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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 March 2025
The Japanese WWII defeat in 1945 also meant that the Japanese empire disintegrated. Although many colonial subjects returned to Taiwan, Korea, and elsewhere, some stayed in Japan either because they had put down roots there or because, especially in Korea, ongoing warfare made returning dangerous. Koreans and Taiwanese who stayed in Japan were deprived of their Japanese citizenship in 1947, and they and their descendants have lived there as foreigners ever since, experiencing various forms of discrimination. Ainu did not lose their citizenship and Hokkaido remained a Japanese prefecture but they did face similar ongoing social discrimination.