Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T08:44:58.130Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

London’s Public Events and Ceremonies: an Overview Through Three Centuries

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 January 2016

Extract

A revised and abridged record of the Annual Lecture of the Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain, given at the Courtauld Institute of Art, London, on 12 November 2012

Two exceptional events in London in 2012, the queen’s Diamond Jubilee and the Olympics, provoked questions about the origins and legacy of major public events of the past. This article explores the impact on the fabric of London since the eighteenth century of occasional planned spectacles through discussion of two main types of event, namely the procession along a predetermined route and occasions requiring a large organized space.

George, Elector of Hanover, succeeded to the throne as George I on 1 August 1714. The proclamation of a new monarch took place at a series of traditional sites. The Heralds started at the king’s residence, St James’s Palace, and proceeded to Charing Cross, where the statue of Charles I had replaced the medieval Eleanor cross destroyed in the Civil War. The third site, Temple Bar, marked the boundary of the City Liberties. Within the City the proclamation was repeated at St Mary le Bow and at the Royal Exchange — recent post-Fire buildings, but iconic sites — marking the significance of the Church and the power centre of the City merchants.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain. 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

1 Michael, Wolfgang, The Quadruple Alliance, I, The Beginnings of the Hanoverian Dynasty, England under George I (London 1936), pp. 7376.Google Scholar

2 Ward-Jackson, Philip, Public Sculpture of Historic Westminster, volume 1 (Liverpool, 2011), pp. 28891.Google Scholar

3 Michael, , Quadruple Alliance, p. 73.Google Scholar

4 Melvilleu, Lewisu, The First George in Hanover and England, 2 vols (London, 1908), I, pp. 199213.Google Scholar

5 Beattie, J. M., The English Court in the Reign of George I (London, 1967), p. 257.Google Scholar

6 Ralph, James, A New Critical Review of the Publick Buildings, Statues and Ornaments in and about London and Westminster, 2nd edn (London, 1736), p. 4.Google Scholar

7 Johnson, Henry, ‘Temple Bar and State Pageants’, in The Book of the Cheese, ed. Reid, Thomas Wilson (London, 1901), pp. 16796 Google Scholar; Glasspool, Alfred John, The Corporation of the City of London, its Ceremonies and Importance (London, 1924), p. 42.Google Scholar

8 Ward-Jackson, Philip, Public Sculpture of the City of London, Public Sculpture of Britain 7 (Liverpool, 2003), pp. 11522 Google Scholar. On Temple Bar in the seventeenth century, see Stevenson, Christine, ‘Occasional Architecture in Seventeenth-Century London’, Architectural History, 49 (2006), pp. 3574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

9 Archer, Ian W., ‘The City of London and River Pageantry, 1400–1856’, in Royal River: Power, Pageantry and the Thames, ed. Doran, Susan with Blyth, Robert J. (London, 2012), pp. 80111.Google Scholar

10 Cocke, Thomas, 900 Years: the Restorations of Westminster Abbey (London, 1995), p. 39.Google Scholar

11 Cocke, , 900 Years, p. 45 Google Scholar; Rodwell, Warwick, The Lantern Tower of Westminster Abbey 1060–2010, Westminster Abbey Occasional papers ser. 3, 1 (London, 2010), pp. 3958.Google Scholar

12 Anon., An Historical Description of Westminster Abbey, its Monuments and Curiosities, Designed Chiefly as a Guide to Strangers (London, 1834), pp. 17273.Google Scholar

13 Anon., Historical Description, p. 173 Google Scholar; Cocke, , 900 Years, pp. 6263.Google Scholar

14 Anon., St Peter and St Paul Trottiscliffe (Trottiscliffe, n.d.), p. 7 Google Scholar; Newman, John, Kent, West and the Weald (London, 2012), p. 606, pl. 175.Google Scholar

15 Newman, , Kent, p. 539 Google Scholar; Cocke, , 900 Years, p. 155.Google Scholar

16 Colvin, H. M. et al., The History of the Kings Works, v, 1660–1782 (London, 1976), p. 454, pl. 67.Google Scholar

17 Harris, John, William Kent 1685–1748, A Poet on Paper (London, 1998), p. 16 Google Scholar; Colvin, Howard, A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 3rd edn (London, 1995), pp. 580–81.Google Scholar

18 Colvin, et al., King’s Works, v, pl. 68 Google Scholar; Mordaunt Crook, J. and Port, M. H., The History of the King’s Works, VI, 1782–1851 (London, 1973), pp. 647–49Google Scholar; Hibbert, Christopher, George TV: Regent and King (London, 1973), pp. 18995.Google Scholar

19 Saussure, César de, A Foreign View of England in the Reigns of George I and George II: The Letters of Monsieur César de Saussure to his Family, translated and edited by Mme van Meuden (London, 1902), pp. 23970.Google Scholar

20 Participants in the procession for George III’s coronation are listed and illustrated in The Gentleman’s Magazine, 31 (1761), p. 418.Google Scholar

21 De Saussure, pp. 99–106, 240.

22 For George III’s coronation, see The Gentleman’s Magazine, 31 (1761), pp. 41821 Google Scholar; also A Faithful Account of the Processions and Ceremonies Observed in the Coronation of the Kings and Queens of England, Exemplified in That of Their Most Sacred Majesties King George III and Queen Charlotte, ed. Thomson, Richard (London, 1820)Google Scholar; Taylor, Joseph, Relics of Royalty or Remarks Anecdotes and Amusements of his late Most Gracious Majesty George III also a circumstantial account of his Coronation, Procession to St Pauls and a description of his Funeral etc. (London, 1820).Google Scholar

23 Gwynn, John, Thoughts on the Coronation of his Present Majesty King George III (London, 1761)Google Scholar; Ionides, Julia,‘John Gwynn’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 24 (Oxford, 2004), pp. 26163 Google Scholar; Ogborn, Miles, ‘Designs on the City: John Gwynn’s Plans for Georgian London’, Journal of British Studies, 43.1 (January 2004), pp. 1539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

24 Gwynn, John, London and Westminster Improved, Illustrated by Plans (London, 1766), p. xv.Google Scholar

25 Gwynn, , London and Westminster, Introduction, p. 1 Google Scholar.

26 Gwynn, , London and Westminster, pl. 1.Google Scholar

27 Bold, John, Greenwich, an Architectural History of the Royal Hospital for Seamen and the Queen’s House (London, 2000), pp. 10405.Google Scholar

28 Ralph, James, New Critical Review (London, 1736), p. A3.Google Scholar

29 Colvin, et al., King’s Works, v, pp. 437–39.Google Scholar

30 Jeffery, Sally, The Mansion House (London, 1993).Google Scholar

31 Colvin, et al., King’s Works, v, p. 299 and pp. 416–25Google Scholar; Downes, Kerry, Baroque Architecture (London, 1966), pp. 4649.Google Scholar

32 Colvin, et al. King’s Works, v, pp. 363–80Google Scholar; Harris, John, Sir William Chambers, Knight of the Polar Star (London, 1970), pp. 10002.Google Scholar

33 Baddeley, J. J., The Guildhall of the City of London, 7th edn (London, 1939)Google Scholar; Stroud, Dorothy, George Dance, Architect, 1741–1825 (London, 1971), pp. 1820.Google Scholar

34 Historical Chronicle November 1761’, The Gentleman’s Magazine, 31 (1761), pp. 53334.Google Scholar

35 Colley, Linda, ‘The Apotheosis of George III, Loyalty, Royalty and the British Nation 1760–1820’, Past and Present, 102 (February 1984), pp. 94129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

36 The Gentleman’s Magazine, 59.1 (1789), pp. 36670, 459.Google Scholar

37 Ibid., p. 370.

38 Aston, Nigel, ‘St Paul’s and the Public Culture of Eighteenth-Century Britain’, in St Paul’s, the Cathedral Church of London 604–2004, ed. Keene, Derek, Burns, Arthur and Saint, Andrew (London, 2004), pp. 36371.Google Scholar

39 Wolffe, John, ‘National Occasions at St Paul’s since 1800’, in St Paul’s, the Cathedral Church of London 604–2004, ed. Keene, Derek, Burns, Arthur and Saint, Andrew (London, 2004), pp. 38191 Google Scholar. For the use of pre-Fire St Paul’s as a place of burial for national figures, see Schofield, John, St Paul’s Cathedral before Wren (London, 2011).Google Scholar

40 Jenks, Timothy, ‘Lord Nelson’s Procession by Water; the River Thames and late Georgian Naval Spectacle’, in Royal River: Power, Pageantry and the Thames, ed. Doran, Susan with Blyth, Robert J. (London, 2012), pp. 12127.Google Scholar

41 Colley, Linda, Britons, Forging the Nation 1707–1837 (London, 1992), p. 217.Google Scholar

42 Account of the Celebration of the Jubilee on the 25 October 1809 being the 49th anniversary of the reign of George III ‘the Father of his People’, collected and published by (A Lady) the wife of a naval officer (1809).

43 London, Sir John Soane’s Museum, Bank Bill Book 8, Drawing 10/1/1. I am grateful to Sue Palmer for supplying these details.

44 O’Connell, Sheila, London 1753 (London, 2003), pp. 22224.Google Scholar

45 Anon., ‘Domestic Occurrences’, The Gentleman’s Magazine, 59.1 (1789), p. 370.Google Scholar

46 Werret, Simon, ‘From the Grand Whim to the Gasworks: “Philosophical” Fireworks in Georgian England’, in The Mindful Hand, Inquiry and Invention from the Late Renaissance to Early Industrialisation, ed. Dear, Peter, Roberts, Lissa and Schaffer, Simon (Amsterdam, 2007), pp. 32548.Google Scholar

47 Anon., ‘Domestic Occurrences’, The Gentleman’s Magazine, 84 (1814), pp. 17984 Google Scholar; Hibbert, , George TV: Regent and King, p. 77.Google Scholar

48 Parissien, Steven, George IV, The Grand Entertainer (London, 2001)Google Scholar; Crook, and Port, , King’s Works, VI, p. 315.Google Scholar

49 Crook, and Port, , King’s Works, VI, p. 317.Google Scholar

50 The Survey of London, 48, Woolwich (London, 2012), pp. 353–60Google Scholar; fig. 368 is an analytical drawing of the rotunda by Andrew Donald; Clarke, Jonathan, ‘Pioneering yet Peculiar: John Nash’s Contribution to Late Georgian Building Technology’, in John Nash, Architect of the Picturesque, ed. Tyack, Geoffrey (London, 2013) pp. 153–68.Google Scholar

51 Pückler’s Progress, the Adventures of Prince Pückler-Muskau in England Wales and Ireland as told in letters to his former wife, 1826–9, trans. Brennan, Flora (London, 1987), pp. 5152.Google Scholar

52 Parissien, George IV; Anon., ‘The Coronation of His Majesty King George the Fourth’, The Gentleman’s Magazine, 91 (1821), pp. 314.Google Scholar

53 Gossip, Giles, Coronations, Anecdotes or Select and Interesting Fragments of English Coronation Ceremonies (London, 1823), p. 278.Google Scholar

54 Rush, Richard, Narrative of a Residence at the Court of London […]from 1819-25, ser. 2, 1 (London, 1845), p. 372.Google Scholar

55 Crook, and Port, , King’s Works, VI, pp. 647–49Google Scholar; Hibbert, , George IV: Regent and King, pp. 189–95.Google Scholar

56 Crook, and Port, , King’s Works, VI, p. 520.Google Scholar

57 Parissien, , George IV, p. 363 Google Scholar; Pückler’s Progress, pp. 28–29.

58 Crook, and Port, , King’s Works, VI, p. 625.Google Scholar

59 Brindle, Steven, ‘The Wellington Arch and the Western Entrance to London’, Georgian Group Journal, 11 (2001), pp. 4792.Google Scholar

60 SirSoane, John, Designs for Public Improvements (London, 1827)Google Scholar; Sawyer, Sian, ‘Sir John Soane’s Symbolic Westminster’, Architectural History, 39 (1996), pp. 5476 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Sawyer, Sian, ‘The Processional Route’, in John Soane Architect, ed. Richardson, Margaret and Stevens, Mary Anne, Royal Academy of Arts (London, 1999), pp. 25263.Google Scholar

61 Saint, Andrew, ‘Marble Arch’, Georgian Group Journal, 7 (1997), pp. 7993.Google Scholar

62 Summerson, John, The Life and Work of John Nash, Architect (London, 1980), pp. 5879 Google Scholar; Tyack, Geoffrey, ‘Reshaping the West End’, in John Nash, ed. Tyack, , pp. 101–24.Google Scholar

63 Crook, and Port, , King’s Works, VI, p. 649.Google Scholar

64 Archer, ‘City of London’, p. 85. The lord mayor’s procession was further reduced in the 1880s after the Law Courts moved to their new building in the Strand.

65 Clifton, Gloria, ‘The Transformation of the Thames in the Nineteenth Century’, in Royal River: Power, Pageantry and the Thames, ed. Doran, Susan with Blyth, Robert J. (London, 2012), pp. 170215 (pp. 212-13).Google Scholar

66 Crook, and Port, , King’s Works, VI, p. 603.Google Scholar

67 Port, M. H., ‘Destruction, Competition and Rebuilding; the Royal Exchange, 1838-84’, in The Royal Exchange, London Topographical Society Publication 152, ed. Saunders, Ann (London, 1997), p. 302.Google Scholar

68 Hobhouse, Hermione, Prince Albert, his Life and Work (London, 1983), pp. 5859.Google Scholar

69 Hyde, Ralph, London in Paintings, Guildhall Art Gallery (London, 1999), pp. 3839.Google Scholar

70 The Opening of the Royal Exchange by Queen Victoria, an Account’, quoted in Royal Exchange, ed. Saunders, , pp. 306–10.Google Scholar

71 Die Weltausstellung von 1851 und ihre Folgen/The Great Exhibition and its Legacy, ed. Bosbach, Franz and Davis, John R. (Munich, 2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Auerbach, Jeffrey A., The Great Exhibition of 1851 (London, 1999)Google Scholar. Beaver, Patrick, in the introduction to The London Conductor (Kilkenny, 1984)Google Scholar, notes that at least forty-six London guidebooks in English, and thirty-six in other languages, were published in 1851.

72 ‘The Great Exhibition’, Illustrated London News, 3 May 1851, whole issue; The Opening of the Great Exhibition’, Illustrated London News, 10 May 1851, pp. 37879, 398–99Google Scholar; Hermione Hobhouse, The Crystal Palace and the Great Exhibition (London, 2002), pp. 5960.Google ScholarPubMed

73 The Crystal Palace, its Parks and Gardens (London, c. 1854).Google Scholar

74 The Opening of the Crystal Palace’, Illustrated London News, 17 June 1854, pp. 5883.Google Scholar

75 Notes on England [by] Hyppolite-Adolphe Taine, trans. Rae, W. F. (London, 1872), pp. 23233.Google Scholar

76 Kay, Alison C., ‘Villas, Values and the Crystal Palace Company 1851–1911’, London Journal, 33.1 (March 2008), pp. 2139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

77 Metcalf, Priscilla, Victorian London (London, 1972), p. 58.Google Scholar

78 Colquhoun, Kate, A Thing in Disguise, the Visionary Life of Joseph Paxton (London, 2004), pp. 207–10.Google Scholar

79 Survey of London, 38, The Museums Area of South Kensington and Westminster (London, 1975)Google Scholar; Bonython, Elizabeth and Burton, Anthony, The Great Exhibitor, the Life and Work of Henry Cole, Victoria and Albert Museum (London, 2003).Google Scholar

80 But according to Walter Besant most of the exhibitions were ‘conducted without the least regard to any systematic educational effect’: Besant, Walter, London in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1909), p. 183 Google Scholar. The building is now the Museum of Childhood.

81 Survey of London, 38, pp. 98–99,113; Cherry, Bridget, O’Brien, Charles and Pevsner, Nikolaus, London 5: East (London, 2005), pp. 55961.Google Scholar

82 Survey of London, 38, p. 137; Hobhouse, , Crystal Palace, p. 132 Google Scholar; Bonython, and Burton, , The Great Exhibitor, pp. 202–10.Google Scholar

83 Gay, Ken, Palace on the Hill, a History of Alexandra Palace and Park (London, 1992).Google Scholar

84 The Great Exhibition, Model Houses for the Working Classes’, Illustrated London News, 14 June 1851, pp. 55960.Google Scholar

85 Curl, James Stevens, The Life and Work of Henry Roberts 1803–76 (London, 1983), p. 171.Google Scholar

86 Ward-Jackson, Public Sculpture, 1 (Liverpool, 2011), pp. 16769.Google Scholar

87 Lowe, Charles, Four National Exhibitions in London and their Organiser (London, 1892), pp. 31120.Google Scholar

88 The Queen at the American Exhibition’, Illustrated London News, 21 May 1887, pp. 569, 583.Google Scholar

89 Sketches of the Royal Procession at the Opening of Parliament’, Illustrated London News, 19 February 1876, pp. 18486.Google Scholar

90 The Queen’s Visit to the East End of London’, Illustrated London News, 11 March 1876, supplement, pp. 25758, 260.Google Scholar

91 Shaw-Lefevre, George, ‘Public Works in London’, The Nineteenth Century, n.v. (1882), pp. 66786.Google Scholar

92 Millidge, Judith, Royal Jubilees (Oxford, 2012), p. 21.Google Scholar

93 The Queen’s Visit to East London’, Illustrated London News, 21 May 1887, pp. 567, 570–73.Google Scholar

94 The Queen’s Jubilee Thanksgiving Festival in London’, Illustrated London News, 25 June 1887, pp. 705–10.Google Scholar

95 The Queen at the Imperial Institute’, Illustrated London News, 9 July 1887, pp. 4042 Google Scholar; Bremner, Alex, ‘“Some Imperial Institute”: Architecture, Symbolism and the Ideal of Empire in late Victorian Britain 1887–93’, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 62.1 (March 2003), pp. 5073.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

96 Survey of London, 38, p. 220.

97 Bremner, , ‘Imperial Institute’.Google Scholar

98 Mackenzie, John M., Propaganda and Empire, the Manipulation of British Public Opinion, 1880–1960 (Manchester, 1984), pp. 12146.Google Scholar

99 Cannadine, David, ‘The Context, Performance and Meaning of Ritual: The British Monarchy and the “Invention of Tradition”’, in The Invention of Tradition, ed. Hobsbawm, E. and Ranger, T. (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 10164.Google Scholar

100 Mackenzi, Propaganda and Empire; Greenhalgh, Paul, Ephemeral Vistas, the Expositions Universelles, Great Exhibitions and World Fairs 1851–1939 (Manchester, 1988)Google Scholar; Bremner, ‘Imperial Institute’; King, Greg, Twilight of Splendour, The Court of Queen Victoria During Her Diamond Jubilee Year (Hoboken, New Jersey, 2007).Google Scholar

101 Typical examples are the Victoria Jubilee Drinking Fountain and Obelisk, erected 1889 in St Paul’s Recreation ground, Brentford, on land acquired through public subscription: Lloyd, Fran, Potkin, Helen and Thackara, Davina, Public Sculpture of Outer South and West London (Liverpool, 2011), p. 328.Google Scholar

102 Illustrated Programme of the Royal Jubilee Procession (London, 1897).Google Scholar

103 King, , Twilight of Splendour, pp. 257–71.Google Scholar

104 Bodley, J. E. C., The Coronation of Edward VII, a Chapter of European and Imperial History (London, 1903).Google Scholar

105 London County Council, Opening of Kingsway and Aldwych by His Majesty the King accompanied by Her Majesty the Queen on Wednesday 18th October 1905 (London, 1905).Google Scholar

106 Mackenzie, , Propaganda and Empire, pp. 102–05.Google Scholar

107 Greenhalgh, Paul, ‘Art, Politics and Society at the Franco-British Exhibition of 1908’, Art History, 8.4 (December 1985), pp. 43452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

108 The White City stadium became famous as the setting of the finale of the marathon run from Windsor which defined the standard marathon length: Polley, Martin, ‘From Windsor Castle to White City, the 1908 Olympic Marathon Race’, London journal, 34.2 (July 2009), pp. 16378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

109 Elain Harwood, ‘Wembley’, typescript report, English Heritage, 1991.

110 Official Guide to the Wembley Exhibition (London, 1924).Google Scholar

111 Oscar Faber, writing in 1924, expressed doubts about the lasting power of the concrete: the buildings were ‘a milestone on the road toward the proper treatment of concrete, but not the last milestone’; Faber, Oscar, ‘Wembley, the Concrete Buldings’, Architectural Review, 55 (1924), pp. 21821.Google Scholar

112 The Empire Swimming Pool, Wembley’, Architects’ Journal, 80 (26 July 1934), pp. 10910, 116–17Google Scholar; Hawes, Frank and Whitby, Mark, ‘Wembley Arena, Revisit’, Concrete Quarterly, 163 (Autumn 1989), pp. 47.Google Scholar

113 Elsley, H. W. R., Wembley Through The Ages (London, 1953), pp. 130–35.Google Scholar

114 Forshaw, J. H. and Abercrombie, Patrick, County of London Plan (London, 1943), pp. 13035.Google Scholar

115 Architectural Review, 101 (August 1951), special issue on the South Bank; A Tonic to the Nation, the Festival of Britain 1951, ed. Banham, Mary and Hillier, Bevis (London, 1976).Google Scholar

116 The Survey of London, 43, Poplar, Blackwell and the Isle of Dogs (London, 1994), pp. 21246.Google Scholar

117 Architect and Building News, 202 (24 July 1952), p. 104.Google Scholar

118 Uses continue to evolve, sometimes in unexpected ways. In 2012 the Queen Elizabeth Hall had a skateboard area at ground level and a garden on the roof. Plans announced in 2013 included a raised glass pavilion for an orchestra rehearsal room between the two buildings and remodelling of the ground floor areas (The Guardian, 7 March 2013, pp. 4–5).

119 Fields in Trust website, http: / / www.fieldsintrust.org (accessed on 25 January 2013).

120 Walk London website, http://walklondon.org.uk/jubileewalkwaytrust/history.html (accessed on 25 January 2013).

121 Gilbert, David, ‘A Short History of London in Wrought Iron, Empire, Art, and Social Division on the Hungerford Bridge’, London Society Journal, 461 (Spring 2011), pp. 3644.Google Scholar