 “Japanese websites come under attack as Senkaku squabble continues”, Japan Times, 20 September 2012.
210 “Protests flare in China on contentious anniversary. The pretext for invasion 81 years ago fuels rallies in 125 cities”, Japan Times, 19 September 2012.
211 “82% rap lukewarm response to anti-Japan protests in China over Senkakus: Mainichi poll”, Mainichi, 01 October 2012.
212 “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Regular Press Conference”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC, 20 September 2012.
213 Tiberghien, op. cit., p. 3.
214 “Japan protests No.1 topic on China web”, NHK, 18 December 2012.
215 “Noda urges dignity”, Japan Times, 21 September 2012; “Man throws smoke bombs into Chinese consulate general in Fukuoka”, Japan Times, 18 September 2012.
216 “Good move on Diaoyu Islands”, Xinhua News, 26 October 2012.
217 “People's Daily implies economic measures against Japan”, Xinhua News, 17 September 2012; see also Ye, Xiaowen, op. cit.
218 “”Purchase“ of Diaoyu Islands could cost Japan”, Xinhua News.
219 “Japan Boosts Info Gathering on Customs Procedures in China”, Jiji News, 21 September 2012; “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Regular Press Conference”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC, 11 October 2012.
220 “China delays approval of working visas. Firms made to wait as Beijing retaliates amid Senkakus dispute”, Japan Times, 23 September 2012.
221 “Japanese investment in China falls sharply”, Financial Times, 20 November 2012.
222 Seaman, John: “Rare Earths and the East China Sea: Why hasn't China embargoed Shipments to Japan?”, IFRI-CIGS Op-Ed Series, (2012).
223 “Trade with China falls first time in three years”, Japan Times, 11 January 2013; According to JETRO, the bilateral trade fell to $335 billion: “Japan-China Trade Deficit hits Record in 2012, NHK, 19 February 2013. ”China's trade with Japan down 5.1% in 2013“, Mainichi Shimbun 10 January 2013. ”Record trade deficit of ¥11.47 trillion set in '13“, Japan Times 27 January 2013.
224 “Toyota delays plan for China expansion”, Japan Times, 09 January 2013.
225 “Chinese visitors fall since September”, Japan Times, 17 January 2013.
226 “Tour travelers to China down by over 70 per cent”, NHK.
227 “Number of Japanese visiting China at 10-year low”, NHK 26 January 2014.
228 Visitors to Japan Hits Record 1.05 M. in March, Jiji Press 23 April 2014.
229 “New Japanese investment in China drops 42% in Jan.-May”, Kyodo News 17 June 2014. 2013 figures here, and “China's FDI inflow grows 5.25 pct in 2013”, Xinhua 16 January 20113.
230 “China Focus: Diaoyu Islands rift takes toll on China-Japan economic, trade ties”, Xinhua News.
231 Ding, Gang: “Spat costs Sino-Japanese business dear”, Global Times, 5 December 2012.
232 Nakata, Hiroko: “Not all, but sundry find niche in China”, Japan Times, 4 January 2013.
233 “Factory shift to non-Chinese sites seen accelerating. Companies reopen as anger eases in China”, Japan Times, 21 September 2012; Nakata, Hiroko: “Firms move some eggs out of China basket”, Japan Times, 19 December 2012.
234 Nakata, “Not all, but sundry..”, op. cit.
235 For examples of overrating see Wu, Di, Caijing, 9 September 2012, quoted in: China Analysis, no 40 2012, p. 44, here.
236 Drifte, Reinhard: “The Future of the Japanese-Chinese Relationship: The Case for a Grand Political Bargain'”, Asia-Pacific Review, vol. 16, no. 2 (2009), p. 56.
237 “Factory shift to non-Chinese sites seen accelerating. Companies reopen as anger eases in China”, Japan Times, 21 September 2012.
238 Chubb, Andrew: “Radar Incident obscures Beijing's conciliatory turn toward Japan”, China Brief, vol. 13, Iss. 4 (15 February 2013).
239 “China sending helicopter-carrying ships in Senkakus dispute”, Asahi Shimbun, 4 March 2013.
240 “Vessel carrying Taiwanese activists is spotted near to Senkaku Islands” Japan Times, 22 September 2012.
241 “Japanese vessels expelled from Diaoyu Islands waters”, Xinhua News, 30 October 2012.
242 “China sent 50 maritime patrol missions to Senkakus in 2013”, Asahi Shimbun 17 January 2014.
243 “China's new air defense zone above Senkakus ‘very dangerous’ escalation, Japan says”, Japan Times 23 November 2013.
244 “Senkaku air intrusion prompts radar upgrade”, Japan Times, 15 December 2012.
245 “China to boost surveillance flights over disputed East China Sea areas”, Japan Times, 27 January 2012.
246 “Beijing plans drones to monitor islets”, Japan Times, 25 September 2012.
247 “Chinese officials admit to MSDF radar lock allegations”, Japan Times, 18 March 2013.
248 Avic International.
249 “China's provocations could lead to armed conflict”, Asahi Shimbun, 15 December 2012.
250 “Japan tracer bullets will bring war closer”, Global Times, 10 January 2013; “朝日の記事引用で「誤報」論争 中国メディアＶＳ．香港の記者”, Sankei, 26 January 2013.
251 “China sends fighters to counter Japanese aircraft”, Xinhua News, 11 January 2013.
252 “China accuses Japan as increasing tension”, NHK, 11 January 2013.
253 Japan, China at odds over plane encounter, as tensions mount, Mainichi Shimbun 13 June 2014.
254 “Joint Staff Press Release” 23 April 2014.
255 Text of the ADIZ announcement here.
256 See here and here.
257 “50 Taiwanese boats intrude near Senkakus. Coast guard cutters deploy water cannons”, Japan Times, 26 September 2013; Coast guards' water duel ends Taiwanese isle trip, AFP-JIJI, Kyodo, 25 January 2013.
258 Interview with a senior official of the Japanese Ministry of Defense, 12 October 2012.
259 “JCG stretched thin over Senkakus”, Yomiuri Shimbun, 4 October 2012.
260 “Coast guard needs more ships, sailors amid protracted isle-row: commandant”, Japan Times, 14 December 2012.
261 “Japan to increase fishery patrol vessels”, NHK, 13 September 2012.
262 “Japan Coast Guard closes in on more ships, choppers”, Kyodo News, 26 October 2012.
263 “Japan Coast Guard to bolster patrols around Senkaku Islands”, Asahi Shimbun, 11 January 2013.
264 “Chinese surveillance fleet busy due to island dispute”, Xinhua News, 08 January 2013.
265 “Chinese military to further cooperation with maritime law enforcement”, Xinhua News, 29 March 2013.
266 “7 Chinese warships pass waters near Okinawa island”, Mainichi Shimbun, 16 October 2012.
267 “China navy ships pass contiguous zone in southwestern Japan”, Asahi Shimbun, 10 December 2012.
268 “Report: China military beefing up civilian ‘maritime surveillance‘”, Asahi Shimbun, 20 December 2012.
269 Yoshida, Reiji: “Beijing denies MSDF Lock-on”, Japan Times, 9 February 2013.
270 “Chinese officials admit to MSDF radar lock allegations”, Japan Times 18 March 2013; “Japan's radar targeting allegations groundless: ministry”, Xinhua, 18 March 2013.
271 “Noda told MSDF to stay away. Vessels instructed to avoid Chinese Navy near Senkaku”, Yomiuiri Shimbun, 9 March 2013.
272 “China opposes Japanese military drills: DM spokesman”, Ministry of National Defense of PRC, 26 October 2012.
273 “Higashi Shinakai de no Chu-Nichi shototsu kaihi no kagi wa Nihon ni aru”, Xinhua, 11 March 2013.
274 “China secretly asked Japan not to snatch Senkakus hot air balloonist”, Japan Times 26 January 2014.
275 “Chinese fishing boat sinks off Diaoyu Islands”, Xinhua 27 June 2014.
276 “Brace for more tensions in Asia:Chinese analyst”, The Sydney Morning Herald 3 July 2014.
277 Hugh White, Asia's Nightmare Scenario: A War in the East China Sea Over the Senkakus, National Interest 5 July 5 2014. Hugh White, How the unthinkable could happen in Asia—and the ramifications for America, National Interest 15 July 5 2014.
278 The latest repetition of the demand to ‘correct mistakes’ is by Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi, which was interpreted by Kyodo but not all other media as a call to reverse the purchase: “Beijing urges Senkaku Nationalization Reversal”, Japan Times, 10 March 2013. For a different interpretation see e.g. Hayashi, Nozomu: “China calls for ‘restraint’ by Japan over Senkaku”, Asahi Shimbun 9 March 2013; for the original Chinese report see e.g. “Japan should not escalate over Diaoyu Islands: China's FM”, Xinhua, 9 March 2013.
279 “Diaoyu Islands dispute enters new stage,” Global Times, December 14, 2012.
280 “China official: Senkaku issue can be shelved”, NHK, 25 January 2013.
281 “China Voice: Japan should face up to past, present wrongdoing”, Xinhua, 29 October 2012.
282 Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Regular Press Conference“, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC, 30 October 2012.
283 Kaieda exchanges views with Liu over soured ties, here.
284 Zhu, op.cit., p.109.
285 “Japan's deputy PM admits Diaoyus dispute, opening path to China talks”, South China Morning Post, 23 October 2012.
286 Asahi Shimbun, 29 September 2013.
287 “Yonekura urges flexibility by Japan over Senkakus”, NHK, 28 September 2012.
288 “Ex-ambassador to China calls for Senkakus talks”, Japan Times, 27 September 2012.
289 Niwa, Uichiro: “Nitchu gaiko no shinjitsu”, Bungei Shunju (February 2013), pp. 120-131.
290 See here.
291 Hong Nong, Law and Politics in the South China Sea, Assessing the role of UNCLOS in Ocean Dispute Settlement (Ph. D. Alberta University, Edmonton, Alberta 2010), p. 172.
292 “Foreign Minister Koichiro Gemba interview”, Financial Times, 19 October 2012.
293 See here.
294 Japan rescues ditched Chinese balloonist, Global Times, 3 January 2014.
295 MOFA Press Conference, 3 October 2000.
296 James J. Przystup and Phillip C. Saunders, “Time for China and Japan to cool it”, 1 March 2013.
297 Joel H. Samuels, “Condominium Arrangements in International Practice: Reviving an Abandoned Concept of Boundary Dispute Resolution”, 29 Michigan Journal of International Law 727(2008). For a list of condominiums see here.
298 See here.
299 Mohd. Talaat El Ghoneimy, “The Legal Status of the Saudi-Kuwaiti Neutral Zone”, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 15 no 3 July 1966.
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