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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 March 2025
Between 15 and 21 November 2015, the “All-Okinawa Council” (shimagurumi kaigi) – an Okinawan mass organization set up in July 2014 representing local communities, civil society groups, local assemblies, and business establishments – dispatched a 26-member delegation to San Francisco and Washington D.C, to present the Okinawan stance of unshakable opposition to any new base construction in Okinawa. Prominent Okinawan businessman, and chair of the Kanehide industrial and property group, Goya Morimasa, led the delegation, and the paper that follows is the document in which All Okinawa presented its case.
1 Kensho kekka hokokusho [Report on Examination Results], The Third Party Commission, July 16, 2015.
2 Item 36 “Resolution in Support of the People of Okinawa”
3 Okinawa no beigun kichi (Okinawa prefecture 2013).
4 The SACO Final Report, December 2, 1996.
5 Official letters exchanged in 1999 between Governor Inamine Keiichi, Nago Mayor Kishimoto Tateo and the Japanese government.
6 U.S. and Japan Roadmap for Realignment Implementation, May 2006.
7 Futenma hiko jyo daitai shisetsu kensetsu jigyo ni kakaru kankyo eikyo hyouka [Environmental Impact Assessment for the Construction of Futenma Replacement Facilities] The Ministry of Defense.
8 See the “Governor's Comments”.
9 Futenma hiko jyo daitai shisetsu kensetsu jigyo ni kakaru kankyo eikyo hyouka [Environmental Impact Assessment for the Construction of Futenma Replacement Facilities] The Ministry of Defense.
10 See the “Letter of Request” sent by Citizens' Network for Biodiversity in Okinawa and other NGOs to the Invasive Species Specialist Group, International Union for Conservation of Nature.
11 “Senators Levin, McCain and Webb Express Concern to Secretary Panetta Regarding Asia-Pacific Basing,” cited in Emma Chanlett-Avery and Ian E. Rinehart The U.S. Military Presence in Okinawa and the Futenma Base Controversy, Congressional Research Service, August 14, 2014. (updating previous report dated August 3, 2012, with the same title)
12 Copies of the letter (Ref. No. 660, dated on October 22, 2012) were submitted to the U.S. government officials including Secretary of the State Hillary Rodham Clinton on the occasion of then Governor Nakaima's visit to the U.S.
13 Chanlett-Avery and Rinehart, op. cit.
14 Ibid.
15 “U.S. base at center of Nago poll” by Eric Johnston, Japan Times, January 11, 2014.
16 “Nago mayor wins re-election in blow to Abe, U.S.” by Eric Johnston, Japan Times, January 19, 2014.
17 See Hideki Yoshikawa “Okinawan Appeal to the US Congress: Futenma Marine Base Relocation and its Environmental Impact: U.S. Responsibility,” The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. 12, Issue 39, No. 3, September 24, 2014.
18 Article III-1 of the Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) between the U.S. and Japan reads “Within the facilities and areas, the United States may take all the necessary measures necessary for their establishment, operation, safeguarding and control.”
19 See the Court's decision.
20 See Center for Biological Diversity, et al., Plaintiff(s), vs. Leon Panetta, Secretary of Defense, et el., Defendant(s). Case3:03-cv-04350-MHP Document147. The chronology of the case is summarized in the First Supplemental Complaint submitted by the Plaintiffs. See the First Supplemental Complaint.
21 U.S. Marine Corps Recommended Findings April 2014 (Exhibit 1)
22 In July 2009, at the direction of the San Francisco court, the US Marine Corps appointed a group of experts – an ethnographer, an archaeologist, archival researchers, and a marine biologist – to investigate the cultural significance of the dugong. The Corps then relied on that report, sometimes known as “Welch 2010,” in reaching its conclusion that the base project “will have no adverse effect on the dugong.” However, the Corps' reluctance to make the findings public is enough to rouse suspicions that that may not be so. (Exhibit 1, ibid.)
23 “Yoron chosa henoko chushi hachijyu pasento isetus kyoko hanpatus hirogaru [Public Opinion Polls: With the Government's heavy handed approaches, 80 percent oppose the Henoko plan], Ryukyu shimpo, August 26, 2014.
24 “Tokyo steamrolling U.S. base plan ahead of Okinawa Governor race,” Asahi shimbun, August 15, 2014. See also “Thousands march on Henoko base site,” Jon Mitchell, Japan Times, August 23, 2014.
25 First Supplementary Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief.
26 Amended Order Granting Defendants' Motion to Dismiss.
27 See Gavan McCormack, “Okinawa as Sacrificial Victim”, Le Monde Diplomatique, October 25, 2015.
28 “Okinawa elects anti-base governor, in rebuke to Abe,” Eric Johnston, Japan Times. November 16, 2014.
29 “LDP loses heavily in Okinawa,” Japan Times, December 15, 2014.
30 “Okinawa Experts Commission Reports Flaws in Authorization Process for New Military Base at Henoko,” translated by Sandi Aritza, The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. 13, Issue. 29, No. 3. July 20, 2015. See also Kunitoshi Sakurai, “To whom does the sea belong? Questions Posed by the Henoko Assessment,” (translated by Gavan McCormack), The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. 13, Issue. 29, No. 4, July 20, 2015. Sakurai Kunitoshi is a prominent member of the Third Party Commission and the Sakurai paper is the most extended discussion of the issue currently available in English.
31 “Onaga takes base argument to U.N. human rights panel,” Alastair Wanklyn, Japan Times, September 22, 2015.
32 Press Conference by the Defense Minister Nakatani. October 13, 2015. See also “Minister delivers counterattack over Okinawa's repeal of Futenma landfill work,” Japan Times, October 14, 2015.
33 Press Conference by the Defense Minister Nakatani, October 27, 2015. See also “Minister voids Okinawan Governor's blockage of Futenma landfill work,” Japan Times, October.
34 Minister of Defense, Gen Nakatani states that “I understand that those who can appeal are not restricted to ”citizens,“ and that more broadly, ”those who have a complaint with the disposition“ are permitted to appeal. Accordingly, in general, it is construed that a central or local government agency is eligible to appeal if it receives a disposition in the same capacity as a general business operator or the like.”
35 Press Conference by the Defense Minister Nakatani, October 27, 2015. See also “Okinawa snubs response over landfill approval revocation,” Japan Times, November 6, 2015.
36 Press Conference by the Defense Minster Nakatami, November 10, 2015. See also “Okinawa rebuffs state order on landfill work, court battle looms,” Japan Times, November 11, 2015.
37 Press Conference by the Defense Minister Nakatani, October 27, 2015.
38 “Construction of an outlaw marine base in Henoko,” Lawrence Repeta, Japan Times, November, 15, 2015.
39 “Henoko ni kidotai hyakunin ijyodouin, shimin haijo, kegano uttae [Over 100 riot police dispatched to remove citizens, injuries claimed], Okinawa Times, October 31, 2015.
40 State Department Daily Briefing by Mark Toner, October 13, 2015.
41 Press Release: Ambassador Kennedy's Meeting with Okinawa Governor Onaga, June 19, 2015.
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