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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 May 2025
While the Western press branded the Caspian summit a failure for its inability to agree on how to divide the Caspian or to endorse Russian President Vladimir Putin's proposal that no pipelines be built in the region in the absence of approval by all nations bordering the sea, Iranian analyst Kaveh L Afrasiabi points to the summit's achievement for Iran and Russia and the setback for the United States bent on isolating Iran. Japan Focus